What is the safe response to a swollen mobile-device battery?

Power the device off, disconnect external power, and isolate it for approved battery service. Don't charge, puncture, press, or keep using the battery.

Which RAM form factor is common in serviceable laptops?

A SO-DIMM. Match its DDR generation, capacity support, and other platform requirements before installation.

What should you confirm before replacing laptop keys or a keyboard?

Confirm the model's replaceable unit and service procedure. Some keys are individually serviceable; other designs require the keyboard or full top case.

What protects data during a laptop HDD or SSD replacement?

A verified backup and migration plan. Also match the replacement drive's interface, form factor, and supported capacity.

How should tiny antenna leads be handled during wireless-card service?

Label their positions, lift each connector straight up with the proper tool, and reconnect it to the marked terminal. Pulling the wire can damage the lead.

Which built-in laptop components commonly provide physical privacy or identity checks?

Components such as fingerprint or facial-recognition hardware and near-field credential readers. Their firmware, drivers, permissions, and enrollment must all support the feature.

Why does Wi-Fi antenna placement matter after a laptop repair?

Correct routing and terminal placement preserve signal quality. A pinched cable, loose connector, or swapped main/aux lead can weaken wireless performance.

A replacement laptop camera has no image. What should you check before replacing it again?

Check its internal cable, privacy shutter or switch, firmware detection, driver, and app permission. A hardware replacement won't fix a blocked camera setting.

A built-in mobile-device microphone is silent. What should you check first?

Check the selected input, mute state, app permission, and microphone opening. Then inspect the internal connection if every app fails.

Why disconnect the internal battery before replacing laptop RAM, storage, or a display assembly?

To remove standby power from the board and reduce short-circuit risk. Follow the model's shutdown and battery-disconnection procedure.

What should guide any field replacement inside a thin mobile device?

The manufacturer's service instructions, warranty terms, and ESD precautions. Adhesives, hidden cables, and replaceable assemblies vary by model.

How do USB-C, microUSB, and miniUSB differ?

They are different connector shapes. USB-C is reversible; microUSB and miniUSB are older keyed designs, and none of the shapes alone guarantees a data speed.

What can a laptop docking station add through one host connection?

Power, displays, networking, storage, and peripheral ports. The host, dock, cable, and software must support the promised features.

What must match for a stylus to support pressure or precision input?

The stylus technology and the device's digitizer. A generic capacitive stylus may act like a finger but can't add unsupported active-pen features.

Which connector is associated with many older Apple mobile devices?

Lightning. Match the cable to the actual model because newer Apple devices may use USB-C.

How do a headset, external speaker, and webcam extend a mobile workstation?

A headset adds private audio input/output, a speaker adds room audio, and a webcam adds video input. Select each one in the app after connecting it.

How do a trackpad, drawing pad, and trackpoint differ?

A trackpad senses finger gestures, a drawing pad captures pen input, and a trackpoint moves the pointer from a small keyboard-mounted stick.

What is NFC commonly used for on a mobile device?

Very short-range exchanges such as tap-to-pay, credential reading, or quick pairing. Its short working distance supports deliberate tap-style use.

How is a port replicator different from a full docking station?

A port replicator mainly exposes additional connectors; a dock commonly adds broader capabilities such as charging, displays, or networking. Verify the product's actual feature list.

Which connection is the usual choice for nearby mobile headsets and keyboards?

Bluetooth. It provides short-range wireless accessory links with relatively low power use.

What does mobile tethering or hotspot mode do?

It shares the device's internet connection with another client, commonly over Wi-Fi, USB, or Bluetooth. The carrier plan may limit tethering or data use.

How do 3G, 4G, and 5G relate on a mobile device?

They are cellular network generations. Newer generations can offer more capacity or lower latency, but the device, SIM or eSIM, plan, coverage, and local network determine service.

What is the practical difference between a SIM and an eSIM?

A SIM is a removable identity module; an eSIM stores a carrier profile in embedded hardware. Both associate the device with cellular service.

What sequence pairs a Bluetooth accessory safely?

Enable Bluetooth, put the accessory in pairing mode, select the intended device, confirm any PIN or code, and test the connection.

How do GPS and cellular location services complement each other?

GPS derives position from satellites, while cellular and nearby-network data can speed or assist location. App permission and device settings control access.

Which radios should you check when a phone has neither local Wi-Fi nor wide-area data?

Check Wi-Fi and cellular data separately, along with airplane mode. One radio can be disabled while the other remains available.

What should you verify when adding mail to a mobile device?

Verify the account, credentials, incoming and outgoing server settings, security method, and network access. A correct password can't repair a wrong server setting.

A phone can browse on Wi-Fi but not through its hotspot. What should you check?

Check that hotspot service is enabled, cellular data works, the plan permits tethering, and the client has the correct hotspot password.

How should you test a newly configured mobile connection?

Test the intended path and service: join the correct network or carrier, verify addressing or signal, then open the required app or destination.

What does mobile device management provide?

Central enrollment, device configuration, policy enforcement, corporate-app deployment, inventory, and approved remote actions.

How do corporate-owned and BYOD management profiles usually differ?

Corporate-owned devices normally allow broader organizational control; BYOD profiles should isolate managed work data and respect the user's personal data under policy.

What should be checked when calendar, contacts, or business mail stops synchronizing?

Check connectivity, account sign-in, sync scope, device time, storage, and service status before removing the account.

Why do data caps matter to mobile synchronization?

Large mail, cloud-storage, or app sync jobs can consume metered cellular data. Choose what syncs and whether Wi-Fi is required.

When is an MDM remote wipe appropriate?

When policy authorizes removal of protected data from a lost, stolen, retired, or reassigned device. Confirm the exact device and wipe scope first.

What is the point of separating corporate apps and data on a personal phone?

It lets the organization enforce work controls and remove managed data without treating the user's whole device as corporate property.

How do TCP and UDP differ?

TCP provides connection-oriented, ordered, acknowledged delivery; UDP sends low-overhead datagrams without built-in ordering or retransmission.

Which ports are associated with classic FTP?

TCP 21 carries control traffic, and TCP 20 is the traditional active-mode data port. FTP doesn't encrypt credentials or content by itself.

Which default port does SSH use, and what does it provide?

TCP 22. SSH provides encrypted remote command-line access and related secure services.

Which default port is traditionally used for SMTP server-to-server relay?

TCP 25. Mail clients commonly submit outgoing mail through a separate authenticated service.

Which port does DNS use?

Port 53: usually UDP for ordinary queries and TCP when the response or operation requires it.

Which ports carry DHCP client and server traffic?

UDP 68 for the client and UDP 67 for the server. A new client can broadcast before it has an address.

Which ports distinguish HTTP from HTTPS?

HTTP normally uses TCP 80; HTTPS normally uses TCP 443 and protects the session with TLS.

Which default port does POP3 use without TLS?

TCP 110. POP3 commonly downloads messages rather than synchronizing server-side folders like IMAP.

Which ports are associated with NetBIOS over TCP/IP?

Ports 137–139. Name service commonly uses 137, datagram service 138, and session service TCP 139.

Which default port does LDAP use?

Port 389, commonly TCP. LDAP provides directory queries and updates; protect credentials with an approved secure configuration.

Which default port does SMB/CIFS commonly use?

TCP 445. SMB commonly carries file and printer sharing.

Which default port does RDP use?

TCP 3389. RDP provides remote graphical access to a Windows system.

Which default port does Telnet use, and why is it avoided on untrusted networks?

TCP 23. Telnet sends remote-terminal traffic without SSH's encryption.

Which default port does IMAP use without TLS?

TCP 143. IMAP keeps mailbox state and folders synchronized on the server.

How do common 802.11 families map to Wi-Fi bands?

802.11b/g use 2.4 GHz; 802.11a/ac use 5 GHz; 802.11n can use 2.4 or 5 GHz; 802.11ax can use 2.4 or 5 GHz, with Wi-Fi 6E extending it to 6 GHz.

What is the tradeoff when selecting a wider Wi-Fi channel?

A wider channel can carry more data but occupies more spectrum and may overlap more neighbors. Use a width that clients, regulations, and local conditions support.

CompTIA A+ 220-1201 & 220-1202 Flashcards: Core 1 and Core 2

Review current CompTIA A+ V15 Core 1 and Core 2 objectives with original flashcards for hardware, networking, operating systems, security, commands, and troubleshooting.

Автор Open Study Contributor

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Сведения о колоде

Карточки: 520 карточек
Версия: 1
Опубликовано: 1 сентября 2026 г.
Последнее обновление: 1 сентября 2026 г.
Лицензия: Common knowledge · CC0 1.0
Языки аудитории: en
Теги: a-plus, core-1, core-2

Об этой колоде

CompTIA A+ 220-1201 & 220-1202 Flashcards: Core 1 and Core 2

Review the current V15 knowledge behind both CompTIA A+ exams in one 520-card package: 270 cards for Core 1 and 250 for Core 2. The deck covers mobile devices, networking, hardware, virtualization, cloud concepts, operating systems, security, commands, software support, operational procedures, and troubleshooting.

What the cards practice

The cards connect technologies, components, protocols, commands, and common acronyms with their purposes and key behavior. Separate retrieval prompts also work in the useful opposite direction: a technician task or requirement points to the right tool, setting, command, connector, or protocol. Short support scenarios ask for a likely cause, the first useful check, or the next corrective action. Ordered workflows are practiced only when the order matters on the job.

The deck does not mechanically reverse every fact or turn every source bullet into a card. It leaves out low-value acronym production, giant list prompts, unstable click paths, advanced material beyond the V15 entry-level boundary, and near-duplicate wording made only to increase the count.

Learning order

Core 1 starts with mobile hardware and connections, then builds through networking, physical hardware, virtualization, and cloud concepts before applying them to hardware and network troubleshooting. Core 2 moves from operating-system foundations into tools, commands, configuration, security, software troubleshooting, and day-to-day support operations. Inside each topic, recognition comes before selection and short diagnosis. Related forward and reverse cards are kept apart so one prompt does not give away the next.

Labs and PBQs

Flashcards are useful for recall and compact scenario decisions. They do not reproduce hands-on labs, performance-based questions, live command output, or the pressure and ambiguity of the certification exams. Use a real machine, lab environment, and lawful practice tests alongside this deck for installation, configuration, repair, and PBQ-style work.

Scope, provenance, and reuse

The live CompTIA Core 1 and Core 2 V15 pages and the current version 4.0 objective PDFs were reviewed on September 1, 2026. Both PDFs were last modified on November 25, 2025. They were used only to check the exam version, domain boundaries, weighting, and technical scope. Common technical facts are explained in original language and organized for retrieval practice. Public overview pages from three study tools were compared only for structure and learner expectations; their cards, questions, examples, explanations, and course text were not drafting input.

The Common knowledge · CC0 1.0 label applies to the deck’s original prompts, answers, organization, metadata, and generated cover to the extent applicable rights exist. It does not claim ownership of technical facts, CompTIA names, or third-party source material.

This deck is independently authored and unofficial. It is not affiliated with, endorsed by, or sponsored by CompTIA, Inc., and it uses no CompTIA logo or official trade dress.

No CompTIA exam questions, answers, performance-based questions, mark schemes, or objective wording were copied.

Current official requirements: Core 1 V15 (220-1201), Core 1 objectives PDF, Core 2 V15 (220-1202), and Core 2 objectives PDF.

Карточки в этой колоде

Карточка 1
Вопрос
What is the safe response to a swollen mobile-device battery?
Ответ
Power the device off, disconnect external power, and isolate it for approved battery service. Don't charge, puncture, press, or keep using the battery.
Карточка 2
Вопрос
Which RAM form factor is common in serviceable laptops?
Ответ
A SO-DIMM. Match its DDR generation, capacity support, and other platform requirements before installation.
Карточка 3
Вопрос
What should you confirm before replacing laptop keys or a keyboard?
Ответ
Confirm the model's replaceable unit and service procedure. Some keys are individually serviceable; other designs require the keyboard or full top case.
Карточка 4
Вопрос
What protects data during a laptop HDD or SSD replacement?
Ответ
A verified backup and migration plan. Also match the replacement drive's interface, form factor, and supported capacity.
Карточка 5
Вопрос
How should tiny antenna leads be handled during wireless-card service?
Ответ
Label their positions, lift each connector straight up with the proper tool, and reconnect it to the marked terminal. Pulling the wire can damage the lead.
Карточка 6
Вопрос
Which built-in laptop components commonly provide physical privacy or identity checks?
Ответ
Components such as fingerprint or facial-recognition hardware and near-field credential readers. Their firmware, drivers, permissions, and enrollment must all support the feature.
Карточка 7
Вопрос
Why does Wi-Fi antenna placement matter after a laptop repair?
Ответ
Correct routing and terminal placement preserve signal quality. A pinched cable, loose connector, or swapped main/aux lead can weaken wireless performance.
Карточка 8
Вопрос
A replacement laptop camera has no image. What should you check before replacing it again?
Ответ
Check its internal cable, privacy shutter or switch, firmware detection, driver, and app permission. A hardware replacement won't fix a blocked camera setting.
Карточка 9
Вопрос
A built-in mobile-device microphone is silent. What should you check first?
Ответ
Check the selected input, mute state, app permission, and microphone opening. Then inspect the internal connection if every app fails.
Карточка 10
Вопрос
Why disconnect the internal battery before replacing laptop RAM, storage, or a display assembly?
Ответ
To remove standby power from the board and reduce short-circuit risk. Follow the model's shutdown and battery-disconnection procedure.
Карточка 11
Вопрос
What should guide any field replacement inside a thin mobile device?
Ответ
The manufacturer's service instructions, warranty terms, and ESD precautions. Adhesives, hidden cables, and replaceable assemblies vary by model.
Карточка 12
Вопрос
How do USB-C, microUSB, and miniUSB differ?
Ответ
They are different connector shapes. USB-C is reversible; microUSB and miniUSB are older keyed designs, and none of the shapes alone guarantees a data speed.
Карточка 13
Вопрос
What can a laptop docking station add through one host connection?
Ответ
Power, displays, networking, storage, and peripheral ports. The host, dock, cable, and software must support the promised features.
Карточка 14
Вопрос
What must match for a stylus to support pressure or precision input?
Ответ
The stylus technology and the device's digitizer. A generic capacitive stylus may act like a finger but can't add unsupported active-pen features.
Карточка 15
Вопрос
Which connector is associated with many older Apple mobile devices?
Ответ
Lightning. Match the cable to the actual model because newer Apple devices may use USB-C.
Карточка 16
Вопрос
How do a headset, external speaker, and webcam extend a mobile workstation?
Ответ
A headset adds private audio input/output, a speaker adds room audio, and a webcam adds video input. Select each one in the app after connecting it.
Карточка 17
Вопрос
How do a trackpad, drawing pad, and trackpoint differ?
Ответ
A trackpad senses finger gestures, a drawing pad captures pen input, and a trackpoint moves the pointer from a small keyboard-mounted stick.
Карточка 18
Вопрос
What is NFC commonly used for on a mobile device?
Ответ
Very short-range exchanges such as tap-to-pay, credential reading, or quick pairing. Its short working distance supports deliberate tap-style use.
Карточка 19
Вопрос
How is a port replicator different from a full docking station?
Ответ
A port replicator mainly exposes additional connectors; a dock commonly adds broader capabilities such as charging, displays, or networking. Verify the product's actual feature list.
Карточка 20
Вопрос
Which connection is the usual choice for nearby mobile headsets and keyboards?
Ответ
Bluetooth. It provides short-range wireless accessory links with relatively low power use.
Карточка 21
Вопрос
What does mobile tethering or hotspot mode do?
Ответ
It shares the device's internet connection with another client, commonly over Wi-Fi, USB, or Bluetooth. The carrier plan may limit tethering or data use.
Карточка 22
Вопрос
How do 3G, 4G, and 5G relate on a mobile device?
Ответ
They are cellular network generations. Newer generations can offer more capacity or lower latency, but the device, SIM or eSIM, plan, coverage, and local network determine service.
Карточка 23
Вопрос
What is the practical difference between a SIM and an eSIM?
Ответ
A SIM is a removable identity module; an eSIM stores a carrier profile in embedded hardware. Both associate the device with cellular service.
Карточка 24
Вопрос
What sequence pairs a Bluetooth accessory safely?
Ответ
Enable Bluetooth, put the accessory in pairing mode, select the intended device, confirm any PIN or code, and test the connection.
Карточка 25
Вопрос
How do GPS and cellular location services complement each other?
Ответ
GPS derives position from satellites, while cellular and nearby-network data can speed or assist location. App permission and device settings control access.
Карточка 26
Вопрос
Which radios should you check when a phone has neither local Wi-Fi nor wide-area data?
Ответ
Check Wi-Fi and cellular data separately, along with airplane mode. One radio can be disabled while the other remains available.
Карточка 27
Вопрос
What should you verify when adding mail to a mobile device?
Ответ
Verify the account, credentials, incoming and outgoing server settings, security method, and network access. A correct password can't repair a wrong server setting.
Карточка 28
Вопрос
A phone can browse on Wi-Fi but not through its hotspot. What should you check?
Ответ
Check that hotspot service is enabled, cellular data works, the plan permits tethering, and the client has the correct hotspot password.
Карточка 29
Вопрос
How should you test a newly configured mobile connection?
Ответ
Test the intended path and service: join the correct network or carrier, verify addressing or signal, then open the required app or destination.
Карточка 30
Вопрос
What does mobile device management provide?
Ответ
Central enrollment, device configuration, policy enforcement, corporate-app deployment, inventory, and approved remote actions.
Карточка 31
Вопрос
How do corporate-owned and BYOD management profiles usually differ?
Ответ
Corporate-owned devices normally allow broader organizational control; BYOD profiles should isolate managed work data and respect the user's personal data under policy.
Карточка 32
Вопрос
What should be checked when calendar, contacts, or business mail stops synchronizing?
Ответ
Check connectivity, account sign-in, sync scope, device time, storage, and service status before removing the account.
Карточка 33
Вопрос
Why do data caps matter to mobile synchronization?
Ответ
Large mail, cloud-storage, or app sync jobs can consume metered cellular data. Choose what syncs and whether Wi-Fi is required.
Карточка 34
Вопрос
When is an MDM remote wipe appropriate?
Ответ
When policy authorizes removal of protected data from a lost, stolen, retired, or reassigned device. Confirm the exact device and wipe scope first.
Карточка 35
Вопрос
What is the point of separating corporate apps and data on a personal phone?
Ответ
It lets the organization enforce work controls and remove managed data without treating the user's whole device as corporate property.
Карточка 36
Вопрос
How do TCP and UDP differ?
Ответ
TCP provides connection-oriented, ordered, acknowledged delivery; UDP sends low-overhead datagrams without built-in ordering or retransmission.
Карточка 37
Вопрос
Which ports are associated with classic FTP?
Ответ
TCP 21 carries control traffic, and TCP 20 is the traditional active-mode data port. FTP doesn't encrypt credentials or content by itself.
Карточка 38
Вопрос
Which default port does SSH use, and what does it provide?
Ответ
TCP 22. SSH provides encrypted remote command-line access and related secure services.
Карточка 39
Вопрос
Which default port is traditionally used for SMTP server-to-server relay?
Ответ
TCP 25. Mail clients commonly submit outgoing mail through a separate authenticated service.
Карточка 40
Вопрос
Which port does DNS use?
Ответ
Port 53: usually UDP for ordinary queries and TCP when the response or operation requires it.
Карточка 41
Вопрос
Which ports carry DHCP client and server traffic?
Ответ
UDP 68 for the client and UDP 67 for the server. A new client can broadcast before it has an address.
Карточка 42
Вопрос
Which ports distinguish HTTP from HTTPS?
Ответ
HTTP normally uses TCP 80; HTTPS normally uses TCP 443 and protects the session with TLS.
Карточка 43
Вопрос
Which default port does POP3 use without TLS?
Ответ
TCP 110. POP3 commonly downloads messages rather than synchronizing server-side folders like IMAP.
Карточка 44
Вопрос
Which ports are associated with NetBIOS over TCP/IP?
Ответ
Ports 137–139. Name service commonly uses 137, datagram service 138, and session service TCP 139.
Карточка 45
Вопрос
Which default port does LDAP use?
Ответ
Port 389, commonly TCP. LDAP provides directory queries and updates; protect credentials with an approved secure configuration.
Карточка 46
Вопрос
Which default port does SMB/CIFS commonly use?
Ответ
TCP 445. SMB commonly carries file and printer sharing.
Карточка 47
Вопрос
Which default port does RDP use?
Ответ
TCP 3389. RDP provides remote graphical access to a Windows system.
Карточка 48
Вопрос
Which default port does Telnet use, and why is it avoided on untrusted networks?
Ответ
TCP 23. Telnet sends remote-terminal traffic without SSH's encryption.
Карточка 49
Вопрос
Which default port does IMAP use without TLS?
Ответ
TCP 143. IMAP keeps mailbox state and folders synchronized on the server.
Карточка 50
Вопрос
How do common 802.11 families map to Wi-Fi bands?
Ответ
802.11b/g use 2.4 GHz; 802.11a/ac use 5 GHz; 802.11n can use 2.4 or 5 GHz; 802.11ax can use 2.4 or 5 GHz, with Wi-Fi 6E extending it to 6 GHz.
Карточка 51
Вопрос
What is the tradeoff when selecting a wider Wi-Fi channel?
Ответ
A wider channel can carry more data but occupies more spectrum and may overlap more neighbors. Use a width that clients, regulations, and local conditions support.
Карточка 52
Вопрос
What networking role does Bluetooth fill?
Ответ
Short-range personal-area links for accessories and nearby devices. It trades range and throughput for convenience and relatively low power use.
Карточка 53
Вопрос
How do the 2.4, 5, and 6 GHz Wi-Fi bands generally differ?
Ответ
2.4 GHz usually reaches farther but is crowded; 5 GHz offers more capacity with less wall penetration; 6 GHz adds clean spectrum for compatible devices but typically has the shortest reach.
Карточка 54
Вопрос
How does NFC differ from general-purpose Wi-Fi?
Ответ
NFC handles deliberate, very short-range exchanges; Wi-Fi provides a longer-range network connection with much higher throughput.
Карточка 55
Вопрос
What should guide Wi-Fi channel selection?
Ответ
Local regulations, a spectrum or Wi-Fi survey, channel width, band support, interference, and neighboring use. Choose from measured conditions, then retest where users work.
Карточка 56
Вопрос
What is RFID used for?
Ответ
Identifying or tracking tagged objects by radio. Readers can work with passive or powered tags at ranges set by the RFID system.
Карточка 57
Вопрос
What distinguishes Wi-Fi 6E from ordinary Wi-Fi 6 operation?
Ответ
Wi-Fi 6E permits compatible 802.11ax devices to use the 6 GHz band. Both the client and access point must support that band.
Карточка 58
Вопрос
How do DNS and DHCP server roles differ?
Ответ
DNS resolves names to records; DHCP leases IP configuration such as an address, mask, gateway, and DNS servers.
Карточка 59
Вопрос
How do file and print servers centralize shared resources?
Ответ
A file server hosts shared data and permissions; a print server manages printer queues, drivers, and access.
Карточка 60
Вопрос
How do mail and web servers differ?
Ответ
A mail server transfers or stores messages; a web server returns site or application content over HTTP or HTTPS.
Карточка 61
Вопрос
Why would a network use both syslog and NTP servers?
Ответ
Syslog centralizes event messages, while NTP aligns device clocks so those events have comparable timestamps.
Карточка 62
Вопрос
How do AAA and database servers differ?
Ответ
An AAA server handles authentication, authorization, and accounting; a database server stores and queries structured application data.
Карточка 63
Вопрос
How do a spam gateway and a proxy serve different traffic?
Ответ
A spam gateway filters mail flow; a proxy relays client requests and may enforce filtering, logging, or caching for supported services.
Карточка 64
Вопрос
How do a UTM appliance and a load balancer differ?
Ответ
A UTM combines gateway security controls; a load balancer distributes requests across service instances for capacity or availability.
Карточка 65
Вопрос
Why do legacy and embedded network systems need cautious support planning?
Ответ
They may have fixed software, limited interfaces, or long service lives. Isolate them, preserve required compatibility, and change them only within vendor and operational constraints.
Карточка 66
Вопрос
What does SCADA monitor or control?
Ответ
Industrial processes and equipment. Availability and physical safety requirements belong in every support decision.
Карточка 67
Вопрос
Why are IoT devices often placed on a separate network?
Ответ
Segmentation limits what an outdated or compromised device can reach and makes its traffic easier to manage.
Карточка 68
Вопрос
Match DNS A, AAAA, CNAME, and MX records to their jobs.
Ответ
A maps a hostname to IPv4, AAAA maps it to IPv6, CNAME aliases one hostname to another, and MX identifies a domain's mail exchangers.
Карточка 69
Вопрос
How do a DHCP scope and exclusion differ?
Ответ
The scope defines the address pool and options DHCP can offer; an exclusion removes selected addresses from automatic leasing.
Карточка 70
Вопрос
What does a VLAN create on switched infrastructure?
Ответ
A logical Layer 2 broadcast domain. It separates traffic without requiring a different physical switch for every segment.
Карточка 71
Вопрос
What does a VPN protect?
Ответ
Traffic across an untrusted network by creating an authenticated encrypted tunnel. Endpoint security and resource permissions still matter.
Карточка 72
Вопрос
How do DNS TXT records support SPF, DKIM, and DMARC?
Ответ
TXT records publish mail-policy data: SPF lists authorized senders, DKIM exposes keys for signature checks, and DMARC sets alignment policy and reporting.
Карточка 73
Вопрос
How do a DHCP lease and reservation differ?
Ответ
A lease is a time-limited address assignment; a reservation consistently offers a chosen address to a specific client, usually by MAC address.
Карточка 74
Вопрос
How do access and trunk switch ports handle VLANs?
Ответ
An access port normally carries one endpoint VLAN; a trunk carries tagged traffic for multiple VLANs.
Карточка 75
Вопрос
When would you choose a site-to-site VPN instead of a client VPN?
Ответ
Choose site-to-site for a persistent protected link between networks; choose a client VPN for an individual endpoint connecting remotely.
Карточка 76
Вопрос
How do routers and Ethernet switches differ?
Ответ
A router forwards packets between IP networks; a switch forwards local frames using learned MAC-address locations.
Карточка 77
Вопрос
What does a wireless access point do?
Ответ
It bridges compatible wireless clients onto a wired LAN. Routing, DHCP, and internet access may come from other devices.
Карточка 78
Вопрос
What is a patch panel's role?
Ответ
It passively terminates and organizes permanent cable runs. Patch cords connect those runs to active equipment such as switches.
Карточка 79
Вопрос
What is a firewall's core job?
Ответ
It permits or blocks traffic according to security rules. Logs help explain why expected traffic was accepted or denied.
Карточка 80
Вопрос
How do managed and unmanaged switches differ?
Ответ
A managed switch exposes configuration and monitoring such as VLANs; an unmanaged switch provides basic switching with little or no administration.
Карточка 81
Вопрос
How can PoE be supplied, and what must match?
Ответ
A PoE switch or injector can supply it. The source standard, powered device, cable, per-port state, and total power budget must be compatible.
Карточка 82
Вопрос
Match cable modem, DSL modem, ONT, and NIC to their access roles.
Ответ
Cable and DSL modems terminate coax and telephone-copper services; an ONT terminates provider fiber; a NIC connects the host and carries its physical MAC address.
Карточка 83
Вопрос
How do private and public IPv4 addresses differ?
Ответ
Private ranges are used inside networks and aren't routed on the public internet; a public address is globally routable when assigned. NAT often translates between them.
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Вопрос
What does a 169.254.x.x IPv4 address usually indicate?
Ответ
APIPA self-assignment after the host failed to obtain DHCP configuration. Check the link and path to DHCP.
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Вопрос
When should a SOHO device use static rather than dynamic IP configuration?
Ответ
Use static or reserved addressing when a predictable endpoint is required; use DHCP for ordinary clients that can accept leased settings.
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Вопрос
What does an IPv4 subnet mask tell a host?
Ответ
Which address bits identify the local network. The host uses it to decide whether to send directly or through a gateway.
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Вопрос
How does IPv6 addressing differ from IPv4 addressing?
Ответ
IPv6 uses 128-bit hexadecimal addresses; IPv4 uses 32-bit dotted-decimal addresses. Both still require correct local and routing configuration.
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Вопрос
What does a default gateway provide?
Ответ
The next hop for destinations outside the local subnet. It is normally the local router interface for that network.
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Вопрос
How do fiber, cable, and DSL internet access differ?
Ответ
Fiber carries light and offers high capacity; cable uses a shared coax access network; DSL carries broadband over telephone copper and depends strongly on line distance and quality.
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Вопрос
How do PAN, LAN, and WLAN differ?
Ответ
A PAN links one person's nearby devices, a LAN serves a local site, and a WLAN is the wireless form of a local-area network.
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Вопрос
When are cellular, WISP, and satellite internet useful?
Ответ
Cellular uses mobile coverage, a WISP uses a terrestrial provider radio link, and satellite reaches beyond many ground networks. Signal, latency, limits, and availability guide the choice.
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Вопрос
How do MAN and WAN scopes differ?
Ответ
A MAN links sites across a city or metropolitan area; a WAN spans larger geographic distances and joins multiple networks.
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Вопрос
What is a storage area network?
Ответ
A SAN is a dedicated network that presents shared block storage to servers. It is different from an ordinary user LAN or file share.
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Вопрос
Which tools prepare and terminate a modular copper cable?
Ответ
A cable stripper removes the jacket; a crimper attaches a compatible modular plug. Use the intended pinout, then test the cable.
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Вопрос
How do a punchdown tool and cable tester support a permanent cable run?
Ответ
The punchdown tool seats conductors into an IDC block; the tester checks continuity and wire-map faults after termination.
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Вопрос
How do a toner probe and loopback plug answer different network questions?
Ответ
A tone generator and probe identify a cable's far end; a loopback plug tests whether a port can transmit and receive through its own interface.
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Вопрос
How do a Wi-Fi analyzer and network tap differ?
Ответ
A Wi-Fi analyzer measures nearby wireless networks and channels; a network tap exposes a link's traffic to monitoring equipment without becoming the endpoint.
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Вопрос
How do IPS, TN, and VA LCD panels generally differ?
Ответ
IPS favors color consistency and viewing angles, TN favors fast response at low cost, and VA favors contrast. Actual panel quality still varies.
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Вопрос
How do OLED and Mini-LED displays produce light?
Ответ
OLED pixels emit their own light; Mini-LED is an LCD that uses many small backlight zones. OLED can show deep blacks, while Mini-LED can reach high brightness without organic pixels.
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Вопрос
What does a touchscreen digitizer do?
Ответ
It detects touch or compatible stylus position. The display creates the image; the digitizer reports input coordinates.
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Вопрос
What does an inverter do in an older LCD backlight system?
Ответ
It converts power for the fluorescent backlight. Modern LED-backlit panels use different driver electronics.
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Вопрос
How do screen resolution and pixel density differ?
Ответ
Resolution is the number of addressable pixels; pixel density is how tightly those pixels fit in a physical area. Both affect perceived detail.
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Вопрос
What do refresh rate and color gamut describe?
Ответ
Refresh rate is how often the image can update each second; color gamut is the range of colors the display can reproduce.
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Вопрос
How do Cat 5e, Cat 6, and Cat 6A Ethernet cable capabilities compare?
Ответ
Cat 5e commonly supports 1 Gb/s to 100 m; Cat 6 improves noise performance and can support 10 Gb/s on shorter runs; Cat 6A is designed for 10 Gb/s to 100 m.
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Вопрос
How do HDMI and DisplayPort fit typical display setups?
Ответ
Both carry digital video and audio. HDMI is common on TVs and consumer equipment; DisplayPort is common on PCs and monitors, with features set by the negotiated versions.
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Вопрос
What is the practical difference between T568A and T568B terminations?
Ответ
They place the green and orange pairs in different pin positions. Use one recognized scheme consistently at both plug and punchdown-block terminations for a normal straight-through run.
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Вопрос
Which cable ratings suit EMI, outdoor burial, and air-handling spaces?
Ответ
Unshielded twisted pair suits ordinary low-interference runs, shielded twisted pair helps with EMI, direct-burial cable resists outdoor moisture, and plenum-rated cable limits flame spread and smoke in plenum spaces.
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Вопрос
Match RJ11, RJ45, and F-type connectors to common cabling.
Ответ
RJ11 is commonly used for telephone wiring, the 8P8C connector called RJ45 for twisted-pair Ethernet, and F-type for threaded coax connections.
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Вопрос
How do DVI and VGA differ?
Ответ
DVI variants may carry digital video, analog video, or both; VGA carries analog video through a 15-pin D-sub connector.
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Вопрос
How do single-mode and multimode fiber differ, and which connectors may terminate them?
Ответ
Single-mode uses a small core for long links; multimode uses a larger core for shorter links. ST, SC, and LC are connector styles that must match the link hardware and fiber type.
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Вопрос
What should you infer from USB 2.0, USB 3.x, microUSB, miniUSB, USB-C, and Lightning labels?
Ответ
USB 2.0 and 3.x describe protocol capabilities. MicroUSB, miniUSB, and USB-C are USB connector families; Lightning is a separate Apple connector. Plug shape alone doesn't guarantee speed or video support.
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Вопрос
How do SATA, eSATA, and Molex relate to storage connections?
Ответ
SATA carries internal drive data, eSATA extends SATA to an external connector, and a Molex plug is a legacy power connector. Data and power paths are separate.
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Вопрос
Which legacy peripheral link commonly uses a DB9 connector?
Ответ
A serial connection such as RS-232. It sends data sequentially and is still used for some console and industrial equipment.
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Вопрос
When does a cable adapter need active electronics?
Ответ
When the source and destination use different signaling, not just different plug shapes. A passive adapter only changes compatible wiring; an active adapter converts the signal.
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Вопрос
Where are DIMM and SO-DIMM modules normally used?
Ответ
Full-size DIMMs normally fit desktop or server boards; shorter SO-DIMMs fit many laptops and compact systems.
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Вопрос
Why doesn't every USB-C cable provide Thunderbolt or display output?
Ответ
USB-C names the connector. Thunderbolt, USB speed, charging level, and video alternate modes require matching support from the port, cable, and device.
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Вопрос
Can one DDR memory generation be installed in another generation's slot?
Ответ
No. DDR generations use different electrical designs and keying, so the module must match the motherboard.
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Вопрос
How does ECC RAM differ from non-ECC RAM?
Ответ
ECC can detect and correct certain memory errors; non-ECC lacks that protection. The CPU and motherboard must support ECC.
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Вопрос
What does a dual- or multi-channel memory configuration require?
Ответ
Compatible modules installed in the motherboard's paired channel slots. The board manual identifies the correct population order.
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Вопрос
What happens when compatible RAM modules have different rated speeds?
Ответ
They normally operate at a mutually supported speed, often the slower module's rate. Platform and firmware limits can reduce it further.
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Вопрос
What limits a system's usable RAM capacity?
Ответ
The CPU memory controller, motherboard, firmware, operating system, and supported module layout. Check the platform documentation before buying modules.
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Вопрос
How do RAID 0 and RAID 1 trade capacity for protection?
Ответ
RAID 0 stripes data for capacity and performance but has no redundancy; RAID 1 mirrors data and can survive one member failure.
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Вопрос
How do 2.5-inch and 3.5-inch HDDs, spindle speed, and workload affect a drive choice?
Ответ
The bay and interface must fit the form factor; faster spindle speed can improve access but adds heat, noise, and power use. Workload and capacity still matter.
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Вопрос
How do SATA SSDs and NVMe SSDs communicate?
Ответ
A SATA SSD uses the SATA storage interface; an NVMe SSD uses PCIe for lower-latency flash access. The slot and firmware must support the selected signaling.
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Вопрос
Which removable media suit portable files, camera storage, and optical archives?
Ответ
USB flash drives suit general transfers, memory cards suit compact devices such as cameras, and optical discs require a drive that supports the disc format.
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Вопрос
How do RAID 5 and RAID 6 differ?
Ответ
RAID 5 needs at least three drives and tolerates one member failure; RAID 6 needs at least four and uses dual parity to tolerate two.
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Вопрос
What distinguishes SAS from SATA storage?
Ответ
SAS is an enterprise-oriented serial SCSI interface with features such as dual-port support; SATA is common in client storage. The drive and controller interface must match.
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Вопрос
How do M.2 and mSATA differ?
Ответ
M.2 is a keyed form-factor family that may carry SATA or PCIe/NVMe; mSATA is an older compact form factor that carries SATA signaling.
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Вопрос
When is an SSD preferable to an HDD?
Ответ
Choose an SSD for low-latency, shock-resistant storage; choose an HDD when low-cost bulk capacity matters more. Neither removes the need for backup.
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Вопрос
How do ATX, microATX, and Mini-ITX motherboard form factors affect a build?
Ответ
They differ in board size, mounting layout, and typical expansion capacity. The case, power supply, and required slots must fit the board.
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Вопрос
Match common motherboard connectors to their jobs.
Ответ
PCI and PCIe host expansion cards; SATA and eSATA carry storage data; M.2 hosts compact devices; headers connect case features; power connectors feed the board and CPU.
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Вопрос
What does RAID 10 provide?
Ответ
Striping across mirrored pairs, normally using at least four drives. It combines performance with redundancy, but surviving multiple failures depends on which members fail.
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Вопрос
What must match before installing an AMD or Intel CPU?
Ответ
The CPU socket, chipset, firmware, and thermal design must support that exact processor. Multisocket boards also require a supported processor combination.
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Вопрос
Which UEFI settings commonly control startup and hardware access?
Ответ
Boot order, removable-media boot, USB permissions, fan behavior, temperature monitoring, and virtualization support. Change only the setting required for the task.
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Вопрос
How do Secure Boot, a boot password, and a firmware setup password differ?
Ответ
Secure Boot verifies trusted boot software; a boot password challenges startup; a setup password restricts firmware changes.
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Вопрос
How do x86, x64, and ARM CPU architectures affect compatibility?
Ответ
They use different instruction-set families; x86 is 32-bit, x64 extends that family to 64-bit, and ARM uses a RISC design. The OS and applications need compatible builds.
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Вопрос
What does adding CPU cores improve?
Ответ
Parallel work when software can use the cores. Architecture, clock speed, cooling, memory, and workload still shape performance.
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Вопрос
Match sound, video, capture, and network expansion cards to their jobs.
Ответ
Sound cards handle audio I/O, video cards render graphics, capture cards ingest external media signals, and NICs add network connectivity.
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Вопрос
How do a TPM and HSM support encryption differently?
Ответ
A TPM is a system security chip for protected keys and platform measurements; an HSM is a dedicated device or service for controlled cryptographic key operations.
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Вопрос
How do fans and heat sinks work together?
Ответ
A heat sink spreads component heat across fins; fans move air across those fins and through the case.
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Вопрос
Why are thermal paste or pads placed between a chip and cooler?
Ответ
They fill microscopic gaps so heat transfers efficiently. Use the specified material and amount.
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Вопрос
What extra components does liquid CPU cooling add to diagnosis?
Ответ
A pump, coolant path, radiator, fans, tubing, and seals. Verify mounting, flow, airflow, and leaks.
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Вопрос
What hardware and firmware support may a hypervisor require?
Ответ
A compatible CPU virtualization feature enabled in UEFI, plus enough memory, storage, networking, and security controls for its guests.
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Вопрос
What must be checked when a PSU can receive 110–120 VAC or 220–240 VAC?
Ответ
Its input range and selector behavior. Use the local mains range and never guess with a manual voltage switch.
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Вопрос
What do the 3.3 V, 5 V, and 12 V PSU rails typically power?
Ответ
They supply different component circuits: 3.3 V and 5 V serve logic and peripherals, while 12 V commonly feeds CPU/GPU regulators, motors, and fans.
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Вопрос
What does a 20+4-pin ATX connector power?
Ответ
The motherboard's main input. The CPU normally needs a separate 4- or 8-pin EPS-style connection.
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Вопрос
How should PSU wattage be chosen?
Ответ
Add the system's realistic peak demand and sensible headroom, then confirm connector, rail, and quality requirements. A large wattage label alone doesn't prove suitability.
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Вопрос
What is the advantage and main caution of a modular PSU?
Ответ
Detachable cables reduce clutter, but only cables approved for that exact PSU should be used. Modular pinouts aren't universally interchangeable.
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Вопрос
What does a redundant power supply provide?
Ответ
Two or more power modules so one can fail without immediately stopping the system. Redundancy still needs correct capacity and monitoring.
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Вопрос
Why does PSU efficiency matter?
Ответ
Higher efficiency wastes less input power as heat at a given load. Efficiency certification doesn't replace checks for electrical quality, capacity, or connectors.
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Вопрос
How does a laser printer create and fix an image?
Ответ
It forms an electrostatic image, applies toner, and bonds the toner with a heated fuser. Toner, drum, transfer, and fuser parts all affect output.
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Вопрос
What should be checked when unboxing and placing a multifunction printer?
Ответ
Remove shipping locks, allow service clearance and ventilation, match power and network access, load supported media, and choose a stable location.
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Вопрос
How do PCL and PostScript printer drivers differ?
Ответ
PCL is common for fast office output and can vary by device; PostScript describes pages in a device-independent way that suits complex graphics. Use the printer's supported driver.
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Вопрос
What should be verified when choosing USB, Ethernet, or Wi-Fi for a printer?
Ответ
Verify the intended users, cable or signal path, addressing, security, firmware, and driver support. USB serves a local host; network links serve reachable clients.
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Вопрос
Which parts and maintenance tasks are typical for an inkjet printer?
Ответ
Ink cartridges, printheads, pickup rollers, and feeders. Clean or align printheads, replace approved cartridges, clear jams, and service feed parts as needed.
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Вопрос
How do printer sharing and a print server differ?
Ответ
A printer share exposes a queue from a host; a print server centralizes queues, drivers, permissions, and management for many clients.
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Вопрос
Which settings commonly change a print job's physical output?
Ответ
Duplex, portrait or landscape orientation, paper tray and size, and quality. The application, driver, and device settings must agree.
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Вопрос
Which controls protect a public or shared printer?
Ответ
User authentication or badging, secure print release, appropriate permissions, and audit logs. They reduce abandoned sensitive output and trace approved use.
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Вопрос
How does a direct thermal printer work and what maintenance does it need?
Ответ
Heat darkens special thermal paper. Replace the paper correctly, clean the heating element and feed path, and remove debris.
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Вопрос
Where can a network multifunction device send scans?
Ответ
Common destinations are email, an SMB file share, or an approved cloud service. Configure credentials, permissions, addressing, and encryption for the destination.
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Вопрос
When should you use an ADF instead of a flatbed scanner?
Ответ
Use the automatic document feeder for stacks of loose pages; use the flatbed for fragile, bound, thick, or single originals.
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Вопрос
What does printer calibration correct?
Ответ
Placement, density, alignment, or color registration. Run the maker's procedure after relevant part or image-quality changes.
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Вопрос
Why does an impact printer suit multipart forms?
Ответ
Pins strike an inked ribbon and physically transfer the mark through layered paper. The mechanism is noisy but can mark multiple copies.
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Вопрос
What does a laser-printer maintenance kit commonly refresh?
Ответ
Wear parts such as rollers and the fuser, as defined for that model. Replace depleted toner, install the kit at its service interval, calibrate when output shifts, and clean only through approved paths.
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Вопрос
How do inkjet feed and printhead maintenance address different faults?
Ответ
Roller and feeder service fixes paper movement; printhead cleaning or alignment fixes missing or misplaced ink. Use the symptom to choose the maintenance.
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Вопрос
What is a virtual machine?
Ответ
A software-defined computer with virtual CPU, memory, storage, and devices that runs a guest operating system on a host.
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Вопрос
Where does a Type 1 hypervisor run?
Ответ
Directly on the host hardware. This bare-metal design is common in servers and virtualization platforms.
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Вопрос
Why use a VM as a sandbox or test environment?
Ответ
It isolates a disposable environment from the main workload and makes repeatable testing easier. Isolation reduces risk but doesn't make untrusted code harmless.
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Вопрос
Which VM resources must be sized against real host capacity?
Ответ
vCPU, memory, storage space, and I/O. Overcommitting them can make several guests compete for the same hardware.
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Вопрос
What does application virtualization do?
Ответ
It packages, streams, or isolates an application from the base installation. It can simplify delivery or preserve some legacy applications without virtualizing a whole desktop.
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Вопрос
Where does a Type 2 hypervisor run?
Ответ
As an application on a host operating system. It is convenient for desktop labs, testing, and occasional guests.
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Вопрос
Which security layers need attention on a virtualization host?
Ответ
The host, hypervisor, management access, guest OSs, virtual networks, and images. Patch and isolate each layer according to its role.
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Вопрос
What must be planned for VM networking?
Ответ
Addressing, virtual switch or NAT mode, segmentation, bandwidth, and access controls. A guest still needs a deliberate path to required services.
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Вопрос
What does VDI deliver?
Ответ
Centrally hosted desktop sessions to remote clients. Compute and management stay in the data center or cloud rather than on each endpoint.
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Вопрос
What must be planned for VM storage?
Ответ
Capacity, performance, snapshots, backup, and failure location. A snapshot on the same datastore isn't a complete backup.
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Вопрос
How does a container differ from a typical VM?
Ответ
A container isolates an application while sharing the host kernel; a VM normally includes a full guest operating system.
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Вопрос
How can virtualization support legacy or cross-platform workloads?
Ответ
A compatible guest OS or virtualized application layer can preserve the required environment. CPU architecture, licenses, drivers, and hardware access still constrain compatibility.
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Вопрос
What does a container image provide?
Ответ
A repeatable application filesystem and configuration used to start containers. Running containers add temporary writable state unless storage is attached.
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Вопрос
A virtualization option is unavailable. What should you verify?
Ответ
Verify CPU and platform support, then enable the required virtualization feature in UEFI if policy allows. Also confirm that another hypervisor hasn't claimed it.
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Вопрос
What defines a public cloud?
Ответ
It is offered for open use by the general public and operated by a cloud provider. Its resources may be shared or dedicated, depending on the service.
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Вопрос
What does IaaS provide?
Ответ
Cloud compute, networking, and storage infrastructure. The customer usually manages the operating system, applications, identities, and data.
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Вопрос
What is cloud elasticity?
Ответ
The ability to add or remove resources as demand changes, automatically or on request.
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Вопрос
What does metered cloud utilization measure?
Ответ
Consumed resources such as compute time, storage, requests, or transferred data for reporting, limits, and billing.
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Вопрос
What defines a private cloud?
Ответ
Cloud infrastructure reserved for one organization. It can run on-site or be hosted and operated by a provider.
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Вопрос
What does SaaS provide?
Ответ
A complete provider-run application accessed as a service. The customer mainly manages users, settings, and data.
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Вопрос
How do shared and dedicated cloud resources differ?
Ответ
Shared resources serve multiple customers with logical isolation; dedicated resources are reserved for one customer. Either can appear in a provider's public-cloud offering.
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Вопрос
What is high availability designed to reduce?
Ответ
Service downtime from component or location failure through redundancy and failover.
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Вопрос
What is a hybrid cloud?
Ответ
A coordinated use of private-cloud and public-cloud environments, with workloads or data placed where their requirements fit.
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Вопрос
What does PaaS provide?
Ответ
A managed application platform and runtime. Developers deploy code while the provider manages more of the operating system and infrastructure.
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Вопрос
What do cloud ingress and egress mean?
Ответ
Ingress is data entering the cloud service; egress is data leaving it. Providers often meter them differently, and egress can create a notable cost.
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Вопрос
What does cloud multitenancy mean?
Ответ
Multiple customers use provider infrastructure while their workloads and data remain logically isolated.
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Вопрос
What is a community cloud?
Ответ
Cloud infrastructure reserved for organizations with shared requirements, such as a sector or policy need, rather than for unrestricted public use.
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Вопрос
What does FaaS run?
Ответ
Event-triggered functions without the customer managing servers directly. The provider manages the execution environment and scaling mechanics.
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Вопрос
Does using a cloud service remove the customer's security duties?
Ответ
No. Responsibility is shared: the provider protects its service layers, while the customer still manages assigned areas such as identities, settings, applications, and data.
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Вопрос
What can happen when two offline devices edit the same cloud-synchronized file?
Ответ
A synchronization conflict. Preserve both versions, let sync finish, compare the changes, and keep the intended content.
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Вопрос
A PC stops at POST with a beep or status-light pattern. What should you do next?
Ответ
Look up the exact pattern in the system or motherboard service documentation, then test the indicated component.
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Вопрос
A desktop shows no lights or fan movement. Where should power diagnosis start?
Ответ
At the outlet, power strip, cord, PSU input switch, and main internal power connections. Move from the source inward.
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Вопрос
A PC shows a proprietary crash screen. What evidence should you collect first?
Ответ
Record the stop code and recent hardware changes, then check memory, storage, drivers, temperature, and logs indicated by that code.
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Вопрос
A PC powers on but the screen stays blank. What hardware checks come first?
Ответ
Check display power and input, video cabling, GPU seating or power, and whether POST completes. Test one known-good display path at a time.
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Вопрос
A computer is sluggish under ordinary work. Which hardware conditions should you check?
Ответ
Check temperature and throttling, RAM pressure, storage health and free space, CPU load, and background I/O before replacing parts.
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Вопрос
A PC becomes unstable as CPU temperature rises. What should you inspect?
Ответ
Inspect fan operation, heat-sink mounting, thermal material, dust, filters, and case airflow. The CPU may throttle or shut down to protect itself.
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Вопрос
You smell burning from a powered computer. What is the immediate action?
Ответ
Shut it down and disconnect power. Don't keep testing until the damaged power or board component has been safely identified.
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Вопрос
A PC shuts down randomly only during heavy GPU work. What should you test?
Ответ
Test PSU capacity and condition, GPU power leads, temperature, and event logs. Peak load can expose weak power or cooling.
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Вопрос
Applications crash randomly after new RAM is installed. What should you do?
Ответ
Verify compatibility and slot placement, reseat the modules, and run a memory diagnostic. Test modules separately if needed.
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Вопрос
A computer develops an unusual fan or grinding noise. What should you inspect?
Ответ
Inspect fans, cables, pumps, drives, dust, and mounting points while the system is safely powered down when contact is possible.
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Вопрос
What should you do after finding a swollen motherboard capacitor?
Ответ
Disconnect power and replace the failed board or arrange qualified component service. Don't keep operating a board with a visibly failing capacitor.
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Вопрос
A PC loses its date and time whenever it is unplugged. What is the likely cause?
Ответ
A weak motherboard coin-cell battery. Replace it with the specified type and restore any lost firmware settings.
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Вопрос
Firmware reports less RAM than is installed. What is the first corrective step?
Ответ
Power down, follow ESD precautions, and reseat the modules in the recommended slots. Then test compatibility, sticks, and slots methodically.
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Вопрос
A newly installed CPU isn't recognized even though it fits the socket. What should you verify?
Ответ
Verify chipset and firmware support, CPU power, contact condition, seating, and cooling. Physical fit alone doesn't prove compatibility.
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Вопрос
How can you isolate a motherboard, CPU, RAM, or PSU no-POST fault?
Ответ
Reduce the system to minimum required hardware, confirm known-good power, and add components back one at a time.
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Вопрос
A storage controller shows a warning LED or audible alarm. What should you do first?
Ответ
Read the controller's exact status, preserve a current backup, and identify the affected drive or array before replacing anything.
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Вопрос
A hard drive clicks or grinds while reads fail. What should you prioritize?
Ответ
Stop unnecessary activity, preserve recoverable data, and replace the drive. Repeated testing can worsen a mechanical failure.
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Вопрос
A PC reports no bootable device. Which checks come first?
Ответ
Check firmware drive detection and boot order, then data and power connections. If the drive is detected, check its health before changing partitions.
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Вопрос
Files are corrupt or missing after storage errors. What should you do?
Ответ
Stop writes, preserve the affected media, restore from a verified backup when appropriate, and diagnose the drive, controller, memory, and filesystem cause.
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Вопрос
A controller reports an array missing. What should you avoid?
Ответ
Don't initialize or recreate it blindly. Check controller configuration, cabling, power, member detection, and the documented recovery path first.
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Вопрос
A drive has unusually long read and write times. What should you inspect?
Ответ
Inspect health data, errors, cable or link negotiation, free space, workload, temperature, and the storage interface.
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Вопрос
What should you do after a S.M.A.R.T. failure warning?
Ответ
Back up important data immediately and plan drive replacement. A health warning isn't something to clear and ignore.
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Вопрос
Firmware sees a drive, but the operating system doesn't. What should you check?
Ответ
Check OS storage management, drivers, bus support, partitions, and whether the disk is offline. Don't initialize a disk that may contain needed data.
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Вопрос
A RAID array is degraded after a member fails. What is the safe response?
Ответ
Confirm the failed member, verify backup, replace it through the controller's procedure, and monitor the rebuild. Don't remove a healthy member by guesswork.
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Вопрос
What can cause low storage IOPS even when capacity is available?
Ответ
A saturated or slow device, high queue depth, contention, thermal throttling, controller limits, or an unsuitable RAID layout.
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Вопрос
A monitor reports no signal. What should you check first?
Ответ
Check power, selected input, cable seating, adapter compatibility, and whether the computer is producing video.
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Вопрос
A projector is dim or shuts down intermittently. What should you inspect?
Ответ
Inspect the bulb or light source, filters, vents, temperature, brightness settings, room light, and service-life indicators.
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Вопрос
Text looks fuzzy or the desktop doesn't fit the screen. Which settings should you verify?
Ответ
Verify native resolution, scaling, aspect ratio, and any overscan setting. Then check cable and adapter quality.
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Вопрос
How do display burn-in and a dead pixel differ?
Ответ
Burn-in is persistent image retention across an area; a dead or stuck pixel is a fixed point defect. Confirm each with varied full-screen test images.
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Вопрос
A display flashes or flickers at a new refresh rate. What should you check?
Ответ
Check that the display, GPU, port, cable, resolution, and refresh rate combination is supported.
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Вопрос
A projected image is trapezoidal or distorted. What should you adjust?
Ответ
Correct projector position, angle, focus, and aspect ratio first; use keystone correction only as needed.
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Вопрос
A monitor shows incorrect colors. How do you isolate the cause?
Ответ
Check color settings and profiles, reseat or replace the cable, test another input or display, and inspect GPU output and drivers.
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Вопрос
Video works over HDMI or DisplayPort, but audio doesn't. What should you check?
Ответ
Check the OS playback device, application output, display volume, cable capability, and whether the adapter carries audio.
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Вопрос
A laptop LCD shows a faint image only under a flashlight. Which area is likely failing?
Ответ
The backlight or its power/driver path. The faint picture shows that image data still reaches the panel.
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Вопрос
A phone battery drains much faster than usual. What should you check first?
Ответ
Check battery health and recent screen, app, radio, and location use. Confirm the usage change before replacing hardware.
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Вопрос
A phone has a broken screen but still receives notifications. What should guide the repair?
Ответ
Back up accessible data, stop using sharp or exposed surfaces, and determine whether the glass, display, digitizer, or full assembly is replaceable.
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Вопрос
A phone won't charge and its port looks damaged. What is the safe first test?
Ответ
Inspect without metal tools, then try a known-good compatible cable and charger. Use wireless charging only if the device supports it and the battery is safe.
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Вопрос
A phone has poor or no connectivity. What should you isolate?
Ответ
Test Wi-Fi, cellular, and Bluetooth separately; check airplane mode, signal, account or SIM/eSIM state, and the specific network settings.
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Вопрос
A battery is pushing a mobile-device case apart. What should you do?
Ответ
Power it down, stop charging it, and arrange approved battery service. Don't press the case closed.
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Вопрос
A mobile device gets wet. Why should you avoid powering or charging it?
Ответ
Moisture can cause shorts and corrosion. Shut it down and follow the manufacturer's drying or service guidance.
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Вопрос
Touch input drifts or misses one area. What should you check?
Ответ
Check screen cleanliness and protectors, test calibration if supported, compare apps, and inspect the digitizer connection or damage.
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Вопрос
A phone slows down and overheats during light use. What should you inspect?
Ответ
Inspect battery health, storage pressure, updates, background apps, signal hunting, and possible malware. Stop use if heat is unsafe.
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Вопрос
A mobile device shows pop-ups and heavy data use after an untrusted install. What should you suspect?
Ответ
Malware or a harmful app. Disconnect as needed, preserve required evidence, remove it through the approved mobile-security process, and update the device.
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Вопрос
A mobile device can't install a new application. What should you check?
Ответ
Check free storage, OS and hardware compatibility, account or store access, network service, and MDM policy before bypassing any restriction.
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Вопрос
An active stylus doesn't work, but finger touch does. What should you check?
Ответ
Check stylus compatibility, charge or battery, pairing, tip, app support, and the device's active-digitizer settings.
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Вопрос
Users report slow network speeds. What should you measure before changing hardware?
Ответ
Measure negotiated link rate, throughput, utilization, errors, signal, channel use, and server or ISP performance to locate the bottleneck.
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Вопрос
Wi-Fi disconnects intermittently in one area. What should you inspect?
Ответ
Inspect signal strength, roaming, interference, channel plan, access-point placement, client drivers, and power-saving behavior.
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Вопрос
A client reports limited connectivity. Which layers should you check in order?
Ответ
Check physical or wireless link, IP address and mask, gateway, DHCP, DNS, and upstream reachability.
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Вопрос
A user repeatedly fails network authentication. What should you verify?
Ответ
Verify the account and credentials, time, certificate, authentication method, network policy, and whether the user or device is authorized.
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Вопрос
Which tools help locate high latency?
Ответ
Ping compares delay and loss; traceroute shows the path by hops. Test several destinations to separate a local, provider, and destination issue.
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Вопрос
What signs point to external wireless interference?
Ответ
Signal quality or throughput drops despite adequate strength, often near a device or at certain times. A spectrum or Wi-Fi analyzer helps confirm it.
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Вопрос
A switch port repeatedly changes between up and down. What should you isolate?
Ответ
Isolate the patch cable, wall run, endpoint NIC, and switch port. Review port logs and test the cable for a port-flapping cause.
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Вопрос
A wired PC has no link light. Where should troubleshooting start?
Ответ
At the cable, connector, NIC, and switch port. Changing IP settings can't repair a missing physical link.
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Вопрос
VoIP sounds choppy even though average bandwidth is adequate. Which network condition should you measure?
Ответ
Jitter, along with latency and packet loss. QoS and congestion control may help after the impaired path is identified.
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Вопрос
Internet access drops for every local client, then returns. Where should you look?
Ответ
Check the shared WAN path: the router's WAN link, modem or ONT, provider service, power, and logs. Independent failures across every local client at once are unlikely.
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Вопрос
A host can reach an internet IP but not a website name. What is the likely fault?
Ответ
DNS resolution. Check the configured resolver and test a direct lookup.
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Вопрос
A PC receives a 169.254.x.x address. What should you test next?
Ответ
Test its link and the path to DHCP. The APIPA address shows that normal lease configuration failed.
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Вопрос
Two hosts report an address conflict. What should you inspect?
Ответ
Inspect static assignments, DHCP reservations, and the lease scope for a duplicate IP address.
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Вопрос
A PC on a new switch port can't reach its department resources. What should you verify?
Ответ
Verify the access VLAN, then its routing and policy. A good physical link on the wrong VLAN still provides the wrong network access.
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Вопрос
A PoE camera has network pairs but no power. What should you check?
Ответ
Check the injector or switch standard, port state, total power budget, cable quality, and camera power requirement.
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Вопрос
Only one PC lacks network access while nearby systems work. What should you compare?
Ответ
Compare its link, IP settings, DNS, authentication, proxy or VPN state, and local firewall with a working peer.
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Вопрос
A printed page has a line in the same place every time. What should you inspect?
Ответ
Inspect the cartridge, printhead, drum, scanner glass, and approved cleaning path for contamination or damage, based on printer type.
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Вопрос
A printer produces garbled characters. What should you verify?
Ответ
Verify the driver and print language, cable or network path, firmware, and source document. Cancel the bad job before retrying.
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Вопрос
A printer reports a paper jam. What is the safe response?
Ответ
Stop the job, follow the documented paper path, remove paper in the specified direction, and check for scraps or damaged rollers.
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Вопрос
Several print jobs remain pending after the printer recovers. What should you do?
Ответ
Cancel failed jobs as appropriate, verify printer status and connectivity, restart the print service if needed, then send one small test page.
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Вопрос
Printed pages are uniformly faded. What should you check?
Ответ
Check toner or ink level, density or quality settings, cartridge condition, and the correct media setting.
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Вопрос
A printer makes a grinding noise. What should you do?
Ответ
Stop the job and inspect for jammed media, foreign objects, damaged gears, or a misseated cartridge or maintenance part.
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Вопрос
Paper won't feed or several sheets feed together. Which parts should you inspect?
Ответ
Inspect pickup rollers, the separation pad, feeder, paper condition, tray guides, and load limit.
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Вопрос
A document prints in the wrong orientation. What should you check?
Ответ
Check portrait or landscape settings in the application and driver, then confirm paper size and any device default.
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Вопрос
What commonly causes speckles across printed pages?
Ответ
Loose toner, ink contamination, a dirty print path, or a damaged cartridge or drum. Use the printer type and repeating pattern to narrow it.
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Вопрос
A finisher won't staple or punch pages. What should you inspect?
Ответ
Inspect the staple cartridge or jam, punch waste bin, finisher seating, supported paper, and driver job settings.
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Вопрос
A printer doesn't recognize a loaded tray. What should you check?
Ответ
Check tray seating, paper guides and size sensors, media settings, firmware, and driver configuration.
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Вопрос
A network printer shows Ready but clients can't reach it. What should you test?
Ответ
Test its link, IP configuration, address conflict, VLAN and routing path, print port, and firewall access.
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Вопрос
A laser page shows a repeated faint image. Which area should you inspect?
Ответ
Inspect the imaging drum and fuser for ghosting. The repeat distance can help the service guide identify the rotating part.
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Вопрос
A print queue is frozen and won't process a test page. What should you do?
Ответ
Clear the blocked job safely, restart the spooler or print service, verify disk and printer connectivity, then submit one small test.
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Вопрос
Which desktop OS is the usual choice for broad business software and Active Directory integration?
Ответ
Windows. It has the widest support for common business applications and native integration with Microsoft domain services.
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Вопрос
When is a clean OS installation preferable to an in-place upgrade?
Ответ
Choose a clean install when you need a fresh system or the existing installation is unreliable. It removes installed apps and settings, so back up user data first.
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Вопрос
Which Windows command lists files and folders in the current directory?
Ответ
dir. Use cd when you need to change the current directory.
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Вопрос
Which Windows tool gives a quick view of running processes, startup apps, users, services, and performance?
Ответ
Task Manager. It is the first stop for a quick process or resource check.
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Вопрос
What should you check before moving a user between desktop or mobile operating systems?
Ответ
Check application, peripheral, file-format, and account compatibility first. A supported OS is still a bad fit if the user's required tools or data won't work on it.
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Вопрос
How should you choose between a public and private Windows network profile?
Ответ
Use Public on untrusted networks and Private only on trusted local networks. The profile changes discovery and firewall behavior.
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Вопрос
Which Windows command shows the current IP configuration?
Ответ
ipconfig. Add /all when you need details such as DHCP, DNS, gateway, and adapter addresses.
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Вопрос
What is the main benefit of deploying an OS image?
Ответ
It applies a prepared, consistent system build to multiple devices. The image still needs compatible drivers, licensing, and post-deployment updates.
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Вопрос
Which console should you open to investigate recorded application, security, or system errors?
Ответ
Event Viewer. Filter by the relevant time, source, and event level instead of treating every warning as the cause.
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Вопрос
Which Windows file system supports permissions, encryption, compression, and large local volumes?
Ответ
NTFS. It is the standard Windows file system when you need access controls and other full desktop features.
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Вопрос
Which Windows edition fits a basic home PC that does not need business management features?
Ответ
Windows Home. It covers normal consumer use but lacks several business features found in Pro and Enterprise.
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Вопрос
What do the common macOS application forms .dmg, .pkg, and .app represent?
Ответ
A .dmg is a mountable disk image, a .pkg runs an installer, and an .app is an application bundle. Remove software with its supported process, especially when it installed system components.
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Вопрос
Which boot approach lets a technician start an installer delivered by a deployment server?
Ответ
Network boot, commonly PXE. The client firmware and network must support it, and the deployment service must be reachable.
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Вопрос
Which command is the quickest basic test of IP reachability to another host?
Ответ
ping. A failed ping is only a clue because the host or firewall may block echo traffic.
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Вопрос
Which Windows tool creates partitions, assigns drive letters, and initializes disks?
Ответ
Disk Management. Confirm the disk and volume before making changes because some operations can destroy data.
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Вопрос
What is safer than disabling Windows Firewall when one application is blocked?
Ответ
Create the narrowest required application or port exception. Keep the firewall enabled and limit the rule to the needed profiles and traffic.
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Вопрос
What should you compare before installing a demanding application?
Ответ
Compare its OS, CPU, RAM, storage, graphics, VRAM, and peripheral requirements with the device. Check both minimum and practical workload needs.
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Вопрос
Which Windows edition is the usual minimum for joining a business domain and hosting Remote Desktop?
Ответ
Windows Pro. It also adds business features such as BitLocker management and Local Group Policy.
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Вопрос
Which Windows command queries DNS records for a name?
Ответ
nslookup. It helps distinguish name-resolution trouble from basic network reachability.
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Вопрос
Which macOS feature creates versioned backups for normal file and system recovery?
Ответ
Time Machine. Confirm the backup destination is available and test that needed files can actually be restored.
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Вопрос
What makes zero-touch deployment different from a normal remote installation?
Ответ
Zero-touch deployment minimizes hands-on setup after the device starts. Policies, applications, and identity configuration are applied automatically.
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Вопрос
When is exFAT usually a better removable-drive format than FAT32?
Ответ
Use exFAT when the drive must move between modern operating systems and hold files larger than FAT32's 4 GB per-file limit.
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Вопрос
Which values must be correct in a manual IPv4 client configuration?
Ответ
The IP address, subnet mask, default gateway, and DNS server settings must fit the network. A wrong value can break local or internet access.
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Вопрос
How do FileVault and Keychain serve different security jobs on macOS?
Ответ
FileVault encrypts the startup disk; Keychain stores passwords, certificates, and keys. Neither replaces good account security or backups.
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Вопрос
What should you verify before booting an installer from USB media?
Ответ
Verify the media is trusted and bootable, then select the correct temporary boot device. Also confirm the firmware mode matches the planned partition style.
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Вопрос
Which Windows console is best for checking a device's driver status or hardware error code?
Ответ
Device Manager. It shows detected hardware, driver details, disabled devices, and device error codes.
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Вопрос
When is Windows Enterprise a better fit than Pro?
Ответ
Use Enterprise for centrally managed organizations that need its additional security, deployment, and control features. It is licensed for organizational use rather than a typical retail PC.
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Вопрос
How does a domain differ from a workgroup for Windows client management?
Ответ
A domain provides centralized identity and policy; a workgroup manages accounts separately on each PC. Shared resources must match the chosen model.
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Вопрос
Which command shows active network connections and listening ports on Windows?
Ответ
netstat. Use its documented options to include process IDs or numeric addresses when needed.
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Вопрос
Which Windows tool runs a program or script on a trigger or schedule?
Ответ
Task Scheduler. Use it for defined triggers such as a time, startup, sign-in, or event.
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Вопрос
What must be assigned before a user can legally use many cloud productivity apps?
Ответ
The correct service license. Installation alone does not grant an account access to licensed features.
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Вопрос
What do /Applications, /Users, /Library, and /System hold on macOS?
Ответ
They hold installed apps, user home folders, shared support data, and protected system components, respectively. A user's own Library sits inside that user's home folder.
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Вопрос
What path format directly identifies a Windows network share?
Ответ
A UNC path such as \\server\share. A mapped drive gives that share a drive letter for convenience.
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Вопрос
Why can a 32-bit-only dependency block an otherwise capable 64-bit system?
Ответ
The application may rely on an unsupported 32-bit component or driver. Confirm the complete dependency chain, not just the CPU architecture.
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Вопрос
Which file systems are common on Linux desktops and servers?
Ответ
ext4 and XFS. Both are Linux-native choices; support for features and repair tools depends on the distribution and workload.
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Вопрос
What workload is Windows Pro for Workstations aimed at?
Ответ
High-end professional hardware and demanding workloads. It adds support intended for workstation-class processors, memory, and storage features.
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Вопрос
Why synchronize identity between an organization and a cloud productivity service?
Ответ
It keeps user accounts and access aligned with the organization's identity source. Provisioning and removal can then follow the user's lifecycle.
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Вопрос
When should you try a repair installation or recovery environment?
Ответ
Use it when the current OS is damaged but preserving the installation is still reasonable. Back up recoverable data before making larger changes.
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Вопрос
Which Windows command traces the router hops toward a destination?
Ответ
tracert. Use pathping when you also need sampled latency and loss information across the route.
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Вопрос
Why should mobile apps come from the platform's trusted store or an approved enterprise source?
Ответ
Trusted sources provide stronger publisher, signing, and review checks. Sideloading from an unknown source raises the risk of a malicious or altered app.
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Вопрос
What is distinctive about a Windows N edition?
Ответ
It omits certain built-in media technologies. An application that depends on those components may need Microsoft's media feature package.
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Вопрос
Which partition style is the normal choice for a modern UEFI system?
Ответ
GPT. It supports modern UEFI booting, large disks, and more partitions than legacy MBR.
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Вопрос
What should you confirm when setting up a cloud storage sync folder?
Ответ
Confirm the account, selected folders, local disk impact, sharing rules, and whether files remain available offline.
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Вопрос
When does a dedicated GPU matter more than integrated graphics?
Ответ
It matters when the application requires more graphics performance or dedicated VRAM than the integrated GPU can provide.
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Вопрос
How do chmod and chown differ on Linux?
Ответ
chmod changes permission bits; chown changes file ownership. Verify the target and use elevated rights only when required.
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Вопрос
Which command checks a Windows volume's file-system structure for errors?
Ответ
chkdsk. Review its options before requesting repairs because a repair may need exclusive access or a restart.
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Вопрос
What is the difference between partitioning and formatting a drive?
Ответ
Partitioning defines logical regions on the drive; formatting creates a file system inside a partition. Both can affect existing data, so confirm the target first.
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Вопрос
What does a client VPN connection provide?
Ответ
It creates an encrypted path to a remote private network. The user still needs valid authentication and authorization for its resources.
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Вопрос
Which Linux package managers are common on Debian-based and Fedora-based systems?
Ответ
apt is common on Debian and Ubuntu; dnf is common on Fedora and related systems. Use authorized sudo elevation for administrative package changes instead of routine root login.
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Вопрос
When should you use Performance Monitor instead of only Task Manager?
Ответ
Use Performance Monitor when you need counters collected over time. Task Manager is better for a quick live snapshot.
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Вопрос
Which Windows command-line tool manages disks, partitions, and volumes?
Ответ
diskpart. Select and verify the exact disk before any destructive command.
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Вопрос
Which firmware and security components are central to Windows 11 hardware eligibility?
Ответ
UEFI with Secure Boot capability and a supported TPM 2.0 are central requirements. The processor, RAM, and storage must also meet Microsoft's current requirements.
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Вопрос
What should you verify before a mobile OS upgrade?
Ответ
Check device support, free storage, battery or power, network access, app compatibility, and a current backup.
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Вопрос
Why mark a Windows connection as metered?
Ответ
It tells Windows to limit some background transfers on a connection with a data cap or high cost. Updates and cloud sync may behave differently.
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Вопрос
Which file system is designed for current Apple storage devices?
Ответ
APFS. It is Apple's modern file system for macOS and other Apple platforms.
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Вопрос
Which Linux commands distinguish free filesystem space from a directory's space use?
Ответ
df reports filesystem free space; du estimates space used by files and directories. Use both when tracking down a full disk.
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Вопрос
What belongs in an OS upgrade preflight check?
Ответ
Back up user data and settings, then verify hardware, applications, drivers, storage, licensing, and the supported upgrade path.
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Вопрос
Why should Windows show known file extensions during support work?
Ответ
Visible extensions make file types easier to verify and help expose misleading names such as invoice.pdf.exe.
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Вопрос
What is the safest source for an application installer?
Ответ
Use the vendor's trusted store or official download channel. Verify the publisher, signature, or published hash when available.
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Вопрос
Which Windows command is built for reliable folder copying with restart and mirror options?
Ответ
robocopy. Treat mirror or purge options carefully because they can delete destination files that are absent from the source.
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Вопрос
Why should you verify the supported Windows edition upgrade path before starting?
Ответ
Not every source edition can upgrade directly to every target edition. An unsupported path may require a clean install instead.
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Вопрос
Which Windows tool helps isolate startup problems by controlling boot and service options?
Ответ
System Configuration (msconfig). Use selective startup for diagnosis, then restore the intended configuration after testing.
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Вопрос
What should a technician test before rolling out cloud videoconferencing?
Ответ
Test supported devices, camera and microphone permissions, network capacity, sign-in, and any organization policy.
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Вопрос
What does an operating system reaching end of life mean for support?
Ответ
The vendor no longer provides normal support or security updates. Plan a supported upgrade or replacement instead of treating the old system as safe indefinitely.
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Вопрос
Which Windows command checks protected system files and replaces damaged copies?
Ответ
sfc /scannow. Run it from an elevated terminal and review the result before deciding the next repair step.
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Вопрос
What is the purpose of a Microsoft Management Console snap-in?
Ответ
It adds a focused administrative tool to an MMC console. Event Viewer, Local Users and Groups, and Certificate Manager are common examples.
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Вопрос
What is the purpose of a mobile configuration profile?
Ответ
It applies managed settings such as accounts, certificates, restrictions, and security rules. Install profiles only from an authorized administrator or trusted provider.
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Вопрос
What is ReFS mainly designed to improve on supported Windows systems?
Ответ
Storage resilience and data integrity. ReFS is useful for supported data workloads, but it is not a universal replacement for an NTFS Windows boot volume.
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Вопрос
Why pilot a business application before a broad rollout?
Ответ
A pilot exposes device, network, workflow, licensing, and compatibility effects on a small group before they reach everyone.
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Вопрос
Why check sharing permissions before moving a document into a collaboration workspace?
Ответ
The move may change who can read or edit it. Confirm the intended audience, link settings, ownership, and version history.
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Вопрос
Which physical control stops a vehicle from driving close to a protected entrance?
Ответ
Bollards. They create a physical barrier while still allowing pedestrian access.
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Вопрос
What is the main sign that a message may be phishing?
Ответ
It tries to push you into revealing data, opening a file, or following a link under false pretenses. Verify the request through a known channel.
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Вопрос
What protects workstation data if a powered-off drive is stolen?
Ответ
Data-at-rest encryption, such as BitLocker or FileVault. Store recovery keys through an approved process.
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Вопрос
What is the first step in a suspected malware case?
Ответ
Investigate and verify the symptoms. Record what happened and rule out ordinary faults before declaring the system infected.
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Вопрос
What is the purpose of an access control vestibule?
Ответ
It allows one controlled door to close before the next opens. This reduces tailgating into a secure area.
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Вопрос
How do spear phishing and whaling differ from broad phishing?
Ответ
Spear phishing targets a specific person or group; whaling targets senior or high-value people. Both use tailored context to appear credible.
Карточка 347
Вопрос
Which password properties matter most for normal user accounts?
Ответ
Use long, unique passwords and store them in an approved password manager. Complexity and expiration rules should follow current organization policy.
Карточка 348
Вопрос
Why is a normal format not enough before transferring a drive with sensitive data?
Ответ
A standard format mainly rebuilds file-system structures and may leave recoverable data. Use an approved wipe, secure erase, encryption-key destruction, or physical destruction method.
Карточка 349
Вопрос
What makes a Trojan different from a computer virus?
Ответ
A Trojan pretends to be legitimate so the user installs or runs it. A virus attaches its code to a host file or boot area and replicates when that code runs.
Карточка 350
Вопрос
Why combine a badge reader with a biometric check at a sensitive door?
Ответ
The combination verifies something the person has and something they are. It is stronger than either factor alone.
Карточка 351
Вопрос
What does a BIOS or UEFI password protect?
Ответ
It limits unauthorized firmware changes or startup access. It does not encrypt files on the drive.
Карточка 352
Вопрос
Which phishing names apply to voice calls, text messages, and malicious QR codes?
Ответ
Vishing uses voice, smishing uses SMS or messaging, and QR phishing uses a code to hide the destination. Verify the request before acting.
Карточка 353
Вопрос
What should you do once a malware infection is reasonably confirmed?
Ответ
Quarantine the device from networks and shared storage. Preserve any evidence required by policy while limiting further spread.
Карточка 354
Вопрос
Which malware hides deeply in a system to preserve privileged access?
Ответ
A rootkit. Because it can conceal processes or changes, trusted offline scanning or reimaging may be required.
Карточка 355
Вопрос
What simple action protects an unattended signed-in workstation?
Ответ
Lock the screen. Use an automatic timeout as a backup, and log off when the session is no longer needed.
Карточка 356
Вопрос
What do cameras, guards, alarms, lighting, and motion sensors contribute to physical security?
Ответ
They deter, detect, record, or respond to unauthorized activity. They work best as layers rather than a single control.
Карточка 357
Вопрос
What attack occurs when someone watches a user enter sensitive information?
Ответ
Shoulder surfing. Privacy screens, careful positioning, and awareness reduce the risk.
Карточка 358
Вопрос
How should you verify a browser download before running it?
Ответ
Use a trusted source, confirm the publisher or signature, and compare a published hash when available. A matching hash proves integrity, not that the publisher is trustworthy.
Карточка 359
Вопрос
What does a computer virus need in order to spread?
Ответ
A virus attaches to a host file or boot area and spreads when that infected code runs. A boot-sector virus targets startup data.
Карточка 360
Вопрос
When is a secure erase preferable to physical destruction?
Ответ
Use a verified secure erase when the storage device will be reused and the method fits its media type. Validate the result before reassignment.
Карточка 361
Вопрос
How does tailgating differ from impersonation?
Ответ
Tailgating follows an authorized person into a restricted area; impersonation claims a false identity to gain trust or access.
Карточка 362
Вопрос
What does the principle of least privilege require?
Ответ
Give an account only the access needed for its current job, for only as long as needed. Review and remove unnecessary rights.
Карточка 363
Вопрос
What does spoofing change to make a message, host, or caller look trusted?
Ответ
It forges identifying information such as an address, name, number, or source. Verify identity through a separate trusted signal.
Карточка 364
Вопрос
Which Wi-Fi security protocol is the preferred modern choice when all devices support it?
Ответ
WPA3. Use its strongest supported mode and a strong credential or enterprise authentication.
Карточка 365
Вопрос
How does a DDoS attack differ from a DoS attack?
Ответ
A DDoS attack uses many distributed sources; a DoS attack may come from one source. Both aim to exhaust availability.
Карточка 366
Вопрос
What assumption drives a Zero Trust access decision?
Ответ
No user, device, or network location is trusted automatically. Verify identity, device state, context, and authorization for each access decision.
Карточка 367
Вопрос
Which physical methods make a hard drive unusable?
Ответ
Approved shredding or drilling can destroy the platters and mechanism. Follow safety, environmental, and evidence-handling rules.
Карточка 368
Вопрос
How do account lockout and account expiration solve different problems?
Ответ
Lockout slows repeated failed sign-ins; expiration ends access after a defined date. Set both according to business policy.
Карточка 369
Вопрос
Which malware categories secretly monitor a user's activity?
Ответ
Spyware collects activity or data; a keylogger records input; stalkerware is used for covert surveillance of a person.
Карточка 370
Вопрос
What wireless threat presents a convincing fake access point?
Ответ
An evil twin. Users may connect to it because its network name resembles a trusted one.
Карточка 371
Вопрос
What are the first security changes on a new SOHO router?
Ответ
Change default administrator credentials, update firmware, and save a known-good configuration. Use a unique management password.
Карточка 372
Вопрос
What should you do when a browser reports an invalid certificate on a sensitive site?
Ответ
Stop and verify the address, system time, and certificate details. Do not bypass the warning for sign-in or payment data.
Карточка 373
Вопрос
What does an access control list decide?
Ответ
An ACL states which identities or traffic are allowed or denied on a resource. Keep entries specific and review inherited rules.
Карточка 374
Вопрос
Which malware blocks access to data and demands payment?
Ответ
Ransomware. Isolate the device quickly and recover from known-good backups rather than assuming payment will restore data.
Карточка 375
Вопрос
How should router management access be exposed?
Ответ
Allow it only from trusted interfaces and secure protocols, ideally from the local network. Place the router where unauthorized people cannot reset or replace it.
Карточка 376
Вопрос
How should Windows restore points be handled during an approved malware-removal workflow?
Ответ
Temporarily disable System Restore when the procedure calls for it, then re-enable it and create a clean restore point after remediation.
Карточка 377
Вопрос
Which built-in accounts or credentials should be changed or disabled during setup?
Ответ
Disable the guest account when unused and replace default administrator names or passwords where policy requires it. Never leave vendor defaults active.
Карточка 378
Вопрос
What happens in an on-path attack?
Ответ
The attacker positions themselves between communicating parties to observe or alter traffic. Strong certificate validation and encryption help prevent it.
Карточка 379
Вопрос
How do browser patches and extension controls work together?
Ответ
Patches fix browser flaws; extension controls reduce code from untrusted add-ons. Keep only approved, necessary extensions.
Карточка 380
Вопрос
How should a guest wireless network be separated from trusted devices?
Ответ
Use a separate guest network with strong encryption and client isolation. Do not grant it access to internal files or management interfaces.
Карточка 381
Вопрос
Why disable AutoRun and unused services?
Ответ
They remove automatic execution paths and unnecessary attack surface. Confirm a service is not required before disabling it.
Карточка 382
Вопрос
Which storage media can degaussing sanitize?
Ответ
Magnetic media such as compatible hard drives and tapes, but only with an approved degausser rated for that exact medium. Flash storage such as SSDs cannot be sanitized this way. A drive becoming unusable does not prove its data was sanitized; follow and validate the approved procedure.
Карточка 383
Вопрос
Why update anti-malware tools before the main removal scan?
Ответ
Current definitions and engines can recognize newer threats. Scan in a safer environment, such as Safe Mode or approved recovery media, when appropriate.
Карточка 384
Вопрос
What makes authentication multifactor?
Ответ
It uses factors from at least two different categories, such as a password plus a hardware token or biometric. Two passwords are still one factor type.
Карточка 385
Вопрос
Which encryption choice is appropriate for a WPA2 network?
Ответ
AES-based CCMP. Avoid selecting older TKIP just to keep obsolete clients connected.
Карточка 386
Вопрос
What is the basic endpoint patching sequence?
Ответ
Inventory supported systems, deploy tested OS and application updates, verify success, and remediate failures. Endpoint security definitions need updates too.
Карточка 387
Вопрос
Why should daily work use a standard account instead of an administrator account?
Ответ
A standard account limits what mistakes or malware can change. Elevate only the specific approved task through UAC or Run as administrator.
Карточка 388
Вопрос
When is reimaging safer than continuing to clean an infected PC?
Ответ
Reimage when trust cannot be restored, the malware is deeply embedded, or policy requires a known-good build. Restore only verified clean data.
Карточка 389
Вопрос
Why is TKIP a poor choice for a new wireless network?
Ответ
TKIP is a legacy protocol with known security limits. Replace incompatible clients and use WPA2-AES or WPA3.
Карточка 390
Вопрос
When is incineration an acceptable data-destruction method?
Ответ
Only through an authorized facility that can handle the material safely and meet legal and environmental requirements.
Карточка 391
Вопрос
What does private browsing protect on a shared computer?
Ответ
It reduces local history and cookie retention after the session. It does not hide activity from the network or service, so sign out and clear sensitive data as policy requires.
Карточка 392
Вопрос
How does a dictionary attack differ from a general brute-force attack?
Ответ
A dictionary attack tries likely words and known password patterns; brute force systematically tries possibilities. Long, unique passwords and rate limits make both harder.
Карточка 393
Вопрос
How do SSO and SAML commonly work together?
Ответ
SSO lets one sign-in reach multiple services; SAML can carry trusted authentication claims between an identity provider and a service.
Карточка 394
Вопрос
Why disable UPnP and unused inbound ports when they are not required?
Ответ
They can create unnecessary paths into the network. Open only the specific service and source access the business needs.
Карточка 395
Вопрос
What symptom often points to an unauthorized cryptominer?
Ответ
Unexplained sustained CPU or GPU use, heat, fan noise, or power consumption. Confirm the process before removal.
Карточка 396
Вопрос
What should an outsourced destruction vendor provide?
Ответ
A traceable certificate of destruction or recycling tied to the assets. Confirm the vendor and chain of custody before release.
Карточка 397
Вопрос
When is just-in-time privileged access safer than a standing admin account?
Ответ
It grants elevated rights only for an approved task and limited time. Privileged access management can control and record that elevation.
Карточка 398
Вопрос
What follow-up checks belong after malware removal?
Ответ
Run updated scans, patch the system, schedule ongoing scans and updates, and verify normal behavior before reconnecting fully.
Карточка 399
Вопрос
Which input flaws commonly enable SQL injection and cross-site scripting?
Ответ
SQL injection reaches a database through unsafe query input; XSS injects script into content a browser renders. Use parameterized queries for SQL and context-aware output encoding for browser content.
Карточка 400
Вопрос
Which mobile controls help after a managed phone is lost?
Ответ
A locator, remote lock or wipe, device encryption, and a current remote backup. Test enrollment before the device disappears.
Карточка 401
Вопрос
Which control is designed to detect or block sensitive data from leaving approved boundaries?
Ответ
Data loss prevention, or DLP. It applies rules to data in use, in motion, or at rest according to policy.
Карточка 402
Вопрос
When is port forwarding appropriate on a small network?
Ответ
Use it only for an approved service that must receive inbound traffic. Prefer a screened subnet or other isolation for exposed systems, and document the narrow rule.
Карточка 403
Вопрос
Why can fileless malware be hard to detect?
Ответ
It relies heavily on memory and legitimate system tools instead of leaving a normal executable on disk. Behavior monitoring is especially useful.
Карточка 404
Вопрос
Why are unpatched, end-of-life, or unmanaged BYOD systems a security risk?
Ответ
They may lack current fixes, controls, or visibility. Enforce support and access policy instead of assuming a connected device is safe.
Карточка 405
Вопрос
What must guide disposal of batteries, storage devices, and electronics?
Ответ
Applicable data-retention, privacy, environmental, and recycling rules. Record asset disposition according to policy.
Карточка 406
Вопрос
What should an email security gateway do before a message reaches the user?
Ответ
Filter suspicious senders, links, attachments, and spoofing signals. Users should still verify unusual requests through a known channel.
Карточка 407
Вопрос
Which service commonly provides centralized authentication for enterprise Wi-Fi?
Ответ
RADIUS. It validates users or devices against a central identity source; TACACS+ is more commonly associated with network-device administration.
Карточка 408
Вопрос
How does MDM reduce risk on BYOD and corporate-owned mobile devices?
Ответ
MDM applies profiles, screen-lock rules, updates, app controls, and remote actions. The policy should clearly separate company requirements from personal privacy.
Карточка 409
Вопрос
How does a potentially unwanted program differ from clearly malicious malware?
Ответ
A PUP may be installed with nominal consent but still adds unwanted behavior, such as aggressive ads or browser changes. Remove it through approved tools and review bundled installers.
Карточка 410
Вопрос
What should the technician explain to the user after a malware incident?
Ответ
Explain the likely entry point and practical prevention steps, such as safer links, trusted downloads, updates, and prompt reporting.
Карточка 411
Вопрос
What is the first useful action after a Windows blue-screen crash?
Ответ
Record the stop code and recent changes, then check relevant logs and dumps. Do not replace hardware from the blue screen alone.
Карточка 412
Вопрос
What should you try first when one mobile app will not launch?
Ответ
Force-close the app, reopen it, and check for an update. If the problem persists, restart the device and verify the app still supports the OS.
Карточка 413
Вопрос
What should you do after finding an unapproved app already installed on a managed phone?
Ответ
Document it and follow policy to block or remove it through the approved mobile-management process. Do not open it for testing; if compromise is plausible, contain the phone and escalate before wiping evidence.
Карточка 414
Вопрос
What should you do if a possibly infected PC suddenly cannot reach the network?
Ответ
Check ordinary link and IP status, but keep the PC isolated if compromise is plausible. Do not weaken the firewall just to restore access.
Карточка 415
Вопрос
Where should you start when Windows feels broadly slow?
Ответ
Check Task Manager for CPU, memory, disk, and startup pressure. Correlate the bottleneck with recent apps, updates, storage, and temperature.
Карточка 416
Вопрос
How should you handle a mobile app that repeatedly crashes while in use?
Ответ
Reproduce the trigger, free needed resources, update the app and OS, and clear supported app cache or reinstall after protecting its data.
Карточка 417
Вопрос
Why should developer mode be disabled on a normal user's mobile device?
Ответ
It can expose debugging, installation, or control paths that normal operation does not need. Enable it only for an authorized task and turn it off afterward.
Карточка 418
Вопрос
What do unfamiliar security alerts on the Windows desktop require?
Ответ
Verify which installed product or process created them. Capture the message and avoid clicking it until its source is trusted.
Карточка 419
Вопрос
What should you try when Windows reaches recovery but not the normal desktop?
Ответ
Use Startup Repair or Safe Mode to isolate the boot problem. Back up accessible data before risky repair steps.
Карточка 420
Вопрос
What commonly blocks a mobile app update?
Ответ
Low storage, poor connectivity, account or store issues, device policy, or OS incompatibility. Read the exact store error before changing settings.
Карточка 421
Вопрос
What security boundary changes when a phone is rooted or jailbroken?
Ответ
Platform protections and app isolation may be bypassed. Treat the device as noncompliant and restore it through an approved process.
Карточка 422
Вопрос
How can you recognize a fake antivirus warning?
Ответ
It often uses urgent claims, an unfamiliar brand, or a demand to click, call, or pay. Open the approved security tool directly instead of using the alert.
Карточка 423
Вопрос
What does a firmware message saying no operating system was found suggest checking first?
Ответ
Check whether the system drive is detected and first in the intended boot order. Then inspect its connection, partition, and boot data.
Карточка 424
Вопрос
What should you verify when a mobile app will not install?
Ответ
Verify the source, device and OS compatibility, free storage, account licensing, and management policy.
Карточка 425
Вопрос
What clues suggest a mobile app is spoofing a legitimate one?
Ответ
A mismatched publisher, unusual icon or name, excessive permissions, unexpected sign-in, or an unofficial source. Verify the real listing before entering credentials.
Карточка 426
Вопрос
What can unexplained renamed or missing personal files indicate?
Ответ
Malware, ransomware, account misuse, sync trouble, or storage failure are possible. Isolate the scope and preserve evidence before recovery attempts.
Карточка 427
Вопрос
What evidence helps separate thermal shutdowns from power failures?
Ответ
Review temperatures, fan operation, vents, power events, and whether the failure follows load. Test one likely cause at a time.
Карточка 428
Вопрос
Where should you start with a generally slow phone or tablet?
Ответ
Check free storage, active downloads, background apps, battery condition, and pending updates. Restart before considering a reset.
Карточка 429
Вопрос
What should unexplained high mobile network traffic make you inspect?
Ответ
Inspect per-app data use, recent installations, cloud sync, hotspots, and management alerts. Isolate the device if malicious traffic is plausible.
Карточка 430
Вопрос
What does sudden inability to open many files suggest checking?
Ответ
Check extensions, ransom notes, permissions, storage health, and backup status. Widespread encryption may indicate ransomware.
Карточка 431
Вопрос
What should you inspect when a Windows service will not start?
Ответ
Check its startup type, dependencies, logon account, permissions, and Event Viewer message. Fix the recorded cause rather than repeatedly forcing a start.
Карточка 432
Вопрос
A mobile OS update downloads but fails verification or installation. What should you try before resetting the device?
Ответ
Record the exact error and check free storage first. Then use the OS vendor's supported controls to remove the incomplete update and download a fresh copy with reliable power and a stable network connection; use recovery only if the normal updater still fails.
Карточка 433
Вопрос
How can security trouble cause degraded mobile response time?
Ответ
A malicious or unwanted app may consume CPU, storage, or network resources. Compare resource use with recent apps before removing anything.
Карточка 434
Вопрос
Where should you investigate unwanted Windows notifications?
Ответ
Check notification settings, browser site permissions, startup apps, and recently installed software. Remove the source rather than only muting the symptom.
Карточка 435
Вопрос
How should you isolate an application that keeps crashing?
Ответ
Confirm the scope, reproduce it, check logs, update the app, and test its plug-ins or profile. Reinstall only after preserving needed settings and data.
Карточка 436
Вопрос
How do you find the likely cause of sudden mobile battery drain?
Ответ
Review battery usage by app and system feature, then compare with recent updates, signal conditions, screen use, and battery health.
Карточка 437
Вопрос
What should you check after an unexpected mobile data-limit notification?
Ответ
Review per-app usage and the billing period, then inspect background sync, hotspot use, updates, and unknown apps.
Карточка 438
Вопрос
Why can repeated OS update failures be a security clue?
Ответ
Malware may block updates, though storage, network, or service faults are also common. Investigate the exact error and other symptoms before deciding.
Карточка 439
Вопрос
What should a low-memory warning lead you to inspect?
Ответ
Inspect memory pressure, runaway processes, page-file health, and workload requirements. Closing one app may help briefly but does not explain repeated warnings.
Карточка 440
Вопрос
What is a useful first isolation step for random mobile reboots?
Ответ
Remove or disable the most recent app or configuration change, update the OS, and check storage and temperature. Back up before a reset.
Карточка 441
Вопрос
What security setting can cause limited mobile internet access even with a good signal?
Ответ
A bad VPN, proxy, DNS, content-filtering, or management profile can restrict traffic. Compare the configuration with approved policy.
Карточка 442
Вопрос
What is a useful first check for random browser pop-ups?
Ответ
Inspect site-notification permissions, extensions, startup pages, and recently installed software. Do not click inside the pop-up.
Карточка 443
Вопрос
What is a sensible first response to a USB controller resource warning?
Ответ
Disconnect nonessential USB devices, remove unpowered hubs, and check Device Manager. Then update the controller or chipset driver if the evidence supports it.
Карточка 444
Вопрос
What is the normal first fix for a Bluetooth pairing problem?
Ответ
Confirm both devices are discoverable and compatible, then forget the old pairing and pair again. Check distance, battery, and interference.
Карточка 445
Вопрос
What should you do if normal connectivity checks pass but a phone still has no internet after a suspicious app install?
Ответ
Isolate the phone, remove or quarantine the suspicious app through the approved process, and inspect VPN, proxy, DNS, and profile changes.
Карточка 446
Вопрос
When does a browser certificate warning point to more than a bad website?
Ответ
Warnings across several known-good sites can indicate wrong system time, interception, a proxy, or a trust-store problem. Compare on a trusted network and device.
Карточка 447
Вопрос
What should you do when instability begins right after a driver update?
Ответ
Roll back or replace that driver with a known-good supported version. Confirm stability before changing another component.
Карточка 448
Вопрос
What should you check when one phone cannot join a known Wi-Fi network?
Ответ
Confirm the network and password, toggle Wi-Fi, forget and rejoin the network, then compare with another device before resetting network settings.
Карточка 449
Вопрос
What commonly causes a sudden flood of ads across a mobile device?
Ответ
Adware or a PUP is likely, especially after a recent install. Identify the responsible app instead of tapping the ads.
Карточка 450
Вопрос
What settings should you inspect when browser searches redirect unexpectedly?
Ответ
Inspect the default search provider, home page, extensions, proxy, DNS, and hosts file. Record unauthorized changes before correcting them.
Карточка 451
Вопрос
How can you test whether a slow Windows sign-in is tied to one user profile?
Ответ
Sign in with a known-good local profile and compare. Then inspect profile corruption, startup items, scripts, and redirected resources.
Карточка 452
Вопрос
What should you check when NFC works only intermittently?
Ответ
Confirm NFC is enabled, unlock the device if required, align the NFC areas closely, and remove a case that may block the signal.
Карточка 453
Вопрос
How should you respond to a mobile pop-up claiming the device is infected?
Ответ
Treat it as a likely fake security warning. Do not tap its button; close the source, inspect recent apps or browser data, and scan with approved tools.
Карточка 454
Вопрос
What should you compare when mobile data fails but Wi-Fi works?
Ответ
Check airplane mode, cellular enablement, signal, data limits, SIM or eSIM state, carrier settings, and any provider outage.
Карточка 455
Вопрос
What is the priority when personal files appear to have leaked from a mobile device?
Ответ
Contain the device and affected accounts, preserve relevant evidence, and follow the incident process. Revoke exposed sessions or credentials from a trusted device.
Карточка 456
Вопрос
Why might a mobile screen refuse to rotate?
Ответ
Rotation lock may be enabled, the app may not support that orientation, or a motion sensor may be stuck. Check the setting before hardware diagnosis.
Карточка 457
Вопрос
What can unexpected mobile actions, permission prompts, or settings changes indicate?
Ответ
An unauthorized or compromised app may be acting on the device. Review recent installs, permissions, profiles, and account activity.
Карточка 458
Вопрос
What makes a browser extension suspicious?
Ответ
An unknown publisher, broad permissions, forced installation, hidden controls, or behavior unrelated to its stated job. Remove it through policy and inspect related changes.
Карточка 459
Вопрос
What should you verify when a Windows update repeatedly fails?
Ответ
Check free space, restart state, network access, update history, and the specific error. Apply the vendor's targeted repair steps for that code.
Карточка 460
Вопрос
When should you reset a mobile device during troubleshooting?
Ответ
Reset only after narrower fixes fail and a current backup exists. Confirm account credentials and management enrollment needed for recovery.
Карточка 461
Вопрос
What causes system time to drift repeatedly after shutdown?
Ответ
A failing CMOS battery is one possibility; a bad time source or synchronization setting is another. Check when the drift occurs before replacing anything.
Карточка 462
Вопрос
What PC settings can malware alter to reroute traffic?
Ответ
Proxy, DNS, browser, and hosts-file settings are common targets. Compare them with the approved network configuration.
Карточка 463
Вопрос
How can a clean boot help with a Windows startup problem?
Ответ
It starts Windows with a reduced set of nonessential services and startup items. Re-enable items in groups to identify the conflict.
Карточка 464
Вопрос
How should you troubleshoot a browser that has become much slower than the rest of the PC?
Ответ
Test without unneeded extensions, clear only appropriate cache data, check browser tasks, and compare a clean profile. Scan if the behavior is suspicious.
Карточка 465
Вопрос
What is the safest next step when several mobile security symptoms appear together?
Ответ
Disconnect or contain the device, document the symptoms, and escalate through the approved security process. Avoid wiping evidence unless the response plan authorizes it.
Карточка 466
Вопрос
Which details belong at the start of a support ticket?
Ответ
Record the user, device, contact method, affected service, and a clear issue description. Add the time and business impact when relevant.
Карточка 467
Вопрос
When is sfc /scannow a useful Windows repair step?
Ответ
Use it when protected system files may be damaged. Run it elevated and follow the result instead of assuming it fixes every boot or application fault.
Карточка 468
Вопрос
What should you do before running a repair that may change a failing Windows disk?
Ответ
Protect recoverable data first, then check drive health and file-system evidence. A repair tool is not a substitute for replacing failing storage.
Карточка 469
Вопрос
What is the right overall response to convincing PC security symptoms?
Ответ
Contain the system, document evidence, follow the malware or incident procedure, and restore trust with approved tools or a known-good image.
Карточка 470
Вопрос
What does a full backup contain?
Ответ
A full backup copies all selected data in that backup set. It is simple to restore but usually takes the most time and space to create.
Карточка 471
Вопрос
Where should a technician look for handling and disposal guidance for a chemical product?
Ответ
Use its current Safety Data Sheet and local policy. Follow the listed protective, spill, storage, and disposal instructions.
Карточка 472
Вопрос
What should a change request state before technical planning begins?
Ответ
State the purpose, scope, change type, affected systems, owner, and desired date. A clear request makes impact and approval review possible.
Карточка 473
Вопрос
What does active listening look like in a support conversation?
Ответ
Let the customer finish, ask focused questions, and restate the problem to confirm understanding. Avoid interrupting or jumping to a diagnosis.
Карточка 474
Вопрос
What does chain of custody record during an incident?
Ответ
It records who collected, handled, transferred, stored, and accessed evidence, with dates and purpose. This supports integrity and accountability.
Карточка 475
Вопрос
What makes a ticket issue description useful to another technician?
Ответ
It states expected and actual behavior, exact symptoms, scope, timing, and reproducible steps without guesses presented as facts.
Карточка 476
Вопрос
What does an incremental backup copy?
Ответ
It copies data changed since the most recent backup of any type. Backup runs are small, but recovery may need the last full plus every later incremental.
Карточка 477
Вопрос
How should a technician respond to an angry customer?
Ответ
Stay calm, acknowledge the impact, clarify the facts, and explain realistic next steps. Do not argue, blame, or dismiss the concern.
Карточка 478
Вопрос
Why does order of volatility matter when collecting incident evidence?
Ответ
More temporary data can disappear first. Follow the response plan to capture volatile information before less volatile storage when authorized.
Карточка 479
Вопрос
Which script type is native to traditional Windows batch command processing?
Ответ
A .bat file. VBScript uses .vbs for older Windows automation; review either script before running it with elevated rights.
Карточка 480
Вопрос
How do ventilation and dust control affect equipment reliability?
Ответ
Clear airflow removes heat; controlled dust cleanup prevents blocked vents and conductive buildup. Use equipment-safe compressed air or vacuums.
Карточка 481
Вопрос
How should severity and escalation be recorded?
Ответ
Tie severity to impact and urgency, then use the defined escalation level. Do not inflate it just to move the ticket faster.
Карточка 482
Вопрос
Why create a forensic copy instead of investigating the original drive directly?
Ответ
A verified copy preserves the original evidence and lets analysis proceed with less risk of alteration. Follow authorization and incident policy.
Карточка 483
Вопрос
When is RDP a suitable remote-access choice?
Ответ
Use RDP for an authorized Windows desktop session over a protected path. Limit exposed services, require strong authentication, and follow session policy.
Карточка 484
Вопрос
How should an ESD strap be used during internal PC work?
Ответ
Attach it to an approved ground point while working on powered-down equipment. Pair it with an ESD-safe work surface when available.
Карточка 485
Вопрос
What protection does a UPS add beyond a surge suppressor?
Ответ
A UPS provides temporary battery power and usually power conditioning, giving equipment time to ride through a brief outage or shut down safely.
Карточка 486
Вопрос
What should progress and resolution notes contain?
Ответ
Record tests, results, changes, timestamps, and the confirmed outcome. Another technician should be able to continue without repeating work.
Карточка 487
Вопрос
Which data categories usually require stricter handling and retention rules?
Ответ
Payment data, government identifiers, personally identifiable information, and healthcare data. Apply the relevant law, contract, and business policy.
Карточка 488
Вопрос
Which support tasks can AI assist without making the final decision?
Ответ
AI can help summarize tickets, draft user instructions, search approved knowledge, or suggest diagnostic paths. A technician must verify the result.
Карточка 489
Вопрос
What is the first electrical-safety step before repairing a PC?
Ответ
Shut it down and disconnect power. Follow the device's service procedure because some components can retain hazardous energy.
Карточка 490
Вопрос
How do SSH and VNC differ for remote support?
Ответ
SSH provides an encrypted command-line session; VNC shares a graphical desktop and needs its own secure transport and authentication configuration.
Карточка 491
Вопрос
How should a technician set expectations for a repair?
Ответ
Give a realistic timeline, explain options and dependencies, and send status updates when the estimate changes.
Карточка 492
Вопрос
Which script type gives Windows administrators structured access to system management?
Ответ
A PowerShell .ps1 script. Execution policy is not a malware boundary, so verify the source, signature, and contents.
Карточка 493
Вопрос
What does a differential backup copy?
Ответ
It copies data changed since the last full backup. Recovery normally needs the last full and the latest differential.
Карточка 494
Вопрос
Why do change plans need both a backup plan and a rollback plan?
Ответ
The backup protects data; the rollback returns the service to its prior state if the change fails. Define triggers and responsible staff before implementation.
Карточка 495
Вопрос
How should loose components be handled and stored?
Ответ
Hold boards by the edges, avoid contacts, and place them in antistatic packaging on an ESD-safe surface.
Карточка 496
Вопрос
Why monitor both temperature and humidity in an equipment room?
Ответ
Excess heat shortens component life; very low humidity raises static risk, while high humidity can cause condensation or corrosion.
Карточка 497
Вопрос
What is a synthetic full backup?
Ответ
It combines a previous full backup with later backup data to create a new full on the backup system. The source does not need to resend every file.
Карточка 498
Вопрос
How do an asset tag and a CMDB serve different support needs?
Ответ
The asset tag identifies the physical item; the CMDB records its configuration and relationships. Keep assignment, warranty, and licensing data current.
Карточка 499
Вопрос
What should a technician verify before installing licensed software?
Ответ
Verify a valid license, permitted user or device scope, and any EULA or DRM limits. Personal, corporate, perpetual, and open-source licenses grant different rights.
Карточка 500
Вопрос
Which script type is commonly used for shell automation on Linux and macOS?
Ответ
A .sh shell script. Its interpreter, permissions, quoting, and environment determine how it runs.
Карточка 501
Вопрос
How do GFS rotation and the 3-2-1 backup rule differ?
Ответ
GFS rotates daily, weekly, and monthly backup generations. The 3-2-1 rule keeps three copies on two different media/storage types, with one copy offsite. GFS organizes retention over time; 3-2-1 spreads copies across storage locations and failure modes.
Карточка 502
Вопрос
Which personal protective steps matter for lifting or dusty repair work?
Ответ
Use safe lifting technique and get help for heavy equipment; wear approved eye or breathing protection when the task creates those hazards.
Карточка 503
Вопрос
What does a VPN add to a remote-management session?
Ответ
It creates an encrypted network path to private resources. The remote tool still needs secure configuration, authentication, and least-privilege access.
Карточка 504
Вопрос
What policy questions should come before using AI at work?
Ответ
Check approved tools, allowed data, required disclosure, ownership rules, and whether the task permits AI assistance. Do not assume a public tool is approved.
Карточка 505
Вопрос
Why should a technician avoid jargon when speaking with a customer?
Ответ
Plain language helps the customer understand choices and give informed answers. Use a technical term only when it adds clarity, then explain it.
Карточка 506
Вопрос
What is the value of sandbox testing and peer review before a change?
Ответ
They expose technical mistakes and unexpected impact away from production. Record results and remaining risk.
Карточка 507
Вопрос
What are practical entry-level uses for scripts in support work?
Ответ
Scripts can collect information, remap drives, install approved apps, start updates, restart systems, or run backups consistently. Python .py and JavaScript .js files are common choices when the environment supports them.
Карточка 508
Вопрос
What is the benefit and main risk of an RMM platform?
Ответ
RMM can monitor and manage many endpoints centrally; compromise or misuse can reach many endpoints too. Protect the console with strong access controls, logging, and updates.
Карточка 509
Вопрос
How should a technician handle a confident AI answer?
Ответ
Verify it against trusted evidence. AI can hallucinate, carry bias, miss context, or present outdated information fluently.
Карточка 510
Вопрос
How do surges, brownouts, and blackouts differ?
Ответ
A surge is excess voltage, a brownout is reduced voltage, and a blackout is a loss of power. Match surge protection and UPS capacity to the equipment.
Карточка 511
Вопрос
What must you review before running an unfamiliar support script?
Ответ
Review its source, inputs, privileges, target systems, resource use, network actions, error handling, and rollback. A script can spread malware or change many systems quickly.
Карточка 512
Вопрос
How do an NDA and an acceptable use policy serve different purposes?
Ответ
An NDA restricts disclosure of protected information; an AUP defines permitted use of systems and data. Follow both along with incident and compliance rules.
Карточка 513
Вопрос
When should a normal change wait even if the technical work is ready?
Ответ
Wait for required approval and an allowed maintenance window. Respect change freezes unless the approved emergency process applies.
Карточка 514
Вопрос
Which support document should guide a repeatable task with an agreed method?
Ответ
Use the relevant SOP or checklist. Consult the SLA for service commitments and the knowledge base for reusable diagnosis or resolution guidance.
Карточка 515
Вопрос
What should a technician do if arriving late is unavoidable?
Ответ
Contact the customer promptly, give an honest revised time, and keep the new commitment. Document service provided and follow up as promised.
Карточка 516
Вопрос
What safety problems does good cable management prevent?
Ответ
It reduces trip hazards, blocked airflow, connector strain, and accidental disconnection. Keep cables clear of heat and emergency access.
Карточка 517
Вопрос
How do you know a backup is usable?
Ответ
Test restores on a defined schedule. Verify data integrity and practice both overwrite recovery and recovery to an alternative location.
Карточка 518
Вопрос
What closes a well-managed change?
Ответ
Verify the implementation, obtain required user acceptance, update documentation, and review the outcome. Trigger rollback if the defined failure criteria occur.
Карточка 519
Вопрос
How should a technician handle private material visible on a customer's device?
Ответ
View only what the task requires, avoid copying or discussing it, and follow privacy policy. Maintain professional appearance and conduct in the customer's environment.
Карточка 520
Вопрос
What data boundary applies when prompting a public AI service?
Ответ
Never send credentials or secrets to a public AI service. Keep private customer data, regulated data, proprietary code, and incident evidence out as well. An approved enterprise AI service is a separate case: use it only under the organization's data policy and contractual controls, and still never paste credentials or secrets.

A generic laptop and computer repair tools arranged on a dark technical workbench with abstract network lights.

520 карточек

CompTIA A+ 220-1201 & 220-1202 Flashcards: Core 1 and Core 2

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CompTIA A+ 220-1201 & 220-1202 Flashcards: Core 1 and Core 2

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