Flashcards Open Source App — Five-Unit Psychology Course Review

这套卡组中的卡片

1. 卡片 1

   问题

   Nature in the nature–nurture question?

   答案

   Inherited biological influences on behavior and mental processes.

2. 卡片 2

   问题

   Central nervous system?

   答案

   The brain and spinal cord, which process information and coordinate responses.

3. 卡片 3

   问题

   Main role of the spinal cord?

   答案

   It carries messages between brain and body and organizes some reflexes.

4. 卡片 4

   问题

   Scores are 4, 6, 8, 10. What is the mean?

   答案

   7, found by dividing the total of 28 by 4 scores.

5. 卡片 5

   问题

   Nurture in the nature–nurture question?

   答案

   Environmental influences, such as family, culture, education, and experience.

6. 卡片 6

   问题

   Peripheral nervous system?

   答案

   The nerves that connect the central nervous system with the rest of the body.

7. 卡片 7

   问题

   Reflex arc?

   答案

   A rapid neural pathway that can produce a response through the spinal cord before conscious brain processing.

8. 卡片 8

   问题

   Reflex times are 180, 190, 210, 260, 410 milliseconds. What is the median?

   答案

   210 milliseconds, the middle score after ordering the five values.

9. 卡片 9

   问题

   Heritability?

   答案

   The proportion of variation in a trait within a population that is associated with genetic differences. It doesn't describe one person's trait.

10. 卡片 10

    问题

    Autonomic nervous system?

    答案

    The peripheral division that regulates involuntary functions of glands and internal organs.

11. 卡片 11

    问题

    Evolutionary perspective on behavior?

    答案

    It asks how natural selection may have favored psychological traits that helped survival or reproduction.

12. 卡片 12

    问题

    Why is eugenics scientifically and ethically invalid?

    答案

    It misuses heredity claims to rank people and justify coercion, while ignoring environmental influence, human rights, and the complexity of traits.

13. 卡片 13

    问题

    Why isn't behavior explained by genes or environment alone?

    答案

    They interact. A biological tendency can be strengthened, weakened, or redirected by experience.

14. 卡片 14

    问题

    Researchers compare a trait across biological relatives who share different amounts of DNA. Which method is this?

    答案

    A family study; twin comparisons are one example, but shared environments still limit causal conclusions.

15. 卡片 15

    问题

    Natural selection?

    答案

    Traits that support survival or reproduction can become more common across generations.

16. 卡片 16

    问题

    Somatic nervous system?

    答案

    The peripheral division that carries sensory information and controls voluntary skeletal-muscle movement.

17. 卡片 17

    问题

    Sensory neurons?

    答案

    They carry incoming information from sensory receptors toward the central nervous system.

18. 卡片 18

    问题

    Which design compares adoptees with both biological and adoptive relatives?

    答案

    An adoption study, used to separate some hereditary and environmental similarities.

19. 卡片 19

    问题

    Twins show a strong trait correlation. What keeps this result from proving genetic causation?

    答案

    Correlation doesn't isolate genes from shared environments or other confounding variables.

20. 卡片 20

    问题

    Sympathetic nervous system?

    答案

    The autonomic division that mobilizes energy during challenge or threat.

21. 卡片 21

    问题

    Evidence shows a genetic risk predicts an outcome only under chronic stress. Best claim?

    答案

    The outcome reflects a gene–environment interaction, not a purely genetic effect.

22. 卡片 22

    问题

    Motor neurons?

    答案

    They carry outgoing commands from the central nervous system to muscles or glands.

23. 卡片 23

    问题

    Sleep duration and stress are correlated. What directionality problem limits a causal conclusion?

    答案

    The result cannot show whether less sleep raises stress, stress reduces sleep, or both directions operate.

24. 卡片 24

    问题

    Parasympathetic nervous system?

    答案

    The autonomic division that calms the body and supports rest, digestion, and recovery.

25. 卡片 25

    问题

    Resting potential?

    答案

    The neuron's stable negative charge when it isn't firing, maintained by unequal ion concentrations across the membrane.

26. 卡片 26

    问题

    Interneurons?

    答案

    Neurons within the central nervous system that process information and connect other neurons.

27. 卡片 27

    问题

    Adrenaline's behavioral role?

    答案

    It helps mobilize the body during arousal and the fight-or-flight response.

28. 卡片 28

    问题

    Frontal lobes?

    答案

    Planning, judgment, impulse control, working memory, voluntary movement, and aspects of speech.

29. 卡片 29

    问题

    Neural threshold?

    答案

    The minimum stimulation needed to trigger an action potential.

30. 卡片 30

    问题

    Corpus callosum?

    答案

    The large fiber tract that carries information between the cerebral hemispheres.

31. 卡片 31

    问题

    Leptin's role in eating?

    答案

    It signals stored energy and helps reduce hunger.

32. 卡片 32

    问题

    Temporal lobes?

    答案

    Auditory processing, language comprehension, memory, and object recognition.

33. 卡片 33

    问题

    Depolarization during an action potential?

    答案

    Positive ions enter the neuron, making the membrane charge less negative and then briefly positive.

34. 卡片 34

    问题

    Dopamine's major psychological functions?

    答案

    Movement, motivation, reward learning, attention, and reinforcement.

35. 卡片 35

    问题

    Ghrelin's role in eating?

    答案

    It helps stimulate hunger.

36. 卡片 36

    问题

    Drug agonist?

    答案

    A substance that increases a neurotransmitter's effect by activating its receptor or supporting its action.

37. 卡片 37

    问题

    Action potential?

    答案

    A brief electrical impulse that travels along a neuron after threshold is reached.

38. 卡片 38

    问题

    Reuptake?

    答案

    The sending neuron reabsorbs neurotransmitter from the synapse after release.

39. 卡片 39

    问题

    Serotonin's major psychological functions?

    答案

    Mood, sleep, appetite, and arousal regulation.

40. 卡片 40

    问题

    Glutamate's major psychological functions?

    答案

    It is the brain's main excitatory neurotransmitter and supports learning and memory.

41. 卡片 41

    问题

    Refractory period?

    答案

    A short recovery interval after firing when the neuron resets and can't immediately produce another full action potential.

42. 卡片 42

    问题

    Melatonin's role?

    答案

    It helps regulate circadian timing and promotes sleepiness in darkness.

43. 卡片 43

    问题

    Drug antagonist?

    答案

    A substance that blocks or reduces a neurotransmitter's effect at its receptor.

44. 卡片 44

    问题

    Stimulants?

    答案

    Psychoactive drugs that increase central nervous system activity and alertness.

45. 卡片 45

    问题

    Drug tolerance?

    答案

    A reduced response after repeated use, so a larger dose may be needed for the same effect.

46. 卡片 46

    问题

    Damage to myelin slows messages in the central nervous system. Which disorder illustrates this problem?

    答案

    Multiple sclerosis.

47. 卡片 47

    问题

    All-or-none principle?

    答案

    A neuron fires a full action potential once threshold is reached; stronger input changes firing rate, not impulse size.

48. 卡片 48

    问题

    Norepinephrine's major psychological functions?

    答案

    Alertness, arousal, attention, and the stress response.

49. 卡片 49

    问题

    GABA's major psychological function?

    答案

    It is the brain's main inhibitory neurotransmitter and reduces neural activity.

50. 卡片 50

    问题

    Oxytocin's behavioral role?

    答案

    It supports social bonding and also contributes to childbirth and lactation.

51. 卡片 51

    问题

    Reuptake inhibitor?

    答案

    A drug that keeps more neurotransmitter in the synapse by slowing reabsorption.

52. 卡片 52

    问题

    Depressants?

    答案

    Psychoactive drugs that reduce central nervous system activity.

53. 卡片 53

    问题

    Drug withdrawal?

    答案

    Physical or psychological symptoms that can appear when regular drug use is reduced or stopped.

54. 卡片 54

    问题

    Antibodies disrupt acetylcholine receptors at muscles, causing weakness. Which disorder illustrates this problem?

    答案

    Myasthenia gravis.

55. 卡片 55

    问题

    Glial cells?

    答案

    Cells that support, nourish, insulate, protect, and help regulate neurons and their connections.

56. 卡片 56

    问题

    Endorphins?

    答案

    Natural neurotransmitters that reduce pain and can produce pleasure.

57. 卡片 57

    问题

    Substance P?

    答案

    A neurotransmitter involved in pain signaling.

58. 卡片 58

    问题

    Acetylcholine's major functions?

    答案

    Muscle action, learning, memory, and attention.

59. 卡片 59

    问题

    Opioids?

    答案

    Drugs that bind to opioid receptors, reducing pain and often producing relaxation or euphoria.

60. 卡片 60

    问题

    Hallucinogens?

    答案

    Drugs that alter perception and can produce sensory experiences without matching external input.

61. 卡片 61

    问题

    Addiction?

    答案

    Compulsive substance use or behavior that continues despite harmful consequences and is difficult to control.

62. 卡片 62

    问题

    Parietal lobes?

    答案

    Body-sense processing, spatial attention, and integrating sensory information.

63. 卡片 63

    问题

    Consciousness?

    答案

    Awareness of internal experiences and the surrounding environment.

64. 卡片 64

    问题

    Circadian rhythm?

    答案

    A roughly 24-hour biological cycle that helps regulate sleep and wakefulness.

65. 卡片 65

    问题

    Damage causes slow, effortful speech with relatively preserved comprehension. Likely region?

    答案

    Broca's area, usually in the left frontal lobe.

66. 卡片 66

    问题

    Occipital lobes?

    答案

    Primary cortical processing of visual information.

67. 卡片 67

    问题

    What does split-brain research reveal?

    答案

    When the corpus callosum is severed, the hemispheres can process some information independently.

68. 卡片 68

    问题

    How does the suprachiasmatic nucleus regulate circadian rhythm?

    答案

    It uses light information from the eyes to coordinate the body's roughly 24-hour clock.

69. 卡片 69

    问题

    NREM-1 sleep?

    答案

    The light transition into sleep, sometimes accompanied by hypnagogic sensations.

70. 卡片 70

    问题

    Motor cortex?

    答案

    A frontal-lobe strip that directs voluntary movement.

71. 卡片 71

    问题

    Damage causes fluent but nonsensical speech and poor comprehension. Likely region?

    答案

    Wernicke's area, usually in the left temporal lobe.

72. 卡片 72

    问题

    Brainstem's core function?

    答案

    It supports basic survival functions and connects the brain with the spinal cord.

73. 卡片 73

    问题

    NREM-2 sleep?

    答案

    A light sleep stage marked by sleep spindles and K-complexes.

74. 卡片 74

    问题

    Somatosensory cortex?

    答案

    A parietal-lobe strip that registers touch and body-position information.

75. 卡片 75

    问题

    Medulla's main functions?

    答案

    It regulates vital automatic functions such as breathing and heart rate.

76. 卡片 76

    问题

    Reticular activating system?

    答案

    A brainstem network involved in alertness, arousal, and the sleep–wake cycle.

77. 卡片 77

    问题

    NREM-3 sleep?

    答案

    Deep slow-wave sleep, associated with physical restoration and difficult awakening.

78. 卡片 78

    问题

    Cerebellum's main functions?

    答案

    Balance, coordinated movement, procedural learning, and timing.

79. 卡片 79

    问题

    Thalamus?

    答案

    A relay that directs most sensory information to the cerebral cortex and helps regulate alertness.

80. 卡片 80

    问题

    Hypothalamus?

    答案

    It helps regulate homeostasis, hunger, thirst, temperature, sexual behavior, and endocrine activity.

81. 卡片 81

    问题

    REM sleep?

    答案

    A stage with vivid dreaming, rapid eye movements, active brain patterns, and skeletal-muscle paralysis.

82. 卡片 82

    问题

    Why is the pituitary called a master gland?

    答案

    Its hormones influence other endocrine glands, under the hypothalamus's control.

83. 卡片 83

    问题

    Amygdala?

    答案

    A limbic structure involved in processing emotion, threat, and emotional learning.

84. 卡片 84

    问题

    Hippocampus?

    答案

    A limbic structure essential for forming new explicit memories and spatial memory.

85. 卡片 85

    问题

    How does sleep change across a typical night?

    答案

    NREM and REM repeat in cycles; REM periods generally lengthen toward morning.

86. 卡片 86

    问题

    Contralateral brain control?

    答案

    Each cerebral hemisphere mainly receives sensory input from and controls movement on the opposite side of the body.

87. 卡片 87

    问题

    What does an EEG measure?

    答案

    Electrical activity recorded from the scalp, with strong timing information but limited spatial precision.

88. 卡片 88

    问题

    Reward-center activity?

    答案

    Activity in neural reward pathways can reinforce behaviors that predict desirable outcomes.

89. 卡片 89

    问题

    Neuroplasticity?

    答案

    The nervous system's ability to change its organization or function through experience, learning, or injury.

90. 卡片 90

    问题

    Which method shows brain activity changing during a task?

    答案

    A functional brain-imaging method, such as fMRI or PET, rather than a structural scan alone.

91. 卡片 91

    问题

    A patient loses a function after damage to one brain region. What is the cautious conclusion?

    答案

    The region contributes to the function, but the behavior may depend on a wider network.

92. 卡片 92

    问题

    Insomnia?

    答案

    Persistent difficulty falling asleep, staying asleep, or obtaining restorative sleep.

93. 卡片 93

    问题

    How do wavelength and amplitude shape sound?

    答案

    Wavelength relates to frequency and perceived pitch; amplitude relates to intensity and perceived loudness.

94. 卡片 94

    问题

    Absolute threshold?

    答案

    The minimum stimulation detected 50% of the time.

95. 卡片 95

    问题

    Activation-synthesis view of dreams?

    答案

    The brain builds a story while interpreting internally generated neural activity during sleep.

96. 卡片 96

    问题

    Narcolepsy?

    答案

    A disorder involving sudden sleep attacks and abnormal entry into REM sleep.

97. 卡片 97

    问题

    Why can jet lag disrupt sleep?

    答案

    The internal circadian clock is temporarily out of sync with the new light–dark schedule.

98. 卡片 98

    问题

    Difference threshold?

    答案

    The smallest change between stimuli detected 50% of the time.

99. 卡片 99

    问题

    Consolidation view of dreams?

    答案

    Dreaming may reflect the brain organizing and integrating recent memories.

100. 卡片 100

     问题

     REM sleep behavior disorder?

     答案

     Loss of normal REM muscle paralysis, allowing a person to act out dreams.

101. 卡片 101

     问题

     Why can rotating shift work impair sleep?

     答案

     Frequent schedule changes force the circadian system to keep readjusting.

102. 卡片 102

     问题

     Weber's law?

     答案

     The noticeable difference between two stimuli is a constant proportion of the original intensity.

103. 卡片 103

     问题

     Two supported functions of sleep?

     答案

     Memory consolidation and restoration of resources used during waking activity.

104. 卡片 104

     问题

     Sleep apnea?

     答案

     Repeated breathing interruptions during sleep that fragment sleep and reduce oxygen.

105. 卡片 105

     问题

     REM rebound?

     答案

     A temporary increase in REM sleep after a period of REM deprivation.

106. 卡片 106

     问题

     Signal detection theory?

     答案

     Detection depends on stimulus strength plus expectations, experience, motivation, and alertness.

107. 卡片 107

     问题

     Sensory transduction?

     答案

     Sensory receptors convert physical energy into neural signals.

108. 卡片 108

     问题

     Vestibular sense?

     答案

     The sense of balance and head movement, supported by structures in the inner ear.

109. 卡片 109

     问题

     Somnambulism?

     答案

     Sleepwalking, which most often occurs during deep NREM sleep.

110. 卡片 110

     问题

     Why is there a blind spot in each eye?

     答案

     The optic nerve leaves the retina at a point with no rods or cones.

111. 卡片 111

     问题

     What begins visual transduction?

     答案

     Retinal receptors convert light into neural signals that travel toward the brain.

112. 卡片 112

     问题

     A sound reaches the left ear slightly earlier and louder than the right. Where will it seem to originate?

     答案

     From the left, because the brain compares arrival-time and intensity differences between the ears.

113. 卡片 113

     问题

     Why are taste and smell called chemical senses?

     答案

     Their receptors respond to molecules from food or the air.

114. 卡片 114

     问题

     Accommodation in vision?

     答案

     The lens changes shape to focus near or distant objects on the retina.

115. 卡片 115

     问题

     Cones?

     答案

     Retinal receptors that support color vision and fine detail in brighter light.

116. 卡片 116

     问题

     What begins auditory transduction?

     答案

     Hair cells in the inner ear convert sound-driven vibration into neural signals.

117. 卡片 117

     问题

     How does trichromatic processing explain color vision?

     答案

     Three cone types respond most strongly to different wavelength ranges, and their combined activity produces color experience.

118. 卡片 118

     问题

     How is smell unusual among the senses?

     答案

     Olfactory signals reach cortical and limbic areas without first passing through the thalamic relay used by other senses.

119. 卡片 119

     问题

     Kinesthesia?

     答案

     The sense of body-part position and movement, based on signals from muscles, tendons, and joints.

120. 卡片 120

     问题

     Place coding versus frequency coding in hearing?

     答案

     Place coding links pitch to where the cochlea responds most; frequency coding links pitch to neural firing rate.

121. 卡片 121

     问题

     Nearsightedness?

     答案

     Nearby objects are clear, but distant images focus in front of the retina and look blurred.

122. 卡片 122

     问题

     Pheromones?

     答案

     Chemical signals released by one organism that can affect the behavior or physiology of others of the same species.

123. 卡片 123

     问题

     Touch receptors for warmth and cold fire together strongly. What sensation can result?

     答案

     A hot or burning sensation, showing that temperature experience combines receptor signals.

124. 卡片 124

     问题

     Volley theory of pitch?

     答案

     Groups of auditory neurons alternate firing so their combined rate can represent pitches too fast for one neuron alone.

125. 卡片 125

     问题

     Farsightedness?

     答案

     Distant vision is clearer, while nearby images tend to focus behind the retina and look blurred.

126. 卡片 126

     问题

     Six taste qualities named in the course?

     答案

     Sweet, sour, salty, bitter, umami, and oleogustus (fat taste).

127. 卡片 127

     问题

     Phantom-limb sensation?

     答案

     Feeling pain, touch, or movement in a limb that is no longer present because the nervous system still represents it.

128. 卡片 128

     问题

     Sensory interaction?

     答案

     One sense changes how another is experienced, as smell influences flavor.

129. 卡片 129

     问题

     What causes most color-vision deficiency?

     答案

     One or more cone types are missing or function differently, reducing discrimination among some colors.

130. 卡片 130

     问题

     Prosopagnosia?

     答案

     Difficulty recognizing familiar faces despite otherwise usable vision.

131. 卡片 131

     问题

     Rods?

     答案

     Retinal receptors sensitive to dim light and peripheral movement, without color detail.

132. 卡片 132

     问题

     How does opponent processing explain afterimages?

     答案

     Color is coded in opposing pairs, so tiring one response can make its opponent briefly dominate.

133. 卡片 133

     问题

     Conductive versus sensorineural hearing loss?

     答案

     Conductive loss blocks sound transmission; sensorineural loss damages hair cells or auditory pathways.

134. 卡片 134

     问题

     Nontasters, medium tasters, and supertasters?

     答案

     Categories describing lower, typical, and unusually high sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness.

135. 卡片 135

     问题

     What do the semicircular canals detect?

     答案

     Rotational head movement, helping the vestibular system maintain balance.

136. 卡片 136

     问题

     Synesthesia?

     答案

     Stimulation of one sense consistently and automatically produces an additional sensory experience.

137. 卡片 137

     问题

     Dichromatism versus monochromatism?

     答案

     Dichromatism uses two functioning cone systems; monochromatism uses one or none, producing far less color discrimination.

138. 卡片 138

     问题

     Blindsight?

     答案

     Responding to visual information without consciously seeing it, usually after damage to primary visual cortex.

139. 卡片 139

     问题

     Sensory adaptation?

     答案

     Reduced sensitivity after constant, unchanging stimulation.

140. 卡片 140

     问题

     Gate-control view of pain?

     答案

     Spinal and brain processes can amplify or reduce pain signals before conscious experience.

141. 卡片 141

     问题

     Bottom-up processing?

     答案

     Building a perception from incoming sensory details.

142. 卡片 142

     问题

     Concept?

     答案

     A mental category used to group similar objects, events, ideas, or people.

143. 卡片 143

     问题

     Fixation in problem solving?

     答案

     Getting stuck on one way of representing or solving a problem.

144. 卡片 144

     问题

     Algorithm?

     答案

     A step-by-step method that guarantees a solution when followed correctly, though it may be slow.

145. 卡片 145

     问题

     Top-down processing?

     答案

     Using expectations, context, and prior knowledge to interpret sensory input.

146. 卡片 146

     问题

     Confirmation bias?

     答案

     Seeking or interpreting evidence in ways that support an existing belief.

147. 卡片 147

     问题

     Retinal disparity?

     答案

     The difference between each eye's image; greater disparity usually signals a nearer object.

148. 卡片 148

     问题

     Heuristic?

     答案

     A quick rule of thumb that saves effort but can produce errors.

149. 卡片 149

     问题

     Selective attention?

     答案

     Focusing conscious awareness on one part of the available sensory input.

150. 卡片 150

     问题

     Figure–ground organization?

     答案

     Separating the object of attention from its background.

151. 卡片 151

     问题

     Convergence as a depth cue?

     答案

     The inward turning of the eyes increases as an object gets closer.

152. 卡片 152

     问题

     Representativeness heuristic?

     答案

     Judging category membership by resemblance to a prototype while neglecting other information.

153. 卡片 153

     问题

     Missing a visible event while attention is elsewhere?

     答案

     Inattentional blindness.

154. 卡片 154

     问题

     Gestalt proximity principle?

     答案

     Elements close together tend to be perceived as a group.

155. 卡片 155

     问题

     Two familiar objects cast different-sized retinal images. Which looks farther away?

     答案

     The one with the smaller retinal image, using the monocular cue of relative size.

156. 卡片 156

     问题

     Cocktail-party effect?

     答案

     The ability to focus on one conversation while still noticing personally important information in the background.

157. 卡片 157

     问题

     Failing to notice an obvious change in a scene?

     答案

     Change blindness.

158. 卡片 158

     问题

     Gestalt similarity principle?

     答案

     Elements that look alike tend to be grouped together.

159. 卡片 159

     问题

     Parallel lines seem to meet in the distance. Which depth cue?

     答案

     Linear perspective.

160. 卡片 160

     问题

     Perceptual constancy?

     答案

     Seeing an object's size, shape, or color as stable despite changing sensory images.

161. 卡片 161

     问题

     Perceptual set?

     答案

     A readiness to perceive something in a particular way because of expectations or context.

162. 卡片 162

     问题

     Gestalt closure principle?

     答案

     The mind fills gaps to perceive a complete object.

163. 卡片 163

     问题

     One object blocks part of another. Which seems closer?

     答案

     The blocking object, using interposition.

164. 卡片 164

     问题

     Apparent motion?

     答案

     The perception of movement created by rapidly presented stationary images or lights.

165. 卡片 165

     问题

     Availability heuristic?

     答案

     Judging likelihood by how easily examples come to mind.

166. 卡片 166

     问题

     Divergent thinking?

     答案

     Generating many varied, original possibilities.

167. 卡片 167

     问题

     A hazy object appears farther away than a sharp object. Which depth cue?

     答案

     Relative clarity.

168. 卡片 168

     问题

     Prototype?

     答案

     A mental image of the most typical example of a category.

169. 卡片 169

     问题

     Ignoring how common an event is while focusing on a vivid description?

     答案

     Base-rate neglect, often tied to the representativeness heuristic.

170. 卡片 170

     问题

     Convergent thinking?

     答案

     Narrowing possibilities to the single best answer.

171. 卡片 171

     问题

     A textured surface looks denser and finer with distance. Which depth cue?

     答案

     Texture gradient.

172. 卡片 172

     问题

     Belief perseverance?

     答案

     Holding a belief even after the evidence that created it has been discredited.

173. 卡片 173

     问题

     Explicit memory?

     答案

     Conscious memory for facts and experiences.

174. 卡片 174

     问题

     Three stores in the multi-store model?

     答案

     Sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory.

175. 卡片 175

     问题

     Seeing an object only in its usual role?

     答案

     Functional fixedness.

176. 卡片 176

     问题

     Mental set?

     答案

     Using a familiar solution strategy even when a different approach would work better.

177. 卡片 177

     问题

     Episodic memory?

     答案

     Explicit memory for personally experienced events.

178. 卡片 178

     问题

     Working memory?

     答案

     A limited-capacity system that briefly holds and actively manipulates information.

179. 卡片 179

     问题

     Insight?

     答案

     A sudden realization of a problem's solution.

180. 卡片 180

     问题

     Framing effect?

     答案

     Choices change when the same information is worded or presented differently.

181. 卡片 181

     问题

     Implicit memory?

     答案

     Learning that affects behavior without deliberate conscious recall.

182. 卡片 182

     问题

     Overconfidence bias?

     答案

     Being more certain about one's judgments than accuracy warrants.

183. 卡片 183

     问题

     Anchoring bias?

     答案

     Relying too heavily on the first number or idea encountered.

184. 卡片 184

     问题

     Schema in thinking?

     答案

     A mental framework that organizes knowledge and guides interpretation.

185. 卡片 185

     问题

     Procedural memory?

     答案

     Implicit memory for skills and habits.

186. 卡片 186

     问题

     Gambler's fallacy?

     答案

     The mistaken belief that a random outcome becomes due after a streak, even when trials are independent.

187. 卡片 187

     问题

     Sunk-cost fallacy?

     答案

     Continuing because of past investment even when future costs outweigh future benefits.

188. 卡片 188

     问题

     Executive functions?

     答案

     Mental processes that support planning, inhibition, flexible switching, and goal-directed control.

189. 卡片 189

     问题

     How can priming affect judgment?

     答案

     Recent exposure can make related ideas more accessible and subtly shape a later response.

190. 卡片 190

     问题

     Central executive in working memory?

     答案

     The attention-control component that coordinates verbal and visual-spatial processing.

191. 卡片 191

     问题

     Serial-position effect?

     答案

     People tend to recall the first and last items in a list better than the middle.

192. 卡片 192

     问题

     Semantic memory?

     答案

     Explicit memory for facts, meanings, and general knowledge.

193. 卡片 193

     问题

     Levels-of-processing principle?

     答案

     Deeper semantic processing usually produces stronger memory than shallow structural or sound-based processing.

194. 卡片 194

     问题

     Automatic processing?

     答案

     Encoding information with little conscious effort, such as space, time, or well-practiced meanings.

195. 卡片 195

     问题

     Maintenance rehearsal?

     答案

     Repeating information to keep it active, usually without adding much meaning.

196. 卡片 196

     问题

     Prospective memory?

     答案

     Remembering to carry out an intended action in the future.

197. 卡片 197

     问题

     Primacy effect?

     答案

     Better memory for early list items, often because they receive more rehearsal.

198. 卡片 198

     问题

     Long-term memory?

     答案

     A relatively durable, large-capacity store of knowledge, experiences, and skills.

199. 卡片 199

     问题

     Highly superior autobiographical memory?

     答案

     An unusual ability to recall extensive personal events and dates with exceptional accuracy.

200. 卡片 200

     问题

     Effortful processing?

     答案

     Encoding that requires attention and deliberate work.

201. 卡片 201

     问题

     Elaborative rehearsal?

     答案

     Linking new information to meaning, examples, or existing knowledge.

202. 卡片 202

     问题

     Memory consolidation?

     答案

     The process that stabilizes a memory after learning.

203. 卡片 203

     问题

     Recency effect?

     答案

     Better immediate memory for the last list items because they remain active.

204. 卡片 204

     问题

     Spacing effect?

     答案

     Learning lasts longer when study is distributed over time rather than massed into one session.

205. 卡片 205

     问题

     Testing effect?

     答案

     Actively retrieving information improves later memory more than rereading alone.

206. 卡片 206

     问题

     Chunking?

     答案

     Organizing separate pieces of information into meaningful units.

207. 卡片 207

     问题

     Mnemonic?

     答案

     A structured memory aid that links material to an image, phrase, location, or pattern.

208. 卡片 208

     问题

     Why organize material into a hierarchy?

     答案

     Grouping broad ideas above narrower details makes relationships easier to encode and retrieve.

209. 卡片 209

     问题

     How can a schema help encoding?

     答案

     It supplies an existing framework that organizes and connects new information.

210. 卡片 210

     问题

     Students reread or practice retrieval, then take the same delayed test. What are the independent and dependent variables?

     答案

     The study method is independent; delayed-test performance is dependent.

211. 卡片 211

     问题

     Iconic memory?

     答案

     A very brief visual sensory memory.

212. 卡片 212

     问题

     Recall?

     答案

     Retrieving information with few external cues, as in an essay question.

213. 卡片 213

     问题

     Retrieval cue?

     答案

     A stimulus linked to a memory that helps bring it to awareness.

214. 卡片 214

     问题

     Encoding-specificity principle?

     答案

     Retrieval improves when cues at recall match cues present during encoding.

215. 卡片 215

     问题

     Context-dependent memory?

     答案

     Recall can improve in the same external environment where learning occurred.

216. 卡片 216

     问题

     Does the hippocampus permanently store every explicit memory?

     答案

     No. It helps form and consolidate new explicit memories, which later depend on distributed cortical networks.

217. 卡片 217

     问题

     Echoic memory?

     答案

     A brief auditory sensory memory that lasts longer than iconic memory.

218. 卡片 218

     问题

     Anterograde amnesia?

     答案

     Difficulty forming new long-term explicit memories after the onset of damage or illness.

219. 卡片 219

     问题

     Phonological loop?

     答案

     The working-memory component that briefly holds and rehearses verbal or sound information.

220. 卡片 220

     问题

     Cerebellum's memory role?

     答案

     It supports procedural learning and some classically conditioned responses.

221. 卡片 221

     问题

     Why is short-term memory described as limited?

     答案

     It can hold only a small amount of information without rehearsal or chunking.

222. 卡片 222

     问题

     Retrograde amnesia?

     答案

     Loss of memories formed before the onset of damage or illness.

223. 卡片 223

     问题

     Why are events tied to your own life often easier to remember?

     答案

     The self-reference effect makes information connected to oneself more memorable.

224. 卡片 224

     问题

     How can the amygdala affect memory?

     答案

     Emotional arousal can strengthen consolidation of emotionally significant events.

225. 卡片 225

     问题

     Visuospatial sketchpad?

     答案

     The working-memory component that holds and manipulates visual and spatial information.

226. 卡片 226

     问题

     Long-term potentiation?

     答案

     A lasting increase in synaptic efficiency after repeated activation, associated with learning and memory.

227. 卡片 227

     问题

     Infantile amnesia?

     答案

     The typical inability to recall autobiographical events from the first few years of life.

228. 卡片 228

     问题

     Alzheimer's disease?

     答案

     A progressive brain disorder that gradually impairs memory, reasoning, and daily functioning.

229. 卡片 229

     问题

     Scores are 2, 4, 4, 7, 9. What are the mode and range?

     答案

     The mode is 4, and the range is 7 because 9 - 2 = 7.

230. 卡片 230

     问题

     Recognition?

     答案

     Identifying previously learned information, as in selecting a familiar answer.

231. 卡片 231

     问题

     Why is memory called reconstructive?

     答案

     Recall rebuilds an event from stored details, schemas, expectations, and later information.

232. 卡片 232

     问题

     Storage decay?

     答案

     A memory trace weakens over time, especially when it isn't used.

233. 卡片 233

     问题

     State-dependent memory?

     答案

     Recall can improve when a person's internal state matches the state during learning.

234. 卡片 234

     问题

     Relearning?

     答案

     Measuring memory by how much faster material is learned again.

235. 卡片 235

     问题

     Misinformation effect?

     答案

     Misleading information after an event changes memory of the event.

236. 卡片 236

     问题

     A student recalls more in the original classroom. What claim is supported?

     答案

     Matching environmental cues can aid retrieval; the setting didn't necessarily improve storage.

237. 卡片 237

     问题

     Mood-congruent memory?

     答案

     A current mood makes similarly toned memories easier to retrieve.

238. 卡片 238

     问题

     Priming?

     答案

     Exposure to one stimulus unconsciously influences the response to a later stimulus.

239. 卡片 239

     问题

     Tip-of-the-tongue state?

     答案

     A temporary retrieval failure accompanied by a feeling that the answer is known.

240. 卡片 240

     问题

     Why does retrieval practice strengthen memory?

     答案

     Each successful retrieval reinforces access routes and reveals what still needs study.

241. 卡片 241

     问题

     Class A scores cluster near 80; Class B has the same mean but scores spread from 50 to 100. Which class has the larger standard deviation?

     答案

     Class B, because its scores vary farther from the mean.

242. 卡片 242

     问题

     Metacognition?

     答案

     Monitoring and regulating one's own thinking and learning.

243. 卡片 243

     问题

     Source amnesia?

     答案

     Remembering information but misremembering where it came from.

244. 卡片 244

     问题

     Test standardization?

     答案

     Administering a test consistently and establishing norms from a representative sample.

245. 卡片 245

     问题

     Reliability?

     答案

     The consistency of a measurement across time, items, or scorers.

246. 卡片 246

     问题

     Stereotype threat?

     答案

     Concern about confirming a negative group stereotype can interfere with performance.

247. 卡片 247

     问题

     General intelligence, or g?

     答案

     A broad mental ability proposed to contribute to performance across many cognitive tasks.

248. 卡片 248

     问题

     Encoding failure?

     答案

     Information never entered memory well enough to be stored, often because attention was weak.

249. 卡片 249

     问题

     Validity?

     答案

     The extent to which evidence supports the interpretation and use of a test score.

250. 卡片 250

     问题

     Proactive interference?

     答案

     Older learning disrupts recall of newer information.

251. 卡片 251

     问题

     Imagination inflation?

     答案

     Repeatedly imagining an event increases confidence that it really happened.

252. 卡片 252

     问题

     A forgetting curve drops sharply soon after learning, then flattens. What does this pattern show?

     答案

     Forgetting is fastest soon after learning and slows over time.

253. 卡片 253

     问题

     Retrieval failure?

     答案

     Stored information is temporarily inaccessible because effective cues are missing.

254. 卡片 254

     问题

     Retroactive interference?

     答案

     Newer learning disrupts recall of older information.

255. 卡片 255

     问题

     A confident witness recalls a detail introduced after the event. Best conclusion?

     答案

     Confidence doesn't guarantee accuracy; post-event misinformation may have altered the memory.

256. 卡片 256

     问题

     Repression in psychodynamic theory?

     答案

     The proposed unconscious blocking of distressing memories or impulses from awareness.

257. 卡片 257

     问题

     Flashbulb memory?

     答案

     A vivid memory for learning about an emotional event; confidence can remain high even when details change.

258. 卡片 258

     问题

     A study defines memory accuracy as the number of 20 words recalled after 24 hours. What design element is this?

     答案

     An operational definition of memory accuracy.

259. 卡片 259

     问题

     A score is at the 84th percentile. What does that mean?

     答案

     It is equal to or higher than about 84% of scores in the reference group.

260. 卡片 260

     问题

     Stereotype lift?

     答案

     A performance boost that can occur when a negative stereotype targets another group, making one's own group seem comparatively advantaged.

261. 卡片 261

     问题

     Achievement test?

     答案

     An assessment of knowledge or skills already learned.

262. 卡片 262

     问题

     Construct validity?

     答案

     How well evidence shows that a test measures the psychological construct it claims to measure.

263. 卡片 263

     问题

     Test–retest reliability?

     答案

     Consistency of scores when the same assessment is administered to the same people at different times.

264. 卡片 264

     问题

     Why can't historical group differences on intelligence tests justify discriminatory policy?

     答案

     Scores reflect testing conditions and social opportunity as well as measured ability; group averages don't define individuals or prove biological causation.

265. 卡片 265

     问题

     Multiple-abilities view of intelligence?

     答案

     Intelligence includes several partly distinct abilities rather than one general capacity alone.

266. 卡片 266

     问题

     Aptitude test?

     答案

     An assessment intended to predict capacity to learn or perform in the future.

267. 卡片 267

     问题

     Traditional IQ formula?

     答案

     Mental age divided by chronological age, multiplied by 100. Modern tests use age-based norms instead.

268. 卡片 268

     问题

     Predictive validity?

     答案

     How well a test score forecasts a relevant later outcome.

269. 卡片 269

     问题

     What does a normal score distribution look like?

     答案

     Most scores cluster near the mean, with fewer scores toward either extreme.

270. 卡片 270

     问题

     Split-half reliability?

     答案

     Consistency between two comparable halves of the same assessment.

271. 卡片 271

     问题

     Two groups have different average test scores. What conclusion is not justified?

     答案

     That every member differs or that biology caused the gap; within-group variation and social conditions matter.

272. 卡片 272

     问题

     Flynn effect?

     答案

     Average intelligence-test scores have risen across generations in many populations, pointing to environmental influence.

273. 卡片 273

     问题

     A student treats mistakes as information and changes study strategies. Which mindset does this show?

     答案

     A growth mindset; a fixed mindset treats ability as largely unchangeable.

274. 卡片 274

     问题

     Continuous versus stage development?

     答案

     Continuous views emphasize gradual change; stage views describe distinct qualitative shifts.

275. 卡片 275

     问题

     How can prenatal environment affect later development?

     答案

     Nutrition, stress, illness, and substance exposure can influence physical and neural development before birth.

276. 卡片 276

     问题

     Teratogen?

     答案

     An environmental agent that can disrupt prenatal development, with effects depending on dose, timing, and susceptibility.

277. 卡片 277

     问题

     Maturation?

     答案

     Biologically guided growth processes that unfold in a generally predictable sequence.

278. 卡片 278

     问题

     Stability–change question in development?

     答案

     It asks which traits persist across life and which change with age or experience.

279. 卡片 279

     问题

     A researcher predicts that students who sleep at least eight hours will recall more words than students who sleep less. Why is this hypothesis falsifiable?

     答案

     The groups and recall outcome can be measured, so evidence could show that the predicted difference does not occur.

280. 卡片 280

     问题

     Which method best tests whether a new study routine causes higher quiz scores?

     答案

     An experiment that manipulates the routine and randomly assigns participants, because it can support a causal conclusion.

281. 卡片 281

     问题

     Why do motor milestones follow a common order but different timing?

     答案

     Maturation shapes the sequence, while biology and experience influence pace.

282. 卡片 282

     问题

     Fine versus gross motor skills?

     答案

     Fine skills use small, precise movements; gross skills use larger muscle groups and whole-body movement.

283. 卡片 283

     问题

     Why are infant reflexes useful to researchers?

     答案

     Their presence and change can indicate early nervous-system development.

284. 卡片 284

     问题

     What did the visual-cliff procedure test?

     答案

     It tested whether infants would cross an apparent drop, providing evidence about depth perception and the influence of locomotor experience.

285. 卡片 285

     问题

     Puberty?

     答案

     The period of sexual maturation driven by hormonal and physical changes.

286. 卡片 286

     问题

     Sensitive period?

     答案

     A developmental window when experience has an especially strong effect, though learning may remain possible later.

287. 卡片 287

     问题

     What physical pattern commonly marks the start of adolescence?

     答案

     A puberty-related growth spurt, with rapid increases in height and weight.

288. 卡片 288

     问题

     Primary versus secondary sex characteristics?

     答案

     Primary characteristics are reproductive organs and functions; secondary characteristics are puberty-related traits not directly required for reproduction.

289. 卡片 289

     问题

     Which method best measures the relationship between adolescents' sleep duration and mood without assigning sleep schedules?

     答案

     A correlational study, because both variables are measured rather than manipulated.

290. 卡片 290

     问题

     Older adults score lower than younger adults in one same-time comparison. Which design and alternative explanation limit an aging claim?

     答案

     The study is cross-sectional, and a cohort effect could explain the difference because the age groups grew up under different conditions.

291. 卡片 291

     问题

     Researchers test the same people yearly from ages 10 to 20. Which design is this, and what participant-loss risk should they track?

     答案

     A longitudinal design; attrition can bias the results if those who leave differ from those who remain.

292. 卡片 292

     问题

     Menarche?

     答案

     The first menstrual period.

293. 卡片 293

     问题

     Which method allows an intensive investigation of one person with an exceptionally rare developmental condition?

     答案

     A case study, which provides depth but may not generalize to a wider population.

294. 卡片 294

     问题

     About what percentage of scores in a normal distribution lie within one standard deviation of the mean?

     答案

     About 68%.

295. 卡片 295

     问题

     A prenatal exposure correlates with later difficulty. What limits a causal claim?

     答案

     Other parental, health, and environmental variables may account for the association.

296. 卡片 296

     问题

     Spermarche?

     答案

     The first ejaculation.

297. 卡片 297

     问题

     Which method combines results from many studies to estimate an overall effect?

     答案

     A meta-analysis, which statistically synthesizes findings across studies.

298. 卡片 298

     问题

     Imprinting?

     答案

     A rapid form of early learning in which some young animals form an attachment during a sensitive period.

299. 卡片 299

     问题

     Why can adolescent risk-taking increase?

     答案

     Reward systems develop earlier than the prefrontal control systems used for planning and inhibition.

300. 卡片 300

     问题

     Menopause?

     答案

     The natural end of menstrual cycles, diagnosed after 12 consecutive months without menstruation.

301. 卡片 301

     问题

     Which method records children's playground behavior without directing or changing it?

     答案

     Naturalistic observation.

302. 卡片 302

     问题

     How do mobility, flexibility, and reaction time typically change across later adulthood?

     答案

     They tend to decline gradually, although health, activity, and individual differences affect the pace.

303. 卡片 303

     问题

     Gender identity?

     答案

     A person's internal sense of their gender.

304. 卡片 304

     问题

     Gender role?

     答案

     A culture's expectations for behavior associated with gender.

305. 卡片 305

     问题

     Sex versus gender?

     答案

     Sex refers to biological traits; gender refers to identities, roles, and social meanings.

306. 卡片 306

     问题

     Common sensory change in later adulthood?

     答案

     Vision and hearing sensitivity often decline, though the degree varies widely.

307. 卡片 307

     问题

     Sexual orientation?

     答案

     A pattern of romantic or sexual attraction; it is distinct from gender identity.

308. 卡片 308

     问题

     Gender schema?

     答案

     A mental framework that organizes information and expectations about gender.

309. 卡片 309

     问题

     Best broad view of gender development?

     答案

     Biological, cognitive, social, and cultural influences interact.

310. 卡片 310

     问题

     Does normal aging cause uniform cognitive decline?

     答案

     No. Processing speed may slow, while knowledge and expertise can remain stable or grow.

311. 卡片 311

     问题

     Why shouldn't variation in gender identity or sexual orientation be treated as a disorder?

     答案

     Variation alone isn't evidence of dysfunction; distress often reflects stigma or discrimination rather than identity.

312. 卡片 312

     问题

     Schema in cognitive development?

     答案

     A mental framework used to organize and interpret experience.

313. 卡片 313

     问题

     Sensorimotor stage?

     答案

     Infants learn through sensory experience and action and develop object permanence.

314. 卡片 314

     问题

     Preoperational stage?

     答案

     Young children use symbols and language but often lack conservation and show egocentric thinking.

315. 卡片 315

     问题

     Assimilation?

     答案

     Fitting new information into an existing schema.

316. 卡片 316

     问题

     A learner cannot solve a puzzle alone but succeeds with a teacher's hints. Where is the task?

     答案

     In the learner's zone of proximal development.

317. 卡片 317

     问题

     Animism in preoperational thought?

     答案

     Attributing life, feelings, or intentions to inanimate objects.

318. 卡片 318

     问题

     Concrete operational stage?

     答案

     Children reason logically about concrete events and understand conservation.

319. 卡片 319

     问题

     Accommodation?

     答案

     Changing a schema when new information doesn't fit it.

320. 卡片 320

     问题

     Reversibility in cognitive development?

     答案

     Understanding that an operation can be mentally undone, a skill associated with concrete operational thought.

321. 卡片 321

     问题

     How can social learning shape gender expression?

     答案

     People observe models and receive reinforcement or punishment for gender-related behavior.

322. 卡片 322

     问题

     A child calls a zebra a horse because it fits an existing animal schema. Which process?

     答案

     Assimilation.

323. 卡片 323

     问题

     Language?

     答案

     A shared, rule-governed system of symbols used to communicate and generate ideas.

324. 卡片 324

     问题

     Cooing stage?

     答案

     Early vowel-like sounds that typically appear before babbling.

325. 卡片 325

     问题

     Babbling stage?

     答案

     Infants produce repeated speech-like sounds before meaningful words.

326. 卡片 326

     问题

     One-word stage?

     答案

     A child uses single words to express whole ideas.

327. 卡片 327

     问题

     Grammar?

     答案

     A language's system of rules for combining and interpreting symbols.

328. 卡片 328

     问题

     A child assumes everyone can see the picture visible only from the child's side of a model. Which limitation does this show?

     答案

     Egocentrism: difficulty taking another person's visual perspective.

329. 卡片 329

     问题

     Crystallized intelligence across adulthood?

     答案

     Accumulated knowledge and verbal skills often remain stable or increase.

330. 卡片 330

     问题

     A child revises an animal schema after learning that zebras aren't horses. Which process?

     答案

     Accommodation.

331. 卡片 331

     问题

     A teacher first models each step, then removes hints as the learner improves. What support strategy is this?

     答案

     Scaffolding.

332. 卡片 332

     问题

     A child predicts that someone will search where that person last saw a toy, not where the toy really is. Which ability does this show?

     答案

     Theory of mind: recognizing that another person can hold a different belief.

333. 卡片 333

     问题

     Fluid intelligence across adulthood?

     答案

     Speedy reasoning with novel problems often peaks earlier and may decline gradually.

334. 卡片 334

     问题

     An infant searches for a toy after it is covered by a cloth. Which ability does this show?

     答案

     Object permanence: understanding that the toy still exists when it cannot be seen.

335. 卡片 335

     问题

     Water is poured from a short glass into a taller, narrower glass, and a child says there is more water. Which concept is missing?

     答案

     Conservation: understanding that quantity remains the same despite a change in appearance.

336. 卡片 336

     问题

     Formal operational stage?

     答案

     Adolescents and adults can reason abstractly and test hypothetical possibilities.

337. 卡片 337

     问题

     Dementia?

     答案

     A broad syndrome involving cognitive decline that interferes with daily life; it is not an inevitable part of normal aging.

338. 卡片 338

     问题

     Phoneme?

     答案

     The smallest distinctive sound unit in a language.

339. 卡片 339

     问题

     Bronfenbrenner's ecological systems view?

     答案

     Development reflects interactions between a person and nested social environments over time.

340. 卡片 340

     问题

     Temperament?

     答案

     Early, biologically influenced patterns of emotional reactivity and self-regulation.

341. 卡片 341

     问题

     Attachment?

     答案

     An enduring emotional bond that supports proximity and security.

342. 卡片 342

     问题

     Erikson's infancy conflict?

     答案

     Trust versus mistrust: dependable care supports a basic sense of security.

343. 卡片 343

     问题

     Microsystem?

     答案

     Immediate settings and relationships, such as family, school, peers, and work.

344. 卡片 344

     问题

     Erikson's toddler conflict?

     答案

     Autonomy versus shame and doubt: supported self-control builds independence.

345. 卡片 345

     问题

     Erikson's early-childhood conflict?

     答案

     Initiative versus guilt: directing activities and plans supports purpose.

346. 卡片 346

     问题

     Erikson's school-age conflict?

     答案

     Industry versus inferiority: mastering valued skills supports competence.

347. 卡片 347

     问题

     Mesosystem?

     答案

     Connections among a person's microsystems, such as communication between family and school.

348. 卡片 348

     问题

     Erikson's adolescent conflict?

     答案

     Identity versus role confusion: exploring and integrating roles supports identity.

349. 卡片 349

     问题

     Erikson's young-adult conflict?

     答案

     Intimacy versus isolation: forming close, committed relationships.

350. 卡片 350

     问题

     Erikson's middle-adult conflict?

     答案

     Generativity versus stagnation: contributing to others and the next generation.

351. 卡片 351

     问题

     Exosystem?

     答案

     Settings that affect a person indirectly, such as a caregiver's workplace.

352. 卡片 352

     问题

     Morpheme?

     答案

     The smallest unit that carries meaning.

353. 卡片 353

     问题

     Telegraphic speech?

     答案

     Early short phrases that contain essential words while omitting smaller grammatical words.

     

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354. 卡片 354

     问题

     How do nonverbal gestures support language development?

     答案

     Pointing, gaze, expression, and movement communicate meaning before and alongside spoken words.

355. 卡片 355

     问题

     Macrosystem?

     答案

     The wider culture, values, laws, customs, and economic conditions surrounding development.

356. 卡片 356

     问题

     Semantics?

     答案

     The meanings of words and sentences.

357. 卡片 357

     问题

     A child says “goed” after learning the usual past-tense pattern. What is this?

     答案

     Overgeneralization: applying a language rule where an exception is required.

358. 卡片 358

     问题

     What does a sensitive period for language imply?

     答案

     Early exposure supports fluent development, though later learning remains possible.

359. 卡片 359

     问题

     Does language completely determine thought?

     答案

     No. Language can shape attention and categorization, but thought also occurs without words.

360. 卡片 360

     问题

     Syntax?

     答案

     Rules for arranging words into phrases and sentences.

361. 卡片 361

     问题

     A child explores while a caregiver is present, seeks contact at reunion, and is readily comforted. Which attachment pattern fits?

     答案

     Secure attachment.

362. 卡片 362

     问题

     How does the behavioral perspective explain behavior?

     答案

     It focuses on observable behavior learned through conditioning, reinforcement, punishment, and environmental cues.

363. 卡片 363

     问题

     Authoritative parenting?

     答案

     High warmth with clear, consistent expectations and age-appropriate autonomy.

364. 卡片 364

     问题

     Identity achievement?

     答案

     A person makes commitments after meaningful exploration.

365. 卡片 365

     问题

     Avoidant attachment pattern?

     答案

     The child shows little contact-seeking and tends to avoid or ignore the caregiver at reunion.

366. 卡片 366

     问题

     Classical conditioning?

     答案

     Learning that one stimulus predicts another, so a previously neutral stimulus elicits a response.

367. 卡片 367

     问题

     Unconditioned stimulus?

     答案

     A stimulus that naturally produces a response without prior learning.

368. 卡片 368

     问题

     Unconditioned response?

     答案

     The unlearned response naturally produced by an unconditioned stimulus.

369. 卡片 369

     问题

     Conditioned stimulus?

     答案

     A previously neutral stimulus that elicits a learned response after association.

370. 卡片 370

     问题

     Conditioned response?

     答案

     The learned response to a conditioned stimulus.

371. 卡片 371

     问题

     Acquisition in classical conditioning?

     答案

     The initial learning period when the neutral stimulus becomes associated with the unconditioned stimulus.

372. 卡片 372

     问题

     During acquisition, when should the conditioned stimulus usually appear relative to the unconditioned stimulus?

     答案

     The conditioned stimulus should appear shortly before the unconditioned stimulus so it predicts what comes next.

373. 卡片 373

     问题

     Authoritarian parenting?

     答案

     Low warmth with strict control and little discussion.

374. 卡片 374

     问题

     Identity diffusion?

     答案

     A person has neither actively explored alternatives nor made firm commitments.

375. 卡片 375

     问题

     Extinction in classical conditioning?

     答案

     The conditioned response weakens when the conditioned stimulus repeatedly appears without the unconditioned stimulus.

376. 卡片 376

     问题

     Anxious-resistant attachment pattern?

     答案

     The child seeks contact but remains distressed or resists comfort at reunion.

377. 卡片 377

     问题

     Permissive parenting?

     答案

     High warmth with few demands or limits.

378. 卡片 378

     问题

     Parallel play?

     答案

     Young children play beside one another with similar materials but little direct coordination.

379. 卡片 379

     问题

     Imaginary audience?

     答案

     An adolescent's belief that other people are constantly noticing and evaluating them.

380. 卡片 380

     问题

     Identity foreclosure?

     答案

     A person commits without exploring alternatives, often adopting others' expectations.

381. 卡片 381

     问题

     Disorganized attachment pattern?

     答案

     The child shows contradictory, confused, or fearful behavior without a consistent reunion strategy.

382. 卡片 382

     问题

     Neglectful parenting?

     答案

     Low warmth and low control or involvement.

383. 卡片 383

     问题

     Chronosystem?

     答案

     Life transitions and historical changes that alter development over time.

384. 卡片 384

     问题

     Why is pretend play developmentally useful?

     答案

     It lets children practice symbols, roles, perspective-taking, and social rules.

385. 卡片 385

     问题

     Personal fable?

     答案

     An adolescent's sense that their experiences are unique and that ordinary risks may not apply to them.

386. 卡片 386

     问题

     Identity moratorium?

     答案

     A person is actively exploring alternatives without yet making a stable commitment.

387. 卡片 387

     问题

     Best claim about adverse childhood experiences?

     答案

     They can raise later health and relationship risks, but they don't determine an individual's outcome.

388. 卡片 388

     问题

     Separation anxiety in infancy?

     答案

     Distress when a familiar caregiver leaves; it is common during part of typical development.

389. 卡片 389

     问题

     What did infant-monkey research suggest about attachment?

     答案

     Comforting physical contact can be a stronger attachment cue than food alone.

390. 卡片 390

     问题

     Which research method does the Strange Situation use to assess attachment behavior?

     答案

     Structured observation: researchers record behavior during standardized separations and reunions.

391. 卡片 391

     问题

     Emerging adulthood?

     答案

     A transitional period, often from the late teens through the twenties, marked by identity exploration and changing roles.

392. 卡片 392

     问题

     Social clock?

     答案

     Culturally shaped expectations about when major life events should occur.

393. 卡片 393

     问题

     Erikson's later-adult conflict?

     答案

     Integrity versus despair: evaluating life with acceptance rather than regret.

394. 卡片 394

     问题

     Possible selves?

     答案

     Mental images of who a person might become, hopes to become, or fears becoming.

395. 卡片 395

     问题

     Stimulus generalization?

     答案

     Stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus also trigger the conditioned response.

396. 卡片 396

     问题

     Operant conditioning?

     答案

     Learning in which consequences change the future frequency of voluntary behavior.

397. 卡片 397

     问题

     Law of effect?

     答案

     Behaviors followed by satisfying consequences become more likely, while behaviors followed by unpleasant consequences become less likely.

398. 卡片 398

     问题

     Spontaneous recovery?

     答案

     An extinguished conditioned response briefly returns after a rest period.

399. 卡片 399

     问题

     Stimulus discrimination?

     答案

     Learning to respond differently to the conditioned stimulus and similar stimuli.

400. 卡片 400

     问题

     Reinforcement?

     答案

     Any consequence that increases a behavior.

401. 卡片 401

     问题

     Higher-order conditioning?

     答案

     An established conditioned stimulus helps a new neutral stimulus become conditioned without direct pairing with the original unconditioned stimulus.

402. 卡片 402

     问题

     Counterconditioning?

     答案

     Replacing an unwanted conditioned response by pairing the trigger with a new, incompatible response.

403. 卡片 403

     问题

     Habituation?

     答案

     A reduced response after repeated exposure to a harmless, unchanged stimulus.

404. 卡片 404

     问题

     Punishment?

     答案

     Any consequence that decreases a behavior.

405. 卡片 405

     问题

     Partial reinforcement?

     答案

     Reinforcing only some responses; learning is slower, but behavior resists extinction.

406. 卡片 406

     问题

     Why can taste aversion form after one delayed pairing?

     答案

     Biological preparedness makes certain food–illness associations especially easy to learn.

407. 卡片 407

     问题

     Most conditioning trials take 2–6 attempts, but one participant needs 24. What shape will the trial-count distribution likely have?

     答案

     It will be right-skewed because the unusually high value stretches the upper tail.

408. 卡片 408

     问题

     Participants may encounter distressing images in a learning study. What must an institutional review board evaluate before approval?

     答案

     Whether the scientific value justifies the risks and whether safeguards reduce those risks to an acceptable level.

409. 卡片 409

     问题

     Fixed-ratio schedule?

     答案

     Reinforcement follows a set number of responses.

410. 卡片 410

     问题

     Observational learning?

     答案

     Learning by watching others and the consequences they receive.

411. 卡片 411

     问题

     A teacher adds praise after completed homework, and homework completion increases. Which consequence is this?

     答案

     Positive reinforcement.

412. 卡片 412

     问题

     Primary reinforcer?

     答案

     A naturally rewarding stimulus tied to biological needs, such as food when hungry.

413. 卡片 413

     问题

     Variable-ratio schedule?

     答案

     Reinforcement follows an unpredictable number of responses, producing persistent responding.

414. 卡片 414

     问题

     Modeling?

     答案

     Performing a behavior after observing it in another person.

415. 卡片 415

     问题

     Which response pattern is typical of a fixed-ratio schedule?

     答案

     A high response rate followed by a brief pause after each reward.

416. 卡片 416

     问题

     Fastening a seat belt stops an unpleasant alarm, making future fastening more likely. Which consequence is this?

     答案

     Negative reinforcement.

417. 卡片 417

     问题

     Conditioned reinforcer?

     答案

     A learned reward that gains value through association, such as money or praise.

418. 卡片 418

     问题

     A child sees a classmate praised for sharing and then shares more often. Which process may explain the change?

     答案

     Vicarious reinforcement.

419. 卡片 419

     问题

     Fixed-interval schedule?

     答案

     The first response after a set amount of time is reinforced.

420. 卡片 420

     问题

     Which response pattern is typical of a variable-ratio schedule?

     答案

     A high, steady response rate with little or no pause after rewards.

421. 卡片 421

     问题

     A driver receives a fine, and speeding decreases. Which consequence is this?

     答案

     Positive punishment.

422. 卡片 422

     问题

     Shaping?

     答案

     Reinforcing successive approximations toward a target behavior.

423. 卡片 423

     问题

     Extinction in operant conditioning?

     答案

     A behavior weakens when it no longer produces reinforcement.

424. 卡片 424

     问题

     Variable-interval schedule?

     答案

     The first response after an unpredictable amount of time is reinforced.

425. 卡片 425

     问题

     A teenager loses gaming access, and missed curfews decrease. Which consequence is this?

     答案

     Negative punishment.

426. 卡片 426

     问题

     Learned helplessness?

     答案

     After repeated uncontrollable negative events, a person or animal stops trying to escape even when escape becomes possible.

427. 卡片 427

     问题

     Continuous reinforcement?

     答案

     Reinforcing every occurrence of a behavior; learning is fast, but extinction is also fast.

428. 卡片 428

     问题

     A response record rises slowly after each reward, then accelerates as the next fixed time approaches. Which schedule produced this scalloped pattern?

     答案

     A fixed-interval schedule.

429. 卡片 429

     问题

     Discriminative stimulus?

     答案

     A cue that signals when a particular response is likely to be reinforced.

430. 卡片 430

     问题

     Operant generalization versus discrimination?

     答案

     Generalization spreads a learned response to similar cues; discrimination limits it to cues that signal reinforcement.

431. 卡片 431

     问题

     Instinctive drift?

     答案

     A learned behavior shifts toward an animal's biologically predisposed behavior.

432. 卡片 432

     问题

     Which response pattern is typical of a variable-interval schedule?

     答案

     A steady, moderate response rate because reinforcement can become available at unpredictable times.

433. 卡片 433

     问题

     How can superstitious behavior develop through operant conditioning?

     答案

     A coincidental reward can reinforce a behavior that didn't actually cause the outcome.

434. 卡片 434

     问题

     How does similarity to a model affect observational learning?

     答案

     Observers are often more likely to attend to and imitate models they see as similar or relevant.

435. 卡片 435

     问题

     Vicarious conditioning?

     答案

     Learning an emotional response by observing another person's reaction to a stimulus.

436. 卡片 436

     问题

     A rat makes 12, 13, 11, and 12 responses in four equal time blocks, with rewards delivered at unpredictable times. Which schedule best fits this steady pattern?

     答案

     A variable-interval schedule.

437. 卡片 437

     问题

     Children imitate a rewarded model more than a punished model. Supported claim?

     答案

     Observed consequences can influence whether learned behavior is performed.

438. 卡片 438

     问题

     Why randomly assign children to watch either an aggressive or a calm model?

     答案

     Random assignment helps balance preexisting differences between groups, strengthening a causal inference about the model's effect.

439. 卡片 439

     问题

     Latent learning?

     答案

     Learning that occurs without obvious reinforcement and appears later when there is an incentive.

440. 卡片 440

     问题

     Cognitive map?

     答案

     A mental representation of the layout of an environment.

441. 卡片 441

     问题

     Insight learning?

     答案

     A sudden cognitive solution without visible trial-and-error steps.

442. 卡片 442

     问题

     Biological preparedness?

     答案

     An evolved readiness to learn some associations more easily than others.

443. 卡片 443

     问题

     What can mirror-neuron activity show?

     答案

     Some neural systems respond during both action and observation, though this alone doesn't explain all imitation or empathy.

444. 卡片 444

     问题

     Attribution?

     答案

     An explanation for the cause of a person's behavior or an event.

445. 卡片 445

     问题

     Attitude?

     答案

     An evaluation of a person, object, issue, or behavior, involving beliefs, feelings, and action tendencies.

446. 卡片 446

     问题

     Upward social comparison?

     答案

     Comparing oneself with someone doing better, which can inspire improvement or reduce satisfaction.

447. 卡片 447

     问题

     Optimistic explanatory style?

     答案

     Explaining setbacks as temporary, specific, and changeable rather than permanent and global.

448. 卡片 448

     问题

     Situational attribution?

     答案

     Explaining behavior through external circumstances or social context.

449. 卡片 449

     问题

     A person who values health keeps vaping and feels pressure to change either the behavior or the belief. What is this discomfort?

     答案

     Cognitive dissonance.

450. 卡片 450

     问题

     Downward social comparison?

     答案

     Comparing oneself with someone doing worse, which can protect self-evaluation.

451. 卡片 451

     问题

     Internal locus of control?

     答案

     The belief that one's actions strongly influence outcomes.

452. 卡片 452

     问题

     Dispositional attribution?

     答案

     Explaining behavior through internal traits, motives, or abilities.

453. 卡片 453

     问题

     Pessimistic explanatory style?

     答案

     Explaining setbacks as lasting, widespread, and rooted in personal failure.

454. 卡片 454

     问题

     Relative deprivation?

     答案

     Feeling disadvantaged by comparing one's situation with the situation one believes others have.

455. 卡片 455

     问题

     External locus of control?

     答案

     The belief that outcomes mainly depend on luck, fate, or powerful outside forces.

456. 卡片 456

     问题

     Fundamental attribution error?

     答案

     Overestimating personality and underestimating the situation when explaining someone else's behavior.

457. 卡片 457

     问题

     Halo effect?

     答案

     One favorable trait shapes an overly positive overall judgment of a person.

458. 卡片 458

     问题

     Self-fulfilling prophecy?

     答案

     An expectation changes behavior in ways that help make the expected outcome occur.

459. 卡片 459

     问题

     Mere-exposure effect?

     答案

     Repeated exposure to a neutral stimulus can increase liking.

460. 卡片 460

     问题

     A person blames their own lateness on traffic but another person's lateness on carelessness. Which attribution pattern is this?

     答案

     The actor–observer difference.

461. 卡片 461

     问题

     A voter compares evidence and checks the logic of a policy argument. Which persuasion route is being used?

     答案

     The central route.

462. 卡片 462

     问题

     Effort justification?

     答案

     Valuing an outcome more after investing substantial effort in it, which reduces dissonance.

463. 卡片 463

     问题

     Stereotype?

     答案

     A generalized belief about members of a group.

464. 卡片 464

     问题

     A student credits skill for an A but blames an unfair test for an F. Which bias does this show?

     答案

     Self-serving bias.

465. 卡片 465

     问题

     A shopper favors an unfamiliar product because a popular celebrity endorses it. Which persuasion route is being used?

     答案

     The peripheral route.

466. 卡片 466

     问题

     Someone praises a dull task for a tiny reward, then reports liking it more. Which dissonance principle fits?

     答案

     Insufficient justification: the small reward provides too little external explanation, so attitude change reduces dissonance.

467. 卡片 467

     问题

     Prejudice?

     答案

     An unjustified attitude or emotional response toward a group and its members.

468. 卡片 468

     问题

     The same 40 workers complete equal-length tasks under both workloads:

     Workload	Errors
     Low	2
     High	8

     Which attribution is better supported?

     答案

     A situational attribution is better supported: with the same workers and equal exposure, the high-workload condition has more errors, though the table alone doesn't prove causation.

469. 卡片 469

     问题

     Why does source credibility affect persuasion?

     答案

     People are more likely to accept a message from a source seen as knowledgeable and trustworthy.

470. 卡片 470

     问题

     Conformity?

     答案

     Adjusting behavior or beliefs to match a group.

471. 卡片 471

     问题

     Several witnesses each wait for someone else to help during an emergency. Which effect is this?

     答案

     The bystander effect.

472. 卡片 472

     问题

     Diffusion of responsibility?

     答案

     Each person feels less personally responsible when others are available to act.

473. 卡片 473

     问题

     How can taking on a role affect attitude?

     答案

     Repeated role-consistent behavior can gradually shift beliefs and self-perception.

474. 卡片 474

     问题

     In-group bias?

     答案

     Favoring one's own group over other groups.

475. 卡片 475

     问题

     After agreeing to display a small safety sticker, a resident later agrees to place a large sign. Which technique is this?

     答案

     The foot-in-the-door technique.

476. 卡片 476

     问题

     A researcher recruits the first 60 students leaving one school cafeteria. What sampling method is this, and what is the main limit?

     答案

     Convenience sampling; the sample may not represent the school's students or a broader population as well as a random sample would.

477. 卡片 477

     问题

     When do attitudes best predict behavior?

     答案

     When the attitude is specific, accessible, personally important, and social pressure is limited.

478. 卡片 478

     问题

     Discrimination?

     答案

     Unjustified behavior toward people because of group membership.

479. 卡片 479

     问题

     Out-group homogeneity effect?

     答案

     Perceiving members of another group as more alike than members of one's own group.

480. 卡片 480

     问题

     After refusing an extreme request, a person agrees to a smaller related request. Which technique is this?

     答案

     The door-in-the-face technique.

481. 卡片 481

     问题

     A study finds r = +0.72 between attention to message evidence and attitude change. What does the coefficient show?

     答案

     A strong positive association: greater attention tends to accompany greater attitude change, but the correlation does not establish causation.

482. 卡片 482

     问题

     Persuasion ratings cluster near 2 and 9 on a 10-point scale, with few scores near 5. What distribution shape does this suggest?

     答案

     A bimodal distribution, with two distinct peaks.

483. 卡片 483

     问题

     Just-world belief?

     答案

     The assumption that people generally get what they deserve, which can encourage victim blaming.

484. 卡片 484

     问题

     Implicit attitude?

     答案

     An automatic evaluation that can affect responses without deliberate awareness.

485. 卡片 485

     问题

     Ethnocentrism?

     答案

     Judging other cultures by the standards of one's own culture and treating one's own as superior.

486. 卡片 486

     问题

     How do confirmation bias and belief perseverance maintain an attitude?

     答案

     People may favor supporting evidence and retain the belief even after its original support is discredited.

487. 卡片 487

     问题

     Normative social influence?

     答案

     Conforming to gain approval or avoid rejection.

488. 卡片 488

     问题

     Psychodynamic view of personality?

     答案

     Unconscious conflicts and motives influence personality and behavior.

489. 卡片 489

     问题

     Norm of reciprocity?

     答案

     The expectation that people should return help or favors.

490. 卡片 490

     问题

     Individualism?

     答案

     A cultural orientation that gives greater priority to personal goals, autonomy, and individual identity.

491. 卡片 491

     问题

     Informational social influence?

     答案

     Conforming because the group is treated as a source of accurate information.

492. 卡片 492

     问题

     Id?

     答案

     The psychodynamic component driven by immediate gratification and the pleasure principle.

493. 卡片 493

     问题

     Altruism?

     答案

     Helping intended to benefit another person without requiring a personal reward.

494. 卡片 494

     问题

     Social norm?

     答案

     A group's shared expectation about acceptable behavior.

495. 卡片 495

     问题

     What tends to increase conformity?

     答案

     Unanimity, group size up to a point, public responses, ambiguity, and group importance.

496. 卡片 496

     问题

     Ego?

     答案

     The psychodynamic component that manages reality and balances competing demands.

497. 卡片 497

     问题

     A skilled runner improves before a crowd, but a beginner makes more errors. Which group effect fits?

     答案

     Social facilitation: an audience strengthens the dominant response.

498. 卡片 498

     问题

     Collectivism?

     答案

     A cultural orientation that gives greater priority to group goals, interdependence, and shared identity.

499. 卡片 499

     问题

     Obedience?

     答案

     Changing behavior in response to a direct command from an authority.

500. 卡片 500

     问题

     Superego?

     答案

     The psychodynamic component representing internalized moral standards.

501. 卡片 501

     问题

     A person continues acting as if a painful diagnosis cannot be real despite clear evidence. Which defense mechanism fits?

     答案

     Denial.

502. 卡片 502

     问题

     Social-responsibility norm?

     答案

     The expectation that people should help those who depend on them or need assistance.

503. 卡片 503

     问题

     How does proximity affect attraction?

     答案

     Frequent contact creates opportunities for familiarity and relationship development.

504. 卡片 504

     问题

     What tends to increase obedience?

     答案

     A legitimate nearby authority, gradual escalation, institutional support, and distance from the affected person.

505. 卡片 505

     问题

     After an argument with a supervisor, an employee snaps at a roommate. Which defense mechanism fits?

     答案

     Displacement.

506. 卡片 506

     问题

     Social loafing?

     答案

     Exerting less effort when individual contributions to a group task aren't identifiable.

507. 卡片 507

     问题

     Multiculturalism?

     答案

     Recognizing and supporting distinct cultural identities within a shared society or institution.

508. 卡片 508

     问题

     How does similarity affect attraction?

     答案

     Shared attitudes, values, and interests often increase liking.

509. 卡片 509

     问题

     A person who feels hostile insists that everyone else is hostile toward them. Which defense mechanism fits?

     答案

     Projection.

510. 卡片 510

     问题

     Helping falls as group size rises. Best explanation?

     答案

     Responsibility diffuses across more bystanders; the result doesn't show that groups eliminate empathy.

511. 卡片 511

     问题

     Deindividuation?

     答案

     Reduced self-awareness and restraint in an anonymous or arousing group setting.

512. 卡片 512

     问题

     Group polarization?

     答案

     Discussion strengthens the group's initial average tendency.

513. 卡片 513

     问题

     After being rejected, an applicant says the opportunity was worthless anyway. Which defense mechanism fits?

     答案

     Rationalization.

514. 卡片 514

     问题

     A cohesive team ignores warnings and pressures doubters to preserve agreement. Which process is this?

     答案

     Groupthink.

515. 卡片 515

     问题

     Pluralistic ignorance?

     答案

     People privately reject a norm or perceive danger but assume others' calm behavior means it is accepted or safe.

516. 卡片 516

     问题

     Social trap?

     答案

     Individuals pursue short-term self-interest that produces a worse long-term outcome for everyone.

517. 卡片 517

     问题

     Reaction formation?

     答案

     Expressing the opposite of an unacceptable impulse.

518. 卡片 518

     问题

     Superordinate goal?

     答案

     A shared goal that competing groups can reach only through cooperation.

519. 卡片 519

     问题

     False-consensus effect?

     答案

     Overestimating how widely other people share one's beliefs or behavior.

520. 卡片 520

     问题

     Industrial-organizational psychology?

     答案

     Applying psychological science to work, organizations, hiring, performance, and employee well-being.

521. 卡片 521

     问题

     Repression?

     答案

     Unconsciously blocking distressing thoughts or impulses from awareness.

522. 卡片 522

     问题

     Burnout?

     答案

     Work-related exhaustion, detachment or cynicism, and reduced sense of effectiveness after chronic stress.

523. 卡片 523

     问题

     Unconditional positive regard?

     答案

     Acceptance and respect that aren't dependent on meeting another person's conditions.

524. 卡片 524

     问题

     Trait?

     答案

     A relatively stable tendency to think, feel, or behave in a certain way.

525. 卡片 525

     问题

     Regression as a defense mechanism?

     答案

     Reverting to an earlier pattern of behavior when facing stress or conflict.

526. 卡片 526

     问题

     Reciprocal determinism?

     答案

     Behavior, personal factors, and environment influence one another.

527. 卡片 527

     问题

     Self-efficacy?

     答案

     Belief in one's ability to perform a specific task or meet a challenge.

528. 卡片 528

     问题

     Self-concept in humanistic theory?

     答案

     A person's organized understanding of who they are.

529. 卡片 529

     问题

     Sublimation as a defense mechanism?

     答案

     Redirecting an unacceptable impulse into a socially valued activity.

530. 卡片 530

     问题

     A person seeks novel ideas, art, and unfamiliar experiences. Which Big Five trait is most evident?

     答案

     Openness.

531. 卡片 531

     问题

     Personality inventory?

     答案

     A standardized self-report questionnaire used to measure traits or patterns.

532. 卡片 532

     问题

     Self-actualizing tendency?

     答案

     The humanistic idea that people are motivated to grow and fulfill their capacities.

533. 卡片 533

     问题

     Self-esteem?

     答案

     A person's overall evaluation of their worth or value.

534. 卡片 534

     问题

     Instinct in motivation research?

     答案

     An innate, typically fixed behavior pattern in nonhuman animals; this framework doesn't classify human motivation as instinctual.

535. 卡片 535

     问题

     A person plans carefully, meets deadlines, and follows through. Which Big Five trait is most evident?

     答案

     Conscientiousness.

536. 卡片 536

     问题

     Projective test?

     答案

     An ambiguous stimulus used to invite responses thought to reflect inner themes; reliability and validity can be limited.

537. 卡片 537

     问题

     How does factor analysis help trait research?

     答案

     It identifies clusters of correlated behaviors or questionnaire items that may reflect broader traits.

538. 卡片 538

     问题

     Drive-reduction theory?

     答案

     A physiological need creates arousal that motivates behavior to restore balance.

539. 卡片 539

     问题

     A person is sociable, assertive, and energized by group interaction. Which Big Five trait is most evident?

     答案

     Extraversion.

540. 卡片 540

     问题

     Person–situation debate?

     答案

     It asks how much behavior reflects stable traits versus changing contexts.

541. 卡片 541

     问题

     A training study reports Cohen's d = 0.65 for improvement in self-efficacy. What does this statistic describe?

     答案

     The standardized size of the group difference; 0.65 is commonly interpreted as a moderate effect, not proof that the result will matter equally in every setting.

542. 卡片 542

     问题

     Homeostasis?

     答案

     The body's tendency to maintain a stable internal state.

543. 卡片 543

     问题

     Incentive theory?

     答案

     External rewards or goals pull behavior toward them.

544. 卡片 544

     问题

     Big Five agreeableness?

     答案

     Compassion, trust, and cooperativeness.

545. 卡片 545

     问题

     A student retakes a questionnaire after an unusually low self-efficacy score and scores closer to their usual level. What statistical tendency may explain part of the change?

     答案

     Regression toward the mean: an extreme score is often followed by a less extreme score because temporary influences are unlikely to repeat exactly.

546. 卡片 546

     问题

     A student must choose between two appealing internships. Which motivational conflict is this?

     答案

     An approach–approach conflict.

547. 卡片 547

     问题

     Arousal theory of motivation?

     答案

     People seek a personally suitable level of stimulation.

548. 卡片 548

     问题

     Big Five emotional stability?

     答案

     A tendency toward calm and resilience; it is the inverse of neuroticism.

549. 卡片 549

     问题

     What regulates hunger?

     答案

     Biological signals such as ghrelin and leptin interact with learning, culture, stress, and food cues.

550. 卡片 550

     问题

     Three broad components of emotion?

     答案

     Physiological arousal, expressive behavior, and conscious experience or appraisal.

551. 卡片 551

     问题

     Self-determination theory?

     答案

     Motivation grows when autonomy, competence, and relatedness are supported.

552. 卡片 552

     问题

     Emotion regulation?

     答案

     Processes used to influence which emotions arise, when they arise, and how they are expressed.

553. 卡片 553

     问题

     Sensation-seeking?

     答案

     A tendency to pursue novel, varied, or intense experiences, sometimes despite risk.

554. 卡片 554

     问题

     Cognitive appraisal in emotion?

     答案

     Interpreting what an event means for one's goals, safety, or well-being.

555. 卡片 555

     问题

     Intrinsic motivation?

     答案

     Doing an activity for its own interest or satisfaction.

556. 卡片 556

     问题

     Display rules?

     答案

     Cultural norms that shape when and how emotions are expressed.

557. 卡片 557

     问题

     Arousal and performance relationship?

     答案

     Moderate arousal often supports difficult tasks, while higher arousal can help simple or well-learned tasks.

558. 卡片 558

     问题

     A promotion offers higher pay but requires an unwanted move. Which motivational conflict is this?

     答案

     An approach–avoidance conflict.

559. 卡片 559

     问题

     Extrinsic motivation?

     答案

     Doing an activity for an external reward or to avoid punishment.

560. 卡片 560

     问题

     Achievement motivation?

     答案

     The drive to meet standards, master tasks, and pursue success.

561. 卡片 561

     问题

     Four sensation-seeking dimensions?

     答案

     Thrill and adventure seeking, experience seeking, disinhibition, and boredom susceptibility.

562. 卡片 562

     问题

     A person must either pay a fine or complete an unpleasant course. Which motivational conflict is this?

     答案

     An avoidance–avoidance conflict.

563. 卡片 563

     问题

     Overjustification effect?

     答案

     Expected external rewards can reduce intrinsic interest in an activity already enjoyed.

564. 卡片 564

     问题

     Belongingness motivation?

     答案

     The drive to form and maintain stable, positive relationships with other people.

565. 卡片 565

     问题

     Study time changed after students chose their own topic:

     Condition	Mean minutes
     Assigned topic	34
     Chosen topic	47

     What is the observed mean difference?

     答案

     13 minutes more in the chosen-topic condition; the table alone does not show whether the difference is statistically significant.

566. 卡片 566

     问题

     Facial-feedback effect?

     答案

     Facial expressions can influence the emotion a person experiences.

567. 卡片 567

     问题

     Can bodily arousal occur before conscious interpretation?

     答案

     Yes. Some emotional responses begin quickly, while later appraisal shapes the experience.

568. 卡片 568

     问题

     A speaker reframes a racing heart as readiness rather than danger. Which emotion-regulation strategy is this?

     答案

     Cognitive reappraisal.

569. 卡片 569

     问题

     Broaden-and-build view?

     答案

     Positive emotion can widen attention and action possibilities, helping build lasting resources.

570. 卡片 570

     问题

     Which emotions often appear across cultures?

     答案

     Anger, disgust, sadness, happiness, surprise, and fear, though findings on universality are mixed.

571. 卡片 571

     问题

     How can the same arousal become different emotions?

     答案

     Context and cognitive interpretation can label similar physiological arousal differently.

572. 卡片 572

     问题

     Expressive suppression?

     答案

     Inhibiting the outward display of emotion after it has arisen.

573. 卡片 573

     问题

     How does acute stress affect the body?

     答案

     It activates sympathetic and hormonal responses that mobilize energy for immediate demands.

574. 卡片 574

     问题

     Cultures differ in public emotional expression. What shouldn't be concluded?

     答案

     That people in one culture don't experience the emotion; display rules can alter expression.

575. 卡片 575

     问题

     In a medication study, neither participants nor outcome raters know who receives the active drug or an inactive pill. What two safeguards are present?

     答案

     A placebo control and double-blinding, which reduce expectancy effects and observer bias.

576. 卡片 576

     问题

     A scatterplot rises from lower left to upper right, with points close to a line. What relationship does it show?

     答案

     A strong positive correlation: higher values of one variable tend to occur with higher values of the other.

577. 卡片 577

     问题

     Health psychology?

     答案

     The study of how biological, psychological, and social factors affect health and illness.

578. 卡片 578

     问题

     Positive psychology?

     答案

     The scientific study of strengths, well-being, and conditions that help people and communities thrive.

579. 卡片 579

     问题

     Stress?

     答案

     The process of appraising and responding to events viewed as threatening or demanding.

580. 卡片 580

     问题

     A study records stress ratings from 1 to 10 and also collects open-ended descriptions. Which data are quantitative and which are qualitative?

     答案

     The numeric ratings are quantitative; the written descriptions are qualitative.

581. 卡片 581

     问题

     Why do sleep, exercise, and nutrition matter to health psychology?

     答案

     They are behaviors that interact with stress and biology to influence health outcomes.

582. 卡片 582

     问题

     Resilience?

     答案

     Adapting or recovering after adversity; it is a process, not a guarantee of being unaffected.

583. 卡片 583

     问题

     Stressor?

     答案

     An event or condition that challenges a person's ability to cope.

584. 卡片 584

     问题

     General adaptation syndrome?

     答案

     A three-phase pattern of alarm, resistance, and exhaustion under prolonged stress.

585. 卡片 585

     问题

     A worker makes a schedule and asks for resources to reduce a controllable workload. Which coping approach is this?

     答案

     Problem-focused coping.

586. 卡片 586

     问题

     A stress study uses nonhuman animals. What ethical duties apply?

     答案

     Researchers need scientific justification, humane care, the least possible pain and distress, and oversight by an institutional animal care and use committee.

587. 卡片 587

     问题

     A student first judges whether an upcoming exam threatens an important goal. Which appraisal is this?

     答案

     Primary appraisal.

588. 卡片 588

     问题

     What happens during the alarm phase of general adaptation syndrome?

     答案

     A fight, flight, or freeze response mobilizes resources when the stressor is first encountered.

589. 卡片 589

     问题

     How can major trauma and daily hassles both create stress?

     答案

     One can overwhelm through intensity, while repeated smaller demands can accumulate over time.

590. 卡片 590

     问题

     A person uses breathing and social support to manage feelings about an unchangeable loss. Which coping approach is this?

     答案

     Emotion-focused coping.

591. 卡片 591

     问题

     The student next considers available study time, tutoring, and coping options. Which appraisal is this?

     答案

     Secondary appraisal.

592. 卡片 592

     问题

     Why can prolonged exhaustion increase illness risk?

     答案

     Stress resources are depleted, and sustained physiological activation can weaken health and immune function.

593. 卡片 593

     问题

     Adverse childhood experiences?

     答案

     Potentially traumatic childhood conditions linked with higher later health risks, without determining any one person's outcome.

594. 卡片 594

     问题

     How can social support protect health?

     答案

     It provides practical help, belonging, perspective, and a buffer against stress.

595. 卡片 595

     问题

     Eustress versus distress?

     答案

     Eustress is experienced as motivating or manageable; distress is experienced as harmful or overwhelming.

596. 卡片 596

     问题

     Tend-and-befriend response?

     答案

     Coping with stress by caring for needs and seeking supportive connection, a pattern observed especially among women.

597. 卡片 597

     问题

     Two interviewees say, “After the setback, I adjusted my plan” and “I recovered and kept working toward my goal.” Which well-being concept appears in both qualitative responses?

     答案

     Resilience; both accounts describe adapting or recovering after adversity.

598. 卡片 598

     问题

     Biofeedback?

     答案

     Using real-time information about bodily activity to learn voluntary regulation of that activity.

599. 卡片 599

     问题

     How does perceived control affect stress?

     答案

     A sense of control often reduces stress, while uncontrollability can intensify it.

600. 卡片 600

     问题

     Psychoneuroimmunology?

     答案

     The study of interactions among psychological processes, the nervous system, hormones, and immune function.

601. 卡片 601

     问题

     Subjective well-being?

     答案

     A person's life satisfaction together with the balance of positive and negative emotion.

602. 卡片 602

     问题

     Psychological disorder?

     答案

     A clinically significant disturbance in thought, emotion, or behavior that causes distress or impairment.

603. 卡片 603

     问题

     How can gratitude practice affect well-being?

     答案

     Regularly noticing valued experiences can increase positive emotion for some people, though effects vary.

604. 卡片 604

     问题

     A school survey samples 120 students from a population of 1,800 enrolled students. What are the sample and population?

     答案

     The 120 respondents are the sample; all 1,800 enrolled students are the target population.

605. 卡片 605

     问题

     Signature strengths?

     答案

     Character strengths that are especially central and natural to a person and can be used deliberately.

606. 卡片 606

     问题

     Biopsychosocial model?

     答案

     Biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors interact in health and disorder.

607. 卡片 607

     问题

     Six broad virtue categories in positive psychology?

     答案

     Wisdom, courage, humanity, justice, temperance, and transcendence.

608. 卡片 608

     问题

     Posttraumatic growth?

     答案

     Positive psychological change that can develop through struggling with trauma or major stress; it doesn't erase harm.

609. 卡片 609

     问题

     An optional well-being survey is completed mostly by students who already attend wellness clubs. How does this affect generalizability?

     答案

     Self-selection creates sampling bias, so the results may not generalize to students with different interests or experiences.

610. 卡片 610

     问题

     A survey asks people to report how often they exercise. What limitation should the researcher consider?

     答案

     Self-report can be distorted by inaccurate memory, question wording, or socially desirable answers.

611. 卡片 611

     问题

     A treatment comparison reports p = .03 with a preset alpha of .05. Is the result statistically significant?

     答案

     Yes. Because .03 is below .05, the result is statistically significant, though that does not show the effect is large or important.

612. 卡片 612

     问题

     A striking well-being result appears in one small study. What should happen before confidence grows?

     答案

     Independent replication and critical peer review should test whether the finding is reliable and the methods support the claim.

613. 卡片 613

     问题

     Biological explanation of disorder?

     答案

     It focuses on genetic, neural, hormonal, or other physiological factors.

614. 卡片 614

     问题

     Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder?

     答案

     A neurodevelopmental disorder involving developmentally inappropriate inattention and/or hyperactivity-impulsivity that impairs functioning.

615. 卡片 615

     问题

     Purpose of the DSM?

     答案

     It supplies shared diagnostic categories and criteria for communication, research, and treatment planning.

616. 卡片 616

     问题

     What must informed consent explain before people join a psychology study?

     答案

     The study's general nature, foreseeable risks and benefits, confidentiality limits, voluntary participation, and the right to withdraw. Research with minors also generally requires guardian permission and the child's assent.

617. 卡片 617

     问题

     Behavioral explanation of disorder?

     答案

     It focuses on maladaptive responses learned through conditioning or observation.

618. 卡片 618

     问题

     Autism spectrum disorder?

     答案

     A neurodevelopmental disorder involving differences in social communication and restricted or repetitive behavior, with varied support needs.

619. 卡片 619

     问题

     Schizophrenia's broad symptom areas?

     答案

     Delusions, hallucinations, disorganized thought or speech, disorganized movement, and negative symptoms.

620. 卡片 620

     问题

     Major depressive disorder?

     答案

     A sustained depressive episode with mood, cognitive, physical, and motivational changes that impair functioning.

621. 卡片 621

     问题

     Specific phobia?

     答案

     Intense, persistent fear of a particular object or situation that leads to avoidance or distress.

622. 卡片 622

     问题

     Obsessive-compulsive disorder?

     答案

     Obsessions, compulsions, or both consume time or cause significant distress or impairment.

623. 卡片 623

     问题

     Dissociative amnesia?

     答案

     Inability to recall important autobiographical information, usually related to trauma or stress, beyond ordinary forgetting.

624. 卡片 624

     问题

     Bipolar I disorder?

     答案

     A bipolar disorder defined by at least one full manic episode, often with depressive episodes.

625. 卡片 625

     问题

     Posttraumatic stress disorder?

     答案

     Persistent intrusion, avoidance, negative mood or thinking, and heightened arousal after trauma exposure.

626. 卡片 626

     问题

     Anorexia nervosa?

     答案

     Persistent energy restriction, significantly low body weight, intense fear of weight gain, and disturbed body experience.

627. 卡片 627

     问题

     Cognitive explanation of disorder?

     答案

     It focuses on maladaptive beliefs, interpretations, and thinking patterns.

628. 卡片 628

     问题

     Bipolar II disorder?

     答案

     A bipolar disorder involving hypomanic and major depressive episodes without a full manic episode.

629. 卡片 629

     问题

     Purpose of the ICD?

     答案

     The World Health Organization's classification system supplies internationally used codes and categories for health conditions, including mental disorders.

630. 卡片 630

     问题

     Bulimia nervosa?

     答案

     Repeated binge eating followed by compensatory behavior, with self-evaluation strongly influenced by body shape or weight.

631. 卡片 631

     问题

     What broadly defines a personality disorder pattern?

     答案

     An enduring, inflexible pattern that departs from cultural expectations, begins in adolescence or early adulthood, and causes distress or impairment.

632. 卡片 632

     问题

     Ataque de nervios?

     答案

     A culture-related syndrome, described especially in some Latin American and Caribbean communities, involving an acute episode of intense emotional distress and loss of control.

633. 卡片 633

     问题

     Psychodynamic explanation of disorder?

     答案

     It focuses on unconscious conflicts and early relationships.

634. 卡片 634

     问题

     Three considerations when identifying a psychological disorder?

     答案

     Dysfunction, experienced distress, and deviation from social norms, interpreted with cultural context.

635. 卡片 635

     问题

     When may deception be ethically considered in research, and what must follow?

     答案

     Only when justified, minimal-risk, and not replaceable by a practical alternative; researchers must debrief participants promptly and explain the deception.

636. 卡片 636

     问题

     Comorbidity?

     答案

     The presence of two or more disorders in the same person.

637. 卡片 637

     问题

     Humanistic explanation of distress?

     答案

     It focuses on blocked growth, incongruence, and conditions of worth.

638. 卡片 638

     问题

     Confidential versus anonymous research data?

     答案

     Confidential data can be linked to identities but are protected; anonymous data are collected without identifying links.

639. 卡片 639

     问题

     Stigma around mental disorder?

     答案

     Negative stereotypes and discrimination that can increase distress and discourage help-seeking.

640. 卡片 640

     问题

     Why must diagnosis consider culture?

     答案

     Norms affect how distress is expressed and interpreted, so behavior can't be judged outside its context.

641. 卡片 641

     问题

     Sociocultural explanation of disorder?

     答案

     It focuses on social roles, inequality, relationships, discrimination, and cultural context.

642. 卡片 642

     问题

     Two clinicians independently use the same criteria. What quality is being checked?

     答案

     Interrater reliability.

643. 卡片 643

     问题

     A category improves communication but overlaps another category. Balanced conclusion?

     答案

     Classification is useful, but boundaries and comorbidity limit the idea of perfectly separate disorders.

644. 卡片 644

     问题

     Best account of neurodevelopmental-disorder causes?

     答案

     Genetic, physiological, and environmental factors may interact; no single cause explains every case.

645. 卡片 645

     问题

     Evolutionary explanation of disorder?

     答案

     It asks whether a behavior or mental process reflects an adaptation, mismatch, or cost related to survival and reproduction.

646. 卡片 646

     问题

     Delusion?

     答案

     A firmly held false belief that persists despite strong contrary evidence and isn't explained by cultural context.

647. 卡片 647

     问题

     Agoraphobia?

     答案

     Intense fear of situations where escape or help may feel difficult, such as crowds, transit, open spaces, or being outside alone.

648. 卡片 648

     问题

     Best account of schizophrenia risk?

     答案

     Biological vulnerability, including genetic and neural factors, interacts with prenatal and later environmental stressors.

649. 卡片 649

     问题

     Eclectic approach to disorder?

     答案

     Using ideas or treatments from more than one psychological perspective when evidence and client needs support them.

650. 卡片 650

     问题

     Hallucination?

     答案

     A sensory perception without a matching external stimulus.

651. 卡片 651

     问题

     Panic disorder?

     答案

     Recurrent unexpected panic attacks followed by continuing concern or behavior change related to more attacks.

652. 卡片 652

     问题

     Best account of depressive-disorder causes?

     答案

     Biological vulnerability can interact with learning, cognition, relationships, culture, and stressful events.

653. 卡片 653

     问题

     Two people face the same stressor, but the person with greater underlying vulnerability develops symptoms. Which model fits?

     答案

     The diathesis–stress model.

654. 卡片 654

     问题

     Cluster A personality disorders?

     答案

     The odd or eccentric cluster: paranoid, schizoid, and schizotypal personality disorders.

655. 卡片 655

     问题

     What do psychotherapy meta-analyses generally find?

     答案

     Psychotherapy is effective on average, while outcomes vary by problem, method, therapist, and client.

656. 卡片 656

     问题

     Evidence-based treatment?

     答案

     Using the best research evidence together with clinical expertise and the client's needs, culture, and preferences.

657. 卡片 657

     问题

     Therapeutic alliance?

     答案

     A collaborative, trusting relationship in which client and therapist agree on goals and work.

658. 卡片 658

     问题

     Cultural humility in therapy?

     答案

     Ongoing self-reflection, respect, and willingness to learn from the client's cultural experience.

659. 卡片 659

     问题

     Deinstitutionalization?

     答案

     Moving many people from long-term psychiatric hospitals toward community-based care, aided partly by medication.

660. 卡片 660

     问题

     A client safely approaches a feared situation in planned steps instead of avoiding it. Which treatment method is this?

     答案

     Exposure therapy.

661. 卡片 661

     问题

     Nonmaleficence in therapy?

     答案

     Avoiding or minimizing harm.

662. 卡片 662

     问题

     Four medication categories in the course?

     答案

     Antidepressants, antianxiety drugs, lithium, and antipsychotic medications.

663. 卡片 663

     问题

     Depressive cognitive triad?

     答案

     Negative views of oneself, the world, and the future.

664. 卡片 664

     问题

     Applied behavior analysis?

     答案

     Using measured learning principles to change socially significant behavior.

665. 卡片 665

     问题

     Psychosurgery?

     答案

     Rare invasive treatment that alters brain tissue; modern use is tightly limited because effects can be irreversible.

666. 卡片 666

     问题

     Free association?

     答案

     A psychodynamic technique in which a client says whatever comes to mind to explore unconscious themes.

667. 卡片 667

     问题

     A client examines evidence for an automatic thought and develops a more accurate alternative. Which technique is this?

     答案

     Cognitive restructuring.

668. 卡片 668

     问题

     One advantage of group therapy?

     答案

     Members can receive support, feedback, and practice with others while learning they aren't alone.

669. 卡片 669

     问题

     Lobotomy?

     答案

     An obsolete form of psychosurgery that cut frontal-lobe connections and often caused severe, irreversible harm.

670. 卡片 670

     问题

     Best account of bipolar-disorder causes?

     答案

     Biological and genetic influences are important, while stress and social context can affect episodes.

671. 卡片 671

     问题

     Cognitive-behavioral therapy?

     答案

     Treatment that changes maladaptive thinking and behavior together.

672. 卡片 672

     问题

     Disorganized speech in schizophrenia?

     答案

     Speech becomes difficult to follow because ideas or words are connected in disordered ways.

673. 卡片 673

     问题

     Social anxiety disorder?

     答案

     Intense fear of scrutiny or negative evaluation in social situations.

674. 卡片 674

     问题

     Best account of obsessive-compulsive-disorder causes?

     答案

     Biological factors and learned relief from compulsions can combine with maladaptive beliefs.

675. 卡片 675

     问题

     Rational-emotive behavior therapy?

     答案

     A cognitive-behavioral approach that challenges rigid, irrational beliefs and builds more workable alternatives.

676. 卡片 676

     问题

     Dissociative fugue?

     答案

     Dissociative amnesia accompanied by unexpected travel or confusion about identity.

677. 卡片 677

     问题

     Cluster B personality disorders?

     答案

     The dramatic, emotional, or erratic cluster: antisocial, borderline, histrionic, and narcissistic personality disorders.

678. 卡片 678

     问题

     Best account of anxiety-disorder causes?

     答案

     Biological vulnerability, learned fear, avoidance, and maladaptive interpretation can interact.

679. 卡片 679

     问题

     Catatonia?

     答案

     Markedly disordered movement, which can include unusual excitement or profound lack of movement.

680. 卡片 680

     问题

     Manic episode?

     答案

     A distinct period of unusually elevated or irritable mood and increased energy severe enough to cause major impairment or require hospitalization.

681. 卡片 681

     问题

     Dissociative identity disorder?

     答案

     Disruption of identity involving distinct personality states and gaps in autobiographical memory.

682. 卡片 682

     问题

     Best account of feeding and eating disorder causes?

     答案

     Biological, cognitive, behavioral, family, social, and cultural factors can interact.

683. 卡片 683

     问题

     Cluster C personality disorders?

     答案

     The anxious or fearful cluster: avoidant, dependent, and obsessive-compulsive personality disorders.

684. 卡片 684

     问题

     Taijin kyofusho?

     答案

     A culture-related syndrome described in Japan involving intense fear that one's appearance, gaze, odor, or behavior will offend or embarrass other people.

685. 卡片 685

     问题

     Negative symptom of schizophrenia?

     答案

     A reduction in a typical function, such as emotional expression, speech, motivation, or movement.

686. 卡片 686

     问题

     What experiences are often linked with dissociative disorders?

     答案

     Severe trauma or stress, though diagnosis requires careful assessment and isn't inferred from trauma alone.

687. 卡片 687

     问题

     Hypomanic episode?

     答案

     A noticeable period of elevated or irritable mood and increased energy that is less severe and impairing than mania.

688. 卡片 688

     问题

     Generalized anxiety disorder?

     答案

     Persistent, hard-to-control anxiety and worry across several areas of life.

689. 卡片 689

     问题

     Hoarding disorder?

     答案

     Persistent difficulty discarding possessions, producing clutter that impairs the use of living spaces.

690. 卡片 690

     问题

     Best account of personality-disorder causes?

     答案

     Biological dispositions and long-term social, cultural, learning, and cognitive influences can interact.

691. 卡片 691

     问题

     Why can't one symptom establish a disorder?

     答案

     Diagnosis depends on a broader pattern, duration, distress or impairment, context, and alternative explanations.

692. 卡片 692

     问题

     Persistent depressive disorder?

     答案

     A chronic depressed mood with related symptoms lasting at least two years in adults or one year in children and adolescents.

693. 卡片 693

     问题

     Fidelity in therapy ethics?

     答案

     Maintaining trust, responsibility, and professional commitments.

694. 卡片 694

     问题

     Systematic desensitization?

     答案

     Gradual exposure to a fear hierarchy while practicing relaxation or another incompatible response.

695. 卡片 695

     问题

     Dream interpretation in psychodynamic therapy?

     答案

     Exploring possible personal meanings and unconscious themes in dreams, not treating dreams as objective facts.

696. 卡片 696

     问题

     Dialectical behavior therapy?

     答案

     A cognitive-behavioral approach that builds mindfulness, emotion regulation, distress tolerance, and relationship skills.

697. 卡片 697

     问题

     Integrity in therapy ethics?

     答案

     Being honest and accurate in professional work.

698. 卡片 698

     问题

     Aversion therapy?

     答案

     Pairing an unwanted behavior with an unpleasant stimulus to reduce the behavior.

699. 卡片 699

     问题

     Tardive dyskinesia?

     答案

     A movement disorder that can occur as a serious side effect of long-term antipsychotic medication.

700. 卡片 700

     问题

     ECT versus TMS?

     答案

     ECT induces a controlled seizure under anesthesia; TMS uses magnetic pulses without surgery. Both can treat selected conditions.

701. 卡片 701

     问题

     Respect for rights and dignity?

     答案

     Protecting autonomy, privacy, confidentiality, and fair treatment.

702. 卡片 702

     问题

     A clinic awards points for target behaviors, and clients exchange the points for privileges. Which method is this?

     答案

     A token economy.

703. 卡片 703

     问题

     A therapist emphasizes empathy, genuineness, active listening, and unconditional positive regard. Which approach is this?

     答案

     Person-centered therapy.

704. 卡片 704

     问题

     What can hypnosis treat, and what can't it reliably do?

     答案

     It can help some pain and anxiety; it can't reliably recover accurate memories or produce true age regression.

705. 卡片 705

     问题

     Medication and psychotherapy outperform either alone for some conditions. Best conclusion?

     答案

     Combined treatment can be useful for some clients, but the best plan depends on the condition and individual evidence.