Pharmacology Drug Class Flashcards: Mechanisms, Uses & Safety Patterns

このデッキのカード

1. カード 1

   質問

   What is a drug class?

   回答

   A group of drugs linked by a shared mechanism, target, structure, therapeutic use, or a combination of these features.

2. カード 2

   質問

   What does mechanism of action mean?

   回答

   How a drug produces its effects at a molecular, cellular, or physiological target.

3. カード 3

   質問

   What is a receptor agonist?

   回答

   A drug that binds to a receptor and activates it to produce a response.

4. カード 4

   質問

   What is a receptor antagonist?

   回答

   A drug that binds to a receptor and blocks or reduces activation by an agonist.

5. カード 5

   質問

   What does it mean when a drug inhibits an enzyme or transporter?

   回答

   It reduces that protein's activity, changing the movement or conversion of its usual substrates.

6. カード 6

   質問

   How should generic-name stems be used to recognize drug classes?

   回答

   As clues, not universal rules. Confirm the actual drug because exceptions and overlapping stems exist.

7. カード 7

   質問

   ACE inhibitors: core mechanism?

   回答

   They inhibit angiotensin-converting enzyme, reducing angiotensin II and aldosterone while increasing bradykinin.

8. カード 8

   質問

   SSRIs: core mechanism?

   回答

   They inhibit the serotonin transporter, increasing serotonin signaling in the synaptic cleft.

9. カード 9

   質問

   Biguanides: core mechanism?

   回答

   Metformin mainly reduces hepatic glucose production and improves insulin sensitivity without directly stimulating insulin release.

10. カード 10

    質問

    Penicillins: core mechanism?

    回答

    Their beta-lactam ring binds penicillin-binding proteins and disrupts bacterial cell-wall synthesis.

11. カード 11

    質問

    Which class is often suggested by the ending -pril?

    回答

    ACE inhibitors. Examples include lisinopril and enalapril, but a name stem is only a clue.

12. カード 12

    質問

    Proton-pump inhibitors: core mechanism?

    回答

    They inhibit the H+/K+ ATPase proton pump in gastric parietal cells, strongly reducing acid secretion.

13. カード 13

    質問

    SSRIs: common uses?

    回答

    Depression and several anxiety-related disorders; the approved indications differ by agent.

14. カード 14

    質問

    NSAIDs: core mechanism?

    回答

    They inhibit cyclooxygenase enzymes, reducing prostaglandin synthesis.

15. カード 15

    質問

    Biguanides: major safety concepts?

    回答

    Gastrointestinal effects are common; vitamin B12 can fall with long use, and lactic acidosis is rare but serious.

16. カード 16

    質問

    Which class is often suggested by the ending -cillin?

    回答

    Penicillins, such as amoxicillin and piperacillin. The stem does not describe spectrum or resistance.

17. カード 17

    質問

    ACE inhibitors: common uses?

    回答

    Hypertension and selected heart-failure, post-myocardial-infarction, and kidney-protection indications.

18. カード 18

    質問

    Proton-pump inhibitors: major safety concepts?

    回答

    Possible concerns include hypomagnesemia and enteric infection risk. Many other long-term links are observational rather than proven causal effects.

19. カード 19

    質問

    Which class is often suggested by -oxetine or -opram?

    回答

    SSRIs, but not universally. Sertraline and fluvoxamine are exceptions, and some stems overlap other classes.

20. カード 20

    質問

    NSAIDs: common uses?

    回答

    Pain, inflammation, and fever; individual agents also have more specific uses.

21. カード 21

    質問

    Metformin belongs to which drug class?

    回答

    Biguanides. Metformin is the main widely used member, so there is no useful class-wide suffix rule.

22. カード 22

    質問

    Penicillins: major safety concepts?

    回答

    Hypersensitivity can range from rash to anaphylaxis; diarrhea and antibiotic-associated colitis are additional concerns.

23. カード 23

    質問

    ACE inhibitors: major safety concepts?

    回答

    Cough, hyperkalemia, kidney-function changes, angioedema, and fetal harm are major class concerns.

24. カード 24

    質問

    Proton-pump inhibitors: common uses?

    回答

    Acid-related disorders such as GERD, erosive esophagitis, and peptic-ulcer disease.

25. カード 25

    質問

    SSRIs: major safety concepts?

    回答

    Serotonin syndrome, bleeding and hyponatremia risks, sexual dysfunction, and the antidepressant suicidality warning for younger people.

26. カード 26

    質問

    Ibuprofen, naproxen, and ketorolac belong to which class?

    回答

    NSAIDs. The class has no single reliable generic-name suffix.

27. カード 27

    質問

    Biguanides: common use?

    回答

    Type 2 diabetes.

28. カード 28

    質問

    Penicillins: common use?

    回答

    Treatment of susceptible bacterial infections; the spectrum differs substantially among individual penicillins.

29. カード 29

    質問

    Which class is often suggested by the ending -prazole?

    回答

    Proton-pump inhibitors, such as omeprazole and pantoprazole. Confirm the individual drug.

30. カード 30

    質問

    NSAIDs: major safety concepts?

    回答

    Gastrointestinal bleeding, kidney injury, fluid retention, and cardiovascular events are key risks; FDA also warns about use from about 20 weeks of pregnancy.

31. カード 31

    質問

    Sulfonylureas: core mechanism?

    回答

    They close ATP-sensitive potassium channels in pancreatic beta cells, triggering insulin release even when glucose is not high.

32. カード 32

    質問

    H2 blockers: core mechanism?

    回答

    They competitively block histamine H2 receptors on gastric parietal cells, reducing acid secretion.

33. カード 33

    質問

    SNRIs: core mechanism?

    回答

    They inhibit serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake transporters, increasing both transmitters in synapses.

34. カード 34

    質問

    Opioid analgesics: core mechanism?

    回答

    They activate opioid receptors; many important analgesic effects and toxicities are mediated through mu receptors.

35. カード 35

    質問

    Glipizide, glyburide, and glimepiride belong to which class?

    回答

    Sulfonylureas. Their names offer clues, but the broad ending -ide is not class-specific.

36. カード 36

    質問

    ARBs: core mechanism?

    回答

    They block angiotensin II at AT1 receptors, reducing vasoconstriction and aldosterone effects.

37. カード 37

    質問

    H2 blockers: common uses?

    回答

    Acid-related disorders such as heartburn, GERD, and gastric or duodenal ulcers.

38. カード 38

    質問

    Cephalosporins: core mechanism?

    回答

    Their beta-lactam ring binds penicillin-binding proteins and disrupts bacterial cell-wall synthesis.

39. カード 39

    質問

    SNRIs: major safety concepts?

    回答

    Serotonin syndrome, blood-pressure increases, discontinuation symptoms, and the antidepressant suicidality warning for younger people.

40. カード 40

    質問

    Morphine, oxycodone, and fentanyl belong to which broad class?

    回答

    Opioid analgesics. The class has no single reliable generic-name suffix.

41. カード 41

    質問

    Sulfonylureas: common use?

    回答

    Type 2 diabetes when increasing pancreatic insulin release is appropriate.

42. カード 42

    質問

    ARBs: major safety concepts?

    回答

    Hyperkalemia, hypotension, kidney-function changes, and fetal harm are major concerns; cough is less common than with ACE inhibitors.

43. カード 43

    質問

    Which class is often suggested by the ending -tidine?

    回答

    H2 receptor blockers, such as famotidine and cimetidine. Confirm the individual drug.

44. カード 44

    質問

    Cephalosporins: common use?

    回答

    Treatment of susceptible bacterial infections; antibacterial spectrum varies widely by agent and generation.

45. カード 45

    質問

    Which name endings can suggest an SNRI?

    回答

    -faxine or sometimes -oxetine, but neither is decisive. The -oxetine ending also appears in some SSRIs.

46. カード 46

    質問

    Opioid analgesics: major safety concepts?

    回答

    Respiratory depression, sedation, constipation, tolerance, dependence, and overdose; benzodiazepines and other depressants increase danger.

47. カード 47

    質問

    Sulfonylureas: major safety concepts?

    回答

    Hypoglycemia and weight gain are the main class patterns, with risk differing among agents and clinical contexts.

48. カード 48

    質問

    ARBs: common uses?

    回答

    Hypertension and selected heart-failure and kidney-protection indications.

49. カード 49

    質問

    H2 blockers: major safety concepts?

    回答

    They are usually well tolerated, but confusion or other CNS effects can occur with reduced clearance; cimetidine has many interactions.

50. カード 50

    質問

    Which class is often suggested by cef- or ceph-?

    回答

    Cephalosporins, such as cefazolin and cephalexin. The name does not reveal the full spectrum.

51. カード 51

    質問

    SNRIs: common uses?

    回答

    Depression and anxiety disorders; selected agents also treat neuropathic pain or fibromyalgia.

52. カード 52

    質問

    Opioid analgesics: common uses?

    回答

    Analgesia for selected severe pain and perioperative settings; individual opioids also have other specific uses.

53. カード 53

    質問

    Which class is often suggested by the ending -sartan?

    回答

    Angiotensin II receptor blockers, or ARBs. Examples include losartan and valsartan.

54. カード 54

    質問

    Cephalosporins: major safety concepts?

    回答

    Hypersensitivity and antibiotic-associated diarrhea are important; penicillin cross-reactivity depends largely on similar side chains.

55. カード 55

    質問

    Beta2 agonists: core mechanism?

    回答

    They activate beta2 receptors, increasing cAMP and relaxing airway smooth muscle.

56. カード 56

    質問

    Beta blockers: core mechanism?

    回答

    They antagonize beta-adrenergic receptors; beta1 blockade can reduce heart rate, contractility, and renin release.

57. カード 57

    質問

    Systemic corticosteroids: core mechanism?

    回答

    They bind intracellular glucocorticoid receptors and alter gene transcription, reducing inflammatory and immune signaling.

58. カード 58

    質問

    Benzodiazepines: core mechanism?

    回答

    They positively modulate GABA-A receptors, increasing the frequency of chloride-channel opening when GABA is present.

59. カード 59

    質問

    Which class is often suggested by the ending -terol?

    回答

    Beta2 agonist bronchodilators, such as formoterol and salmeterol. Albuterol is a familiar exception.

60. カード 60

    質問

    Macrolides: core mechanism?

    回答

    They bind the bacterial 50S ribosomal subunit and inhibit protein synthesis.

61. カード 61

    質問

    Beta blockers: common uses?

    回答

    Selected cardiovascular conditions such as arrhythmias, ischemic heart disease, heart failure, and hypertension; some agents have noncardiac uses.

62. カード 62

    質問

    GLP-1 receptor agonists: core mechanism?

    回答

    They activate GLP-1 receptors, increasing glucose-dependent insulin release, suppressing glucagon, and slowing gastric emptying.

63. カード 63

    質問

    Systemic corticosteroids: major safety concepts?

    回答

    Infection, hyperglycemia, osteoporosis, and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal suppression; risks rise with systemic exposure and duration.

    

    126枚のカード

    Pharmacology Drug Class Flashcards: Mechanisms, Uses & Safety Patterns

    このデッキを無料で学習

    Flashcards が開き、すぐに学習を始められます。

64. カード 64

    質問

    Which endings often suggest a benzodiazepine?

    回答

    -azepam or -azolam, as in diazepam or midazolam. Not every sedative with a similar ending belongs to this class.

65. カード 65

    質問

    Beta2 agonists: common use?

    回答

    Bronchodilation in asthma or COPD regimens; short- and long-acting agents play different roles.

66. カード 66

    質問

    Macrolides: major safety concepts?

    回答

    Gastrointestinal effects, QT prolongation, and clinically important interactions that vary by agent.

67. カード 67

    質問

    Which class is often suggested by the ending -olol?

    回答

    Beta blockers, such as metoprolol and propranolol. Receptor selectivity still varies by agent.

68. カード 68

    質問

    GLP-1 receptor agonists: common uses?

    回答

    Type 2 diabetes; selected agents are also approved for chronic weight management and cardiovascular-risk reduction.

69. カード 69

    質問

    Which patterns often suggest a systemic corticosteroid?

    回答

    -sone or -olone, as in prednisone or prednisolone, but these endings are not unique to the class.

70. カード 70

    質問

    Benzodiazepines: major safety concepts?

    回答

    Sedation, dependence and withdrawal, plus respiratory depression—especially with opioids, alcohol, or other CNS depressants.

71. カード 71

    質問

    Beta2 agonists: major safety concepts?

    回答

    Tremor, palpitations or tachycardia, hypokalemia, and rare paradoxical bronchospasm.

72. カード 72

    質問

    Macrolides: common use?

    回答

    Treatment of selected susceptible bacterial infections, including some respiratory and atypical pathogens.

73. カード 73

    質問

    Beta blockers: major safety concepts?

    回答

    Bradycardia and hypotension; nonselective agents can cause bronchospasm, and the class can mask adrenergic signs of hypoglycemia.

74. カード 74

    質問

    Which class is often suggested by -glutide?

    回答

    GLP-1 receptor agonists, such as semaglutide and liraglutide. Exenatide and lixisenatide show the pattern is not universal.

75. カード 75

    質問

    Systemic corticosteroids: common uses?

    回答

    Inflammatory, allergic, and autoimmune disorders, with the route and agent chosen for the condition.

76. カード 76

    質問

    Benzodiazepines: common uses?

    回答

    Anxiety, seizures, procedural sedation, or alcohol withdrawal, depending on the agent and setting.

77. カード 77

    質問

    Which class is often suggested by the ending -thromycin?

    回答

    Macrolide antibiotics, such as azithromycin and clarithromycin. Confirm the individual agent.

78. カード 78

    質問

    GLP-1 receptor agonists: major safety concepts?

    回答

    Gastrointestinal effects are common; gallbladder disease and pancreatitis are warnings, and some labels warn about thyroid C-cell tumors.

79. カード 79

    質問

    Second-generation antipsychotics: core mechanism?

    回答

    Most modulate dopamine D2 and serotonin 5-HT2A signaling, but receptor profiles vary substantially by agent.

80. カード 80

    質問

    Tetracyclines: core mechanism?

    回答

    They bind the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit and inhibit protein synthesis.

81. カード 81

    質問

    Dihydropyridine calcium-channel blockers: core mechanism?

    回答

    They block L-type calcium channels mainly in vascular smooth muscle, causing arteriolar relaxation.

82. カード 82

    質問

    Inhaled antimuscarinics: core mechanism?

    回答

    They block airway muscarinic receptors, reducing vagal bronchoconstriction and promoting bronchodilation.

83. カード 83

    質問

    Which endings often suggest a second-generation antipsychotic?

    回答

    -apine or -idone often appear, but many members use other endings and the stems are not class-specific.

84. カード 84

    質問

    SGLT2 inhibitors: core mechanism?

    回答

    They inhibit renal sodium-glucose cotransporter 2, increasing urinary glucose and sodium excretion.

85. カード 85

    質問

    Tetracyclines: common uses?

    回答

    Selected susceptible bacterial infections and, for some agents, acne or rosacea.

86. カード 86

    質問

    Bisphosphonates: core mechanism?

    回答

    They bind bone mineral and inhibit osteoclast-mediated bone resorption.

87. カード 87

    質問

    Dihydropyridine calcium-channel blockers: major safety concepts?

    回答

    Peripheral edema, flushing, headache, dizziness, and hypotension are characteristic patterns.

88. カード 88

    質問

    Which class is often suggested by the ending -tropium?

    回答

    Inhaled antimuscarinic bronchodilators, such as ipratropium and tiotropium. Several class members use other endings.

89. カード 89

    質問

    Second-generation antipsychotics: common uses?

    回答

    Schizophrenia and selected bipolar or other psychiatric indications; approvals differ by agent.

90. カード 90

    質問

    SGLT2 inhibitors: major safety concepts?

    回答

    Genital infections, volume depletion, ketoacidosis, and rare necrotizing infection of the perineum.

91. カード 91

    質問

    Which class is often suggested by the ending -cycline?

    回答

    Tetracycline antibiotics, such as doxycycline and minocycline. Confirm the individual drug.

92. カード 92

    質問

    Bisphosphonates: common uses?

    回答

    Osteoporosis and selected disorders with excessive bone resorption, including Paget disease or malignancy-related bone disease.

93. カード 93

    質問

    Which class is often suggested by the ending -dipine?

    回答

    Dihydropyridine calcium-channel blockers, such as amlodipine and nifedipine.

94. カード 94

    質問

    Inhaled antimuscarinics: major safety concepts?

    回答

    Dry mouth, urinary retention, tachycardia, and eye exposure that may worsen narrow-angle glaucoma.

95. カード 95

    質問

    Second-generation antipsychotics: major safety concepts?

    回答

    Metabolic effects, movement disorders, QT effects, and neuroleptic malignant syndrome; labels warn about increased mortality in elderly patients with dementia-related psychosis.

96. カード 96

    質問

    SGLT2 inhibitors: common uses?

    回答

    Type 2 diabetes; selected agents also treat heart failure or chronic kidney disease.

97. カード 97

    質問

    Tetracyclines: major safety concepts?

    回答

    Gastrointestinal or esophageal irritation, photosensitivity, and effects on developing teeth and bone are key patterns.

98. カード 98

    質問

    Which class is often suggested by the ending -dronate?

    回答

    Bisphosphonates, such as alendronate and risedronate. Confirm the individual agent and formulation.

99. カード 99

    質問

    Dihydropyridine calcium-channel blockers: common uses?

    回答

    Hypertension and angina, using vascular smooth-muscle relaxation to reduce arterial tone.

100. カード 100

     質問

     Inhaled antimuscarinics: common use?

     回答

     Maintenance bronchodilation, especially in COPD; selected agents also serve as add-on asthma therapy.

101. カード 101

     質問

     Which class is often suggested by the ending -gliflozin?

     回答

     SGLT2 inhibitors, such as empagliflozin and dapagliflozin.

102. カード 102

     質問

     Bisphosphonates: major safety concepts?

     回答

     Upper-GI irritation with oral agents, hypocalcemia, and rare osteonecrosis of the jaw or atypical femur fracture.

103. カード 103

     質問

     TNF inhibitors: core mechanism?

     回答

     They neutralize tumor necrosis factor signaling, reducing downstream inflammation.

104. カード 104

     質問

     DPP-4 inhibitors: core mechanism?

     回答

     They inhibit DPP-4, prolonging endogenous incretin activity and increasing glucose-dependent insulin release.

105. カード 105

     質問

     Inhaled corticosteroids: core mechanism?

     回答

     They activate glucocorticoid receptors in airway cells, reducing inflammatory gene expression and airway inflammation.

106. カード 106

     質問

     Statins: core mechanism?

     回答

     They inhibit HMG-CoA reductase, reducing hepatic cholesterol synthesis and increasing hepatic LDL-receptor activity.

107. カード 107

     質問

     Adalimumab, infliximab, and etanercept belong to which class?

     回答

     TNF inhibitors. The class has no single specific shared suffix: -mab is broad, and etanercept ends in -cept.

108. カード 108

     質問

     Triptans: core mechanism?

     回答

     They activate serotonin 5-HT1B/1D receptors, reducing trigeminal signaling and causing cranial vasoconstriction.

109. カード 109

     質問

     DPP-4 inhibitors: common use?

     回答

     Type 2 diabetes, using enhanced endogenous incretin signaling to improve glucose-dependent insulin release.

110. カード 110

     質問

     Fluoroquinolones: core mechanism?

     回答

     They inhibit bacterial DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV, disrupting DNA replication.

111. カード 111

     質問

     Inhaled corticosteroids: major safety concepts?

     回答

     Oral candidiasis and dysphonia are important local effects; systemic effects become more relevant with higher exposure.

112. カード 112

     質問

     Which class is suggested by the ending -statin?

     回答

     HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors, or statins, such as atorvastatin and rosuvastatin.

113. カード 113

     質問

     TNF inhibitors: common uses?

     回答

     Selected autoimmune inflammatory diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, and psoriasis-related conditions.

114. カード 114

     質問

     Triptans: major safety concepts?

     回答

     Vasoconstrictive risk in coronary, cerebrovascular, or peripheral vascular disease, plus tingling, flushing, or chest pressure called triptan sensations.

115. カード 115

     質問

     Which class is suggested by the ending -gliptin?

     回答

     DPP-4 inhibitors, such as sitagliptin and linagliptin.

116. カード 116

     質問

     Fluoroquinolones: common use?

     回答

     Selected serious or resistant bacterial infections when their spectrum and risk profile fit the infection.

117. カード 117

     質問

     Which patterns often suggest an inhaled corticosteroid?

     回答

     -sonide or -sone often appear, as in budesonide or fluticasone, but these endings are not class-specific.

118. カード 118

     質問

     Statins: major safety concepts?

     回答

     Muscle symptoms and rare rhabdomyolysis or liver injury; pregnancy is a major risk context, although FDA no longer applies a blanket class contraindication.

119. カード 119

     質問

     TNF inhibitors: major safety concepts?

     回答

     Serious infections and reactivation of tuberculosis or hepatitis B are central concerns; other warnings vary by agent.

120. カード 120

     質問

     Triptans: common use?

     回答

     Acute treatment of migraine attacks; they are not general-purpose analgesics or routine migraine preventives.

121. カード 121

     質問

     DPP-4 inhibitors: major safety concepts?

     回答

     Severe joint pain and pancreatitis are warnings; some agents also carry a heart-failure warning.

122. カード 122

     質問

     Which class is suggested by the ending -floxacin?

     回答

     Fluoroquinolone antibiotics, such as ciprofloxacin and levofloxacin.

123. カード 123

     質問

     Inhaled corticosteroids: common use?

     回答

     Controller therapy for asthma and selected COPD regimens; they reduce inflammation rather than acting as standalone rescue bronchodilators.

124. カード 124

     質問

     Statins: common uses?

     回答

     Lowering LDL cholesterol and reducing atherosclerotic cardiovascular risk.

125. カード 125

     質問

     Which class is suggested by the ending -triptan?

     回答

     Triptan antimigraine agents, such as sumatriptan and rizatriptan.

126. カード 126

     質問

     Fluoroquinolones: major safety concepts?

     回答

     Potentially disabling tendon, muscle, joint, nerve, and CNS effects, plus a rare risk of aortic aneurysm or rupture in susceptible people.

126枚のカード

Pharmacology Drug Class Flashcards: Mechanisms, Uses & Safety Patterns

このデッキを無料で学習

Flashcards が開き、すぐに学習を始められます。