Pharmacology Drug Class Flashcards: Mechanisms, Uses & Safety Patterns
Study 126 cards on 30 common drug classes: mechanisms, qualified generic-name patterns, common uses, and major safety concepts for nursing and introductory health science.
Sobre este mazo
Build a durable pharmacology map with 126 independently authored cards. Six prerequisites define drug classes, mechanisms, agonism, antagonism, inhibition, and how to treat generic-name stems as fallible clues. The remaining 120 cards cover 30 common classes through four separate retrieval directions: class → core mechanism; qualified pattern or representative generics → class; class → common use; and class → major safety concept.
The deck deliberately excludes dosing, prescribing, patient-specific guidance, administration or hold parameters, exhaustive contraindications and interactions, monitoring protocols, brand names, official questions, and clinical cases. Generic-name patterns are clues, never universal rules. Use this deck for study—not clinical decision-making.
Ordering supports learning: prerequisites come first, then five spiral blocks mix six broad topic groups. Same-class variants stay at least three unrelated cards apart, alternating mechanism, recognition, common-use, and safety recall instead of forming predictable runs.
Open Study Contributor independently authored this standalone deck from common pharmacology knowledge checked against WHO, FDA, and NIH/NCBI sources. Organization names identify sources only; no affiliation or endorsement is claimed.
Tarjetas de este mazo
Tarjeta 1
Pregunta
What is a drug class?
Respuesta
A group of drugs linked by a shared mechanism, target, structure, therapeutic use, or a combination of these features.
Tarjeta 2
Pregunta
What does mechanism of action mean?
Respuesta
How a drug produces its effects at a molecular, cellular, or physiological target.
Tarjeta 3
Pregunta
What is a receptor agonist?
Respuesta
A drug that binds to a receptor and activates it to produce a response.
Tarjeta 4
Pregunta
What is a receptor antagonist?
Respuesta
A drug that binds to a receptor and blocks or reduces activation by an agonist.
Tarjeta 5
Pregunta
What does it mean when a drug inhibits an enzyme or transporter?
Respuesta
It reduces that protein's activity, changing the movement or conversion of its usual substrates.
Tarjeta 6
Pregunta
How should generic-name stems be used to recognize drug classes?
Respuesta
As clues, not universal rules. Confirm the actual drug because exceptions and overlapping stems exist.
Tarjeta 7
Pregunta
ACE inhibitors: core mechanism?
Respuesta
They inhibit angiotensin-converting enzyme, reducing angiotensin II and aldosterone while increasing bradykinin.
Tarjeta 8
Pregunta
SSRIs: core mechanism?
Respuesta
They inhibit the serotonin transporter, increasing serotonin signaling in the synaptic cleft.
Tarjeta 9
Pregunta
Biguanides: core mechanism?
Respuesta
Metformin mainly reduces hepatic glucose production and improves insulin sensitivity without directly stimulating insulin release.
Tarjeta 10
Pregunta
Penicillins: core mechanism?
Respuesta
Their beta-lactam ring binds penicillin-binding proteins and disrupts bacterial cell-wall synthesis.
Tarjeta 11
Pregunta
Which class is often suggested by the ending -pril?
Respuesta
ACE inhibitors. Examples include lisinopril and enalapril, but a name stem is only a clue.
Tarjeta 12
Pregunta
Proton-pump inhibitors: core mechanism?
Respuesta
They inhibit the H+/K+ ATPase proton pump in gastric parietal cells, strongly reducing acid secretion.
Tarjeta 13
Pregunta
SSRIs: common uses?
Respuesta
Depression and several anxiety-related disorders; the approved indications differ by agent.
Tarjeta 14
Pregunta
NSAIDs: core mechanism?
Respuesta
They inhibit cyclooxygenase enzymes, reducing prostaglandin synthesis.
Tarjeta 15
Pregunta
Biguanides: major safety concepts?
Respuesta
Gastrointestinal effects are common; vitamin B12 can fall with long use, and lactic acidosis is rare but serious.
Tarjeta 16
Pregunta
Which class is often suggested by the ending -cillin?
Respuesta
Penicillins, such as amoxicillin and piperacillin. The stem does not describe spectrum or resistance.
Tarjeta 17
Pregunta
ACE inhibitors: common uses?
Respuesta
Hypertension and selected heart-failure, post-myocardial-infarction, and kidney-protection indications.
Tarjeta 18
Pregunta
Proton-pump inhibitors: major safety concepts?
Respuesta
Possible concerns include hypomagnesemia and enteric infection risk. Many other long-term links are observational rather than proven causal effects.
Tarjeta 19
Pregunta
Which class is often suggested by -oxetine or -opram?
Respuesta
SSRIs, but not universally. Sertraline and fluvoxamine are exceptions, and some stems overlap other classes.
Tarjeta 20
Pregunta
NSAIDs: common uses?
Respuesta
Pain, inflammation, and fever; individual agents also have more specific uses.
Tarjeta 21
Pregunta
Metformin belongs to which drug class?
Respuesta
Biguanides. Metformin is the main widely used member, so there is no useful class-wide suffix rule.
Tarjeta 22
Pregunta
Penicillins: major safety concepts?
Respuesta
Hypersensitivity can range from rash to anaphylaxis; diarrhea and antibiotic-associated colitis are additional concerns.
Tarjeta 23
Pregunta
ACE inhibitors: major safety concepts?
Respuesta
Cough, hyperkalemia, kidney-function changes, angioedema, and fetal harm are major class concerns.
Tarjeta 24
Pregunta
Proton-pump inhibitors: common uses?
Respuesta
Acid-related disorders such as GERD, erosive esophagitis, and peptic-ulcer disease.
Tarjeta 25
Pregunta
SSRIs: major safety concepts?
Respuesta
Serotonin syndrome, bleeding and hyponatremia risks, sexual dysfunction, and the antidepressant suicidality warning for younger people.
Tarjeta 26
Pregunta
Ibuprofen, naproxen, and ketorolac belong to which class?
Respuesta
NSAIDs. The class has no single reliable generic-name suffix.
Tarjeta 27
Pregunta
Biguanides: common use?
Respuesta
Type 2 diabetes.
Tarjeta 28
Pregunta
Penicillins: common use?
Respuesta
Treatment of susceptible bacterial infections; the spectrum differs substantially among individual penicillins.
Tarjeta 29
Pregunta
Which class is often suggested by the ending -prazole?
Respuesta
Proton-pump inhibitors, such as omeprazole and pantoprazole. Confirm the individual drug.
Tarjeta 30
Pregunta
NSAIDs: major safety concepts?
Respuesta
Gastrointestinal bleeding, kidney injury, fluid retention, and cardiovascular events are key risks; FDA also warns about use from about 20 weeks of pregnancy.
Tarjeta 31
Pregunta
Sulfonylureas: core mechanism?
Respuesta
They close ATP-sensitive potassium channels in pancreatic beta cells, triggering insulin release even when glucose is not high.
Tarjeta 32
Pregunta
H2 blockers: core mechanism?
Respuesta
They competitively block histamine H2 receptors on gastric parietal cells, reducing acid secretion.
Tarjeta 33
Pregunta
SNRIs: core mechanism?
Respuesta
They inhibit serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake transporters, increasing both transmitters in synapses.
Tarjeta 34
Pregunta
Opioid analgesics: core mechanism?
Respuesta
They activate opioid receptors; many important analgesic effects and toxicities are mediated through mu receptors.
Tarjeta 35
Pregunta
Glipizide, glyburide, and glimepiride belong to which class?
Respuesta
Sulfonylureas. Their names offer clues, but the broad ending -ide is not class-specific.
Tarjeta 36
Pregunta
ARBs: core mechanism?
Respuesta
They block angiotensin II at AT1 receptors, reducing vasoconstriction and aldosterone effects.
Tarjeta 37
Pregunta
H2 blockers: common uses?
Respuesta
Acid-related disorders such as heartburn, GERD, and gastric or duodenal ulcers.
Tarjeta 38
Pregunta
Cephalosporins: core mechanism?
Respuesta
Their beta-lactam ring binds penicillin-binding proteins and disrupts bacterial cell-wall synthesis.
Tarjeta 39
Pregunta
SNRIs: major safety concepts?
Respuesta
Serotonin syndrome, blood-pressure increases, discontinuation symptoms, and the antidepressant suicidality warning for younger people.
Tarjeta 40
Pregunta
Morphine, oxycodone, and fentanyl belong to which broad class?
Respuesta
Opioid analgesics. The class has no single reliable generic-name suffix.
Tarjeta 41
Pregunta
Sulfonylureas: common use?
Respuesta
Type 2 diabetes when increasing pancreatic insulin release is appropriate.
Tarjeta 42
Pregunta
ARBs: major safety concepts?
Respuesta
Hyperkalemia, hypotension, kidney-function changes, and fetal harm are major concerns; cough is less common than with ACE inhibitors.
Tarjeta 43
Pregunta
Which class is often suggested by the ending -tidine?
Respuesta
H2 receptor blockers, such as famotidine and cimetidine. Confirm the individual drug.
Tarjeta 44
Pregunta
Cephalosporins: common use?
Respuesta
Treatment of susceptible bacterial infections; antibacterial spectrum varies widely by agent and generation.
Tarjeta 45
Pregunta
Which name endings can suggest an SNRI?
Respuesta
-faxine or sometimes -oxetine, but neither is decisive. The -oxetine ending also appears in some SSRIs.
Tarjeta 46
Pregunta
Opioid analgesics: major safety concepts?
Respuesta
Respiratory depression, sedation, constipation, tolerance, dependence, and overdose; benzodiazepines and other depressants increase danger.
Tarjeta 47
Pregunta
Sulfonylureas: major safety concepts?
Respuesta
Hypoglycemia and weight gain are the main class patterns, with risk differing among agents and clinical contexts.
Tarjeta 48
Pregunta
ARBs: common uses?
Respuesta
Hypertension and selected heart-failure and kidney-protection indications.
Tarjeta 49
Pregunta
H2 blockers: major safety concepts?
Respuesta
They are usually well tolerated, but confusion or other CNS effects can occur with reduced clearance; cimetidine has many interactions.
Tarjeta 50
Pregunta
Which class is often suggested by cef- or ceph-?
Respuesta
Cephalosporins, such as cefazolin and cephalexin. The name does not reveal the full spectrum.
Tarjeta 51
Pregunta
SNRIs: common uses?
Respuesta
Depression and anxiety disorders; selected agents also treat neuropathic pain or fibromyalgia.
Tarjeta 52
Pregunta
Opioid analgesics: common uses?
Respuesta
Analgesia for selected severe pain and perioperative settings; individual opioids also have other specific uses.
Tarjeta 53
Pregunta
Which class is often suggested by the ending -sartan?
Respuesta
Angiotensin II receptor blockers, or ARBs. Examples include losartan and valsartan.
Tarjeta 54
Pregunta
Cephalosporins: major safety concepts?
Respuesta
Hypersensitivity and antibiotic-associated diarrhea are important; penicillin cross-reactivity depends largely on similar side chains.
Tarjeta 55
Pregunta
Beta2 agonists: core mechanism?
Respuesta
They activate beta2 receptors, increasing cAMP and relaxing airway smooth muscle.
Tarjeta 56
Pregunta
Beta blockers: core mechanism?
Respuesta
They antagonize beta-adrenergic receptors; beta1 blockade can reduce heart rate, contractility, and renin release.
Tarjeta 57
Pregunta
Systemic corticosteroids: core mechanism?
Respuesta
They bind intracellular glucocorticoid receptors and alter gene transcription, reducing inflammatory and immune signaling.
Tarjeta 58
Pregunta
Benzodiazepines: core mechanism?
Respuesta
They positively modulate GABA-A receptors, increasing the frequency of chloride-channel opening when GABA is present.
Tarjeta 59
Pregunta
Which class is often suggested by the ending -terol?
Respuesta
Beta2 agonist bronchodilators, such as formoterol and salmeterol. Albuterol is a familiar exception.
Tarjeta 60
Pregunta
Macrolides: core mechanism?
Respuesta
They bind the bacterial 50S ribosomal subunit and inhibit protein synthesis.
Tarjeta 61
Pregunta
Beta blockers: common uses?
Respuesta
Selected cardiovascular conditions such as arrhythmias, ischemic heart disease, heart failure, and hypertension; some agents have noncardiac uses.
Tarjeta 62
Pregunta
GLP-1 receptor agonists: core mechanism?
Respuesta
They activate GLP-1 receptors, increasing glucose-dependent insulin release, suppressing glucagon, and slowing gastric emptying.
Tarjeta 63
Pregunta
Systemic corticosteroids: major safety concepts?
Respuesta
Infection, hyperglycemia, osteoporosis, and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal suppression; risks rise with systemic exposure and duration.
126 tarjetas
Pharmacology Drug Class Flashcards: Mechanisms, Uses & Safety Patterns
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Tarjeta 64
Pregunta
Which endings often suggest a benzodiazepine?
Respuesta
-azepam or -azolam, as in diazepam or midazolam. Not every sedative with a similar ending belongs to this class.
Tarjeta 65
Pregunta
Beta2 agonists: common use?
Respuesta
Bronchodilation in asthma or COPD regimens; short- and long-acting agents play different roles.
Tarjeta 66
Pregunta
Macrolides: major safety concepts?
Respuesta
Gastrointestinal effects, QT prolongation, and clinically important interactions that vary by agent.
Tarjeta 67
Pregunta
Which class is often suggested by the ending -olol?
Respuesta
Beta blockers, such as metoprolol and propranolol. Receptor selectivity still varies by agent.
Tarjeta 68
Pregunta
GLP-1 receptor agonists: common uses?
Respuesta
Type 2 diabetes; selected agents are also approved for chronic weight management and cardiovascular-risk reduction.
Tarjeta 69
Pregunta
Which patterns often suggest a systemic corticosteroid?
Respuesta
-sone or -olone, as in prednisone or prednisolone, but these endings are not unique to the class.
Tarjeta 70
Pregunta
Benzodiazepines: major safety concepts?
Respuesta
Sedation, dependence and withdrawal, plus respiratory depression—especially with opioids, alcohol, or other CNS depressants.
Tarjeta 71
Pregunta
Beta2 agonists: major safety concepts?
Respuesta
Tremor, palpitations or tachycardia, hypokalemia, and rare paradoxical bronchospasm.
Tarjeta 72
Pregunta
Macrolides: common use?
Respuesta
Treatment of selected susceptible bacterial infections, including some respiratory and atypical pathogens.
Tarjeta 73
Pregunta
Beta blockers: major safety concepts?
Respuesta
Bradycardia and hypotension; nonselective agents can cause bronchospasm, and the class can mask adrenergic signs of hypoglycemia.
Tarjeta 74
Pregunta
Which class is often suggested by -glutide?
Respuesta
GLP-1 receptor agonists, such as semaglutide and liraglutide. Exenatide and lixisenatide show the pattern is not universal.
Tarjeta 75
Pregunta
Systemic corticosteroids: common uses?
Respuesta
Inflammatory, allergic, and autoimmune disorders, with the route and agent chosen for the condition.
Tarjeta 76
Pregunta
Benzodiazepines: common uses?
Respuesta
Anxiety, seizures, procedural sedation, or alcohol withdrawal, depending on the agent and setting.
Tarjeta 77
Pregunta
Which class is often suggested by the ending -thromycin?
Respuesta
Macrolide antibiotics, such as azithromycin and clarithromycin. Confirm the individual agent.
Tarjeta 78
Pregunta
GLP-1 receptor agonists: major safety concepts?
Respuesta
Gastrointestinal effects are common; gallbladder disease and pancreatitis are warnings, and some labels warn about thyroid C-cell tumors.
Tarjeta 79
Pregunta
Second-generation antipsychotics: core mechanism?
Respuesta
Most modulate dopamine D2 and serotonin 5-HT2A signaling, but receptor profiles vary substantially by agent.
Tarjeta 80
Pregunta
Tetracyclines: core mechanism?
Respuesta
They bind the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit and inhibit protein synthesis.
Tarjeta 81
Pregunta
Dihydropyridine calcium-channel blockers: core mechanism?
Respuesta
They block L-type calcium channels mainly in vascular smooth muscle, causing arteriolar relaxation.
Tarjeta 82
Pregunta
Inhaled antimuscarinics: core mechanism?
Respuesta
They block airway muscarinic receptors, reducing vagal bronchoconstriction and promoting bronchodilation.
Tarjeta 83
Pregunta
Which endings often suggest a second-generation antipsychotic?
Respuesta
-apine or -idone often appear, but many members use other endings and the stems are not class-specific.
Tarjeta 84
Pregunta
SGLT2 inhibitors: core mechanism?
Respuesta
They inhibit renal sodium-glucose cotransporter 2, increasing urinary glucose and sodium excretion.
Tarjeta 85
Pregunta
Tetracyclines: common uses?
Respuesta
Selected susceptible bacterial infections and, for some agents, acne or rosacea.
Tarjeta 86
Pregunta
Bisphosphonates: core mechanism?
Respuesta
They bind bone mineral and inhibit osteoclast-mediated bone resorption.
Tarjeta 87
Pregunta
Dihydropyridine calcium-channel blockers: major safety concepts?
Respuesta
Peripheral edema, flushing, headache, dizziness, and hypotension are characteristic patterns.
Tarjeta 88
Pregunta
Which class is often suggested by the ending -tropium?
Respuesta
Inhaled antimuscarinic bronchodilators, such as ipratropium and tiotropium. Several class members use other endings.
Tarjeta 89
Pregunta
Second-generation antipsychotics: common uses?
Respuesta
Schizophrenia and selected bipolar or other psychiatric indications; approvals differ by agent.
Tarjeta 90
Pregunta
SGLT2 inhibitors: major safety concepts?
Respuesta
Genital infections, volume depletion, ketoacidosis, and rare necrotizing infection of the perineum.
Tarjeta 91
Pregunta
Which class is often suggested by the ending -cycline?
Respuesta
Tetracycline antibiotics, such as doxycycline and minocycline. Confirm the individual drug.
Tarjeta 92
Pregunta
Bisphosphonates: common uses?
Respuesta
Osteoporosis and selected disorders with excessive bone resorption, including Paget disease or malignancy-related bone disease.
Tarjeta 93
Pregunta
Which class is often suggested by the ending -dipine?
Respuesta
Dihydropyridine calcium-channel blockers, such as amlodipine and nifedipine.
Tarjeta 94
Pregunta
Inhaled antimuscarinics: major safety concepts?
Respuesta
Dry mouth, urinary retention, tachycardia, and eye exposure that may worsen narrow-angle glaucoma.
Tarjeta 95
Pregunta
Second-generation antipsychotics: major safety concepts?
Respuesta
Metabolic effects, movement disorders, QT effects, and neuroleptic malignant syndrome; labels warn about increased mortality in elderly patients with dementia-related psychosis.
Tarjeta 96
Pregunta
SGLT2 inhibitors: common uses?
Respuesta
Type 2 diabetes; selected agents also treat heart failure or chronic kidney disease.
Tarjeta 97
Pregunta
Tetracyclines: major safety concepts?
Respuesta
Gastrointestinal or esophageal irritation, photosensitivity, and effects on developing teeth and bone are key patterns.
Tarjeta 98
Pregunta
Which class is often suggested by the ending -dronate?
Respuesta
Bisphosphonates, such as alendronate and risedronate. Confirm the individual agent and formulation.
Tarjeta 99
Pregunta
Dihydropyridine calcium-channel blockers: common uses?
Respuesta
Hypertension and angina, using vascular smooth-muscle relaxation to reduce arterial tone.
Tarjeta 100
Pregunta
Inhaled antimuscarinics: common use?
Respuesta
Maintenance bronchodilation, especially in COPD; selected agents also serve as add-on asthma therapy.
Tarjeta 101
Pregunta
Which class is often suggested by the ending -gliflozin?
Respuesta
SGLT2 inhibitors, such as empagliflozin and dapagliflozin.
Tarjeta 102
Pregunta
Bisphosphonates: major safety concepts?
Respuesta
Upper-GI irritation with oral agents, hypocalcemia, and rare osteonecrosis of the jaw or atypical femur fracture.
Tarjeta 103
Pregunta
TNF inhibitors: core mechanism?
Respuesta
They neutralize tumor necrosis factor signaling, reducing downstream inflammation.
Tarjeta 104
Pregunta
DPP-4 inhibitors: core mechanism?
Respuesta
They inhibit DPP-4, prolonging endogenous incretin activity and increasing glucose-dependent insulin release.
Tarjeta 105
Pregunta
Inhaled corticosteroids: core mechanism?
Respuesta
They activate glucocorticoid receptors in airway cells, reducing inflammatory gene expression and airway inflammation.
Tarjeta 106
Pregunta
Statins: core mechanism?
Respuesta
They inhibit HMG-CoA reductase, reducing hepatic cholesterol synthesis and increasing hepatic LDL-receptor activity.
Tarjeta 107
Pregunta
Adalimumab, infliximab, and etanercept belong to which class?
Respuesta
TNF inhibitors. The class has no single specific shared suffix: -mab is broad, and etanercept ends in -cept.
Tarjeta 108
Pregunta
Triptans: core mechanism?
Respuesta
They activate serotonin 5-HT1B/1D receptors, reducing trigeminal signaling and causing cranial vasoconstriction.
Tarjeta 109
Pregunta
DPP-4 inhibitors: common use?
Respuesta
Type 2 diabetes, using enhanced endogenous incretin signaling to improve glucose-dependent insulin release.
Tarjeta 110
Pregunta
Fluoroquinolones: core mechanism?
Respuesta
They inhibit bacterial DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV, disrupting DNA replication.
Tarjeta 111
Pregunta
Inhaled corticosteroids: major safety concepts?
Respuesta
Oral candidiasis and dysphonia are important local effects; systemic effects become more relevant with higher exposure.
Tarjeta 112
Pregunta
Which class is suggested by the ending -statin?
Respuesta
HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors, or statins, such as atorvastatin and rosuvastatin.
Tarjeta 113
Pregunta
TNF inhibitors: common uses?
Respuesta
Selected autoimmune inflammatory diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, and psoriasis-related conditions.
Tarjeta 114
Pregunta
Triptans: major safety concepts?
Respuesta
Vasoconstrictive risk in coronary, cerebrovascular, or peripheral vascular disease, plus tingling, flushing, or chest pressure called triptan sensations.
Tarjeta 115
Pregunta
Which class is suggested by the ending -gliptin?
Respuesta
DPP-4 inhibitors, such as sitagliptin and linagliptin.
Tarjeta 116
Pregunta
Fluoroquinolones: common use?
Respuesta
Selected serious or resistant bacterial infections when their spectrum and risk profile fit the infection.
Tarjeta 117
Pregunta
Which patterns often suggest an inhaled corticosteroid?
Respuesta
-sonide or -sone often appear, as in budesonide or fluticasone, but these endings are not class-specific.
Tarjeta 118
Pregunta
Statins: major safety concepts?
Respuesta
Muscle symptoms and rare rhabdomyolysis or liver injury; pregnancy is a major risk context, although FDA no longer applies a blanket class contraindication.
Tarjeta 119
Pregunta
TNF inhibitors: major safety concepts?
Respuesta
Serious infections and reactivation of tuberculosis or hepatitis B are central concerns; other warnings vary by agent.
Tarjeta 120
Pregunta
Triptans: common use?
Respuesta
Acute treatment of migraine attacks; they are not general-purpose analgesics or routine migraine preventives.
Tarjeta 121
Pregunta
DPP-4 inhibitors: major safety concepts?
Respuesta
Severe joint pain and pancreatitis are warnings; some agents also carry a heart-failure warning.
Tarjeta 122
Pregunta
Which class is suggested by the ending -floxacin?
Respuesta
Fluoroquinolone antibiotics, such as ciprofloxacin and levofloxacin.
Tarjeta 123
Pregunta
Inhaled corticosteroids: common use?
Respuesta
Controller therapy for asthma and selected COPD regimens; they reduce inflammation rather than acting as standalone rescue bronchodilators.
Tarjeta 124
Pregunta
Statins: common uses?
Respuesta
Lowering LDL cholesterol and reducing atherosclerotic cardiovascular risk.
Tarjeta 125
Pregunta
Which class is suggested by the ending -triptan?
Respuesta
Triptan antimigraine agents, such as sumatriptan and rizatriptan.
Tarjeta 126
Pregunta
Fluoroquinolones: major safety concepts?
Respuesta
Potentially disabling tendon, muscle, joint, nerve, and CNS effects, plus a rare risk of aortic aneurysm or rupture in susceptible people.
126 tarjetas
Pharmacology Drug Class Flashcards: Mechanisms, Uses & Safety Patterns
Flashcards se abrirá para que puedas empezar a estudiar.