What posture defines the standard anatomical position?

Standing upright, facing forward, with arms at the sides and palms forward. The feet point forward, giving anatomy a consistent reference position.

In anatomical language, what does superior mean?

Toward the head or above another structure. Inferior means toward the feet or below.

Which anatomical plane divides the body into left and right portions?

The sagittal plane. A midsagittal plane divides the body into equal left and right halves.

Why does the body use feedback mechanisms?

To regulate internal conditions. Feedback compares a condition with a set range and triggers responses that adjust it.

What is the order of structural organization from simplest to most complex?

Chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system, organism. Each level builds on interactions at the preceding level.

What does anterior mean in human anatomy?

Toward the front of the body. Posterior means toward the back.

Which plane divides the body into upper and lower portions?

The transverse plane. It is also called the horizontal plane.

The maintenance of a relatively stable internal environment. It is dynamic rather than perfectly unchanging.

Which major body cavity contains the brain and spinal cord?

The dorsal body cavity. Its cranial cavity holds the brain, and its vertebral cavity holds the spinal cord.

What does medial mean in anatomical language?

Toward the body's midline. Lateral means farther from the midline.

A rise in body temperature triggers sweating. What control pattern is this?

Negative feedback. The response opposes the original temperature change and moves the body toward its normal range.

Which anatomical plane divides the body into front and back portions?

The frontal, or coronal, plane. It separates anterior from posterior portions.

Which major body cavity contains the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities?

The ventral body cavity. The diaphragm separates its thoracic and abdominopelvic portions.

What does proximal mean when describing a limb?

Closer to the limb's point of attachment. Distal means farther from that point.

How does positive feedback differ from negative feedback?

Positive feedback amplifies the initial change. Negative feedback opposes a change; positive feedback continues until a stopping event occurs.

Which tissue type covers surfaces and lines body cavities?

Epithelial tissue. It also forms many glands and often serves protective, absorptive, or secretory roles.

Which tissue type mainly supports, binds, and protects other tissues?

Connective tissue. Its cells are typically separated by an extracellular matrix.

What shared property lets muscle tissue produce movement?

Contractility. Muscle cells shorten or develop tension in response to stimulation.

Which tissue type rapidly communicates by electrical signals?

Nervous tissue. Neurons transmit signals, while supporting cells help maintain their environment.

Why are tightly packed epithelial cells well suited for barriers?

They leave little space between cells. This continuous arrangement limits passage across a surface.

What distinguishes connective tissue from epithelial tissue?

Connective tissue usually has abundant extracellular matrix. Epithelial cells are more tightly packed.

What are the four basic human tissue types?

Epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous tissue. Organs contain two or more tissue types working together.

What makes a structure an organ rather than a tissue?

An organ combines multiple tissue types for a specific function. A tissue is a group of similar cells and matrix performing related work.

What are the skeletal system's main functions?

Support, protection, movement, mineral storage, blood-cell production, and fat storage. Bones also provide levers for muscles.

What belongs to the axial skeleton?

The skull, vertebral column, and thoracic cage. These structures form the body's central axis.

How do compact and spongy bone differ?

Compact bone is dense; spongy bone has a lattice of trabeculae. Both are organized living bone tissue.

A place where two or more bones meet. Joint structure determines how much movement is possible.

Which bone cell builds new bone matrix?

An osteoblast. Osteoclasts break down bone, while osteocytes maintain mature bone tissue.

What belongs to the appendicular skeleton?

The limbs plus the shoulder and pelvic girdles. It attaches the limbs to the axial skeleton.

What is the main role of red bone marrow?

Blood-cell production. This process is called hematopoiesis.

Which joint class allows the greatest range of motion?

A synovial joint. A fluid-filled joint cavity reduces friction between articulating surfaces.

Which bone cell breaks down bone matrix?

An osteoclast. Bone resorption helps remodeling and mineral balance.

What does a ligament connect?

Bone to bone. A tendon connects muscle to bone.

What is the shaft of a long bone called?

The diaphysis. The enlarged ends are the epiphyses.

Why is bone important to blood-calcium balance?

Bone stores calcium and can release or absorb it during remodeling. Hormones regulate this exchange.

What is stored mainly in yellow bone marrow?

Fat. It serves as an energy reserve.

What does articular cartilage do at a synovial joint?

It reduces friction and absorbs shock. It covers the ends of articulating bones.

Why must a broken bone receive a blood supply during healing?

Repairing cells need oxygen and nutrients. Restored blood vessels support fracture healing.

What is bone remodeling?

Continuous removal and replacement of bone tissue. It repairs microdamage and helps bones adapt to stress.

Which muscle tissue is usually under voluntary control?

Skeletal muscle. Most skeletal muscles move the skeleton, while some, such as facial muscles, insert into skin or other soft tissue.

The basic contractile unit of striated muscle. It lies between two Z discs.

What does a tendon connect?

Muscle to bone. It transmits muscle force to the skeleton.

Which proteins slide past one another during muscle contraction?

Actin and myosin. Their interaction shortens sarcomeres without shortening the filaments themselves.

Where is smooth muscle commonly found?

In the walls of hollow organs and blood vessels. Its contractions are generally involuntary.

What ion exposes binding sites needed for skeletal muscle contraction?

Calcium. Its release inside the muscle fiber allows actin and myosin interaction.

How do antagonistic muscle pairs move a joint?

One muscle contracts while the opposing muscle relaxes. Reversing their roles moves the joint in the opposite direction.

Why does muscle contraction require ATP?

ATP powers cross-bridge cycling and ion pumps. It is also needed for myosin to detach from actin.

Which muscle tissue makes up the heart wall?

Cardiac muscle. It is striated, involuntary, and connected for coordinated pumping.

During a typical muscle contraction, which attachment moves more: origin or insertion?

The insertion. The origin is generally the more fixed attachment.

Which type of neuron sends the signal that initiates skeletal-muscle contraction?

A somatic motor neuron. It releases acetylcholine at the neuromuscular junction, triggering an action potential in the muscle fiber.

Continuous low-level muscle tension. It helps maintain posture and readiness without producing a large movement.

ATI TEAS 7 Science Flashcards: A&P, Biology, Chemistry & Scientific Reasoning

Practice 446 original ATI TEAS 7 Science recall and mini-scenario cards across A&P, biology, chemistry, and scientific reasoning.

Автор Flashcards Open Source App

Об этой колоде

Build the core Science knowledge and reasoning used for ATI TEAS 7 with 446 independently authored flashcards.

What this deck practices

Structure or concept → function: body systems, cells, molecules, atoms, solutions, and experimental parts.
Function, outcome, or evidence → concept: selective reverse recall when recognizing the name matters in practice.
Cause or condition → effect: physiology, chemical changes, reaction conditions, inheritance, and experimental predictions.
Process and order: circulation, ventilation, digestion, urine formation, gene expression, cell division, and scientific investigations.
Application: short calculations, comparisons, data interpretations, and original mini-scenarios.

The deck does not mechanically reverse every fact. It excludes multiple-choice distractors, exhaustive anatomy lists, obscure chemical nomenclature, advanced pathophysiology, pharmacology, and nursing-school procedures because those mappings do not improve entry-level TEAS Science recall.

The sequence introduces prerequisites before dependent ideas: anatomical language before body systems, cells before genetics, atoms before reactions, and measurement before experimental design. Related forward and reverse variants are separated so one card does not immediately reveal another.

Coverage follows the four Science areas and relative emphasis in ATI's public ATI TEAS 7 content outline: Human Anatomy and Physiology, Biology, Chemistry, and Scientific Reasoning. The public outline defines scope only. Questions, answers, explanations, examples, and ordering were independently authored from common scientific knowledge checked against open educational and official public sources.

No exam question, mark scheme, paid ATI flashcard, test-bank item, or curriculum text was copied. This is an independent, unofficial educational deck by Flashcards Open Source App. ATI and TEAS are marks of Assessment Technologies Institute, L.L.C.; this deck is not affiliated with, endorsed by, or produced by ATI. See ATI's official exam details for current requirements.

Карточки в этой колоде

Карточка 1
Вопрос
What posture defines the standard anatomical position?
Ответ
Standing upright, facing forward, with arms at the sides and palms forward. The feet point forward, giving anatomy a consistent reference position.
Карточка 2
Вопрос
In anatomical language, what does superior mean?
Ответ
Toward the head or above another structure. Inferior means toward the feet or below.
Карточка 3
Вопрос
Which anatomical plane divides the body into left and right portions?
Ответ
The sagittal plane. A midsagittal plane divides the body into equal left and right halves.
Карточка 4
Вопрос
Why does the body use feedback mechanisms?
Ответ
To regulate internal conditions. Feedback compares a condition with a set range and triggers responses that adjust it.
Карточка 5
Вопрос
What is the order of structural organization from simplest to most complex?
Ответ
Chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system, organism. Each level builds on interactions at the preceding level.
Карточка 6
Вопрос
What does anterior mean in human anatomy?
Ответ
Toward the front of the body. Posterior means toward the back.
Карточка 7
Вопрос
Which plane divides the body into upper and lower portions?
Ответ
The transverse plane. It is also called the horizontal plane.
Карточка 8
Вопрос
What is homeostasis?
Ответ
The maintenance of a relatively stable internal environment. It is dynamic rather than perfectly unchanging.
Карточка 9
Вопрос
Which major body cavity contains the brain and spinal cord?
Ответ
The dorsal body cavity. Its cranial cavity holds the brain, and its vertebral cavity holds the spinal cord.
Карточка 10
Вопрос
What does medial mean in anatomical language?
Ответ
Toward the body's midline. Lateral means farther from the midline.
Карточка 11
Вопрос
A rise in body temperature triggers sweating. What control pattern is this?
Ответ
Negative feedback. The response opposes the original temperature change and moves the body toward its normal range.
Карточка 12
Вопрос
Which anatomical plane divides the body into front and back portions?
Ответ
The frontal, or coronal, plane. It separates anterior from posterior portions.
Карточка 13
Вопрос
Which major body cavity contains the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities?
Ответ
The ventral body cavity. The diaphragm separates its thoracic and abdominopelvic portions.
Карточка 14
Вопрос
What does proximal mean when describing a limb?
Ответ
Closer to the limb's point of attachment. Distal means farther from that point.
Карточка 15
Вопрос
How does positive feedback differ from negative feedback?
Ответ
Positive feedback amplifies the initial change. Negative feedback opposes a change; positive feedback continues until a stopping event occurs.
Карточка 16
Вопрос
Which tissue type covers surfaces and lines body cavities?
Ответ
Epithelial tissue. It also forms many glands and often serves protective, absorptive, or secretory roles.
Карточка 17
Вопрос
Which tissue type mainly supports, binds, and protects other tissues?
Ответ
Connective tissue. Its cells are typically separated by an extracellular matrix.
Карточка 18
Вопрос
What shared property lets muscle tissue produce movement?
Ответ
Contractility. Muscle cells shorten or develop tension in response to stimulation.
Карточка 19
Вопрос
Which tissue type rapidly communicates by electrical signals?
Ответ
Nervous tissue. Neurons transmit signals, while supporting cells help maintain their environment.
Карточка 20
Вопрос
Why are tightly packed epithelial cells well suited for barriers?
Ответ
They leave little space between cells. This continuous arrangement limits passage across a surface.
Карточка 21
Вопрос
What distinguishes connective tissue from epithelial tissue?
Ответ
Connective tissue usually has abundant extracellular matrix. Epithelial cells are more tightly packed.
Карточка 22
Вопрос
What are the four basic human tissue types?
Ответ
Epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous tissue. Organs contain two or more tissue types working together.
Карточка 23
Вопрос
What makes a structure an organ rather than a tissue?
Ответ
An organ combines multiple tissue types for a specific function. A tissue is a group of similar cells and matrix performing related work.
Карточка 24
Вопрос
What are the skeletal system's main functions?
Ответ
Support, protection, movement, mineral storage, blood-cell production, and fat storage. Bones also provide levers for muscles.
Карточка 25
Вопрос
What belongs to the axial skeleton?
Ответ
The skull, vertebral column, and thoracic cage. These structures form the body's central axis.
Карточка 26
Вопрос
How do compact and spongy bone differ?
Ответ
Compact bone is dense; spongy bone has a lattice of trabeculae. Both are organized living bone tissue.
Карточка 27
Вопрос
What is a joint?
Ответ
A place where two or more bones meet. Joint structure determines how much movement is possible.
Карточка 28
Вопрос
Which bone cell builds new bone matrix?
Ответ
An osteoblast. Osteoclasts break down bone, while osteocytes maintain mature bone tissue.
Карточка 29
Вопрос
What belongs to the appendicular skeleton?
Ответ
The limbs plus the shoulder and pelvic girdles. It attaches the limbs to the axial skeleton.
Карточка 30
Вопрос
What is the main role of red bone marrow?
Ответ
Blood-cell production. This process is called hematopoiesis.
Карточка 31
Вопрос
Which joint class allows the greatest range of motion?
Ответ
A synovial joint. A fluid-filled joint cavity reduces friction between articulating surfaces.
Карточка 32
Вопрос
Which bone cell breaks down bone matrix?
Ответ
An osteoclast. Bone resorption helps remodeling and mineral balance.
Карточка 33
Вопрос
What does a ligament connect?
Ответ
Bone to bone. A tendon connects muscle to bone.
Карточка 34
Вопрос
What is the shaft of a long bone called?
Ответ
The diaphysis. The enlarged ends are the epiphyses.
Карточка 35
Вопрос
Why is bone important to blood-calcium balance?
Ответ
Bone stores calcium and can release or absorb it during remodeling. Hormones regulate this exchange.
Карточка 36
Вопрос
What is stored mainly in yellow bone marrow?
Ответ
Fat. It serves as an energy reserve.
Карточка 37
Вопрос
What does articular cartilage do at a synovial joint?
Ответ
It reduces friction and absorbs shock. It covers the ends of articulating bones.
Карточка 38
Вопрос
Why must a broken bone receive a blood supply during healing?
Ответ
Repairing cells need oxygen and nutrients. Restored blood vessels support fracture healing.
Карточка 39
Вопрос
What is bone remodeling?
Ответ
Continuous removal and replacement of bone tissue. It repairs microdamage and helps bones adapt to stress.
Карточка 40
Вопрос
Which muscle tissue is usually under voluntary control?
Ответ
Skeletal muscle. Most skeletal muscles move the skeleton, while some, such as facial muscles, insert into skin or other soft tissue.
Карточка 41
Вопрос
What is a sarcomere?
Ответ
The basic contractile unit of striated muscle. It lies between two Z discs.
Карточка 42
Вопрос
What does a tendon connect?
Ответ
Muscle to bone. It transmits muscle force to the skeleton.
Карточка 43
Вопрос
Which proteins slide past one another during muscle contraction?
Ответ
Actin and myosin. Their interaction shortens sarcomeres without shortening the filaments themselves.
Карточка 44
Вопрос
Where is smooth muscle commonly found?
Ответ
In the walls of hollow organs and blood vessels. Its contractions are generally involuntary.
Карточка 45
Вопрос
What ion exposes binding sites needed for skeletal muscle contraction?
Ответ
Calcium. Its release inside the muscle fiber allows actin and myosin interaction.
Карточка 46
Вопрос
How do antagonistic muscle pairs move a joint?
Ответ
One muscle contracts while the opposing muscle relaxes. Reversing their roles moves the joint in the opposite direction.
Карточка 47
Вопрос
Why does muscle contraction require ATP?
Ответ
ATP powers cross-bridge cycling and ion pumps. It is also needed for myosin to detach from actin.
Карточка 48
Вопрос
Which muscle tissue makes up the heart wall?
Ответ
Cardiac muscle. It is striated, involuntary, and connected for coordinated pumping.
Карточка 49
Вопрос
During a typical muscle contraction, which attachment moves more: origin or insertion?
Ответ
The insertion. The origin is generally the more fixed attachment.
Карточка 50
Вопрос
Which type of neuron sends the signal that initiates skeletal-muscle contraction?
Ответ
A somatic motor neuron. It releases acetylcholine at the neuromuscular junction, triggering an action potential in the muscle fiber.
Карточка 51
Вопрос
What is muscle tone?
Ответ
Continuous low-level muscle tension. It helps maintain posture and readiness without producing a large movement.
Карточка 52
Вопрос
How does skeletal muscle help regulate body temperature?
Ответ
Contraction releases heat. Shivering increases rapid contractions when the body is cold.
Карточка 53
Вопрос
What are the three muscle tissue types?
Ответ
Skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle. They differ in location, structure, and control.
Карточка 54
Вопрос
What is a neuron's main function?
Ответ
To receive, process, and transmit information. Neurons use electrical signals and chemical messengers.
Карточка 55
Вопрос
What structures make up the central nervous system?
Ответ
The brain and spinal cord. They integrate information and coordinate responses.
Карточка 56
Вопрос
Which part of a neuron usually receives incoming signals?
Ответ
The dendrites. The cell body integrates much of that input.
Карточка 57
Вопрос
What does the peripheral nervous system include?
Ответ
Nerves and ganglia outside the brain and spinal cord. It links the central nervous system with the rest of the body.
Карточка 58
Вопрос
Which neuron structure carries an impulse away from the cell body?
Ответ
The axon. Its terminals communicate with another cell.
Карточка 59
Вопрос
Which nervous-system division controls skeletal muscles voluntarily?
Ответ
The somatic nervous system. It also carries sensory information from skin, muscles, and joints.
Карточка 60
Вопрос
What is a synapse?
Ответ
A junction where one neuron communicates with another cell. Chemical synapses use neurotransmitters across a small gap.
Карточка 61
Вопрос
Which nervous-system division regulates organs and glands without conscious control?
Ответ
The autonomic nervous system. It includes sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions.
Карточка 62
Вопрос
How does myelin affect nerve signaling?
Ответ
It speeds impulse conduction along an axon. Myelin insulates segments of the axon.
Карточка 63
Вопрос
Which autonomic division prepares the body for acute activity?
Ответ
The sympathetic division. It generally increases alertness and supports a fight-or-flight response.
Карточка 64
Вопрос
What is a reflex?
Ответ
A rapid, predictable response to a stimulus. A reflex pathway can act before conscious awareness.
Карточка 65
Вопрос
Which autonomic division supports rest, digestion, and energy conservation?
Ответ
The parasympathetic division. It generally promotes routine maintenance functions.
Карточка 66
Вопрос
Which brain region is most associated with conscious thought and voluntary movement?
Ответ
The cerebrum. Its cortex also processes much sensory information.
Карточка 67
Вопрос
Which brain region fine-tunes balance and coordinated movement?
Ответ
The cerebellum. It compares intended movement with sensory feedback.
Карточка 68
Вопрос
Which brain region controls vital automatic functions such as breathing and heart rate?
Ответ
The brainstem. It also connects higher brain regions with the spinal cord.
Карточка 69
Вопрос
How do sensory and motor neurons differ?
Ответ
Sensory neurons carry information toward the CNS; motor neurons carry commands away. Interneurons connect and process signals within the CNS.
Карточка 70
Вопрос
What does a sensory receptor do?
Ответ
It converts a stimulus into a neural signal. Different receptors respond best to particular forms of energy or chemicals.
Карточка 71
Вопрос
What is a hormone?
Ответ
A chemical messenger released into body fluids to affect target cells. A target responds only if it has the appropriate receptor.
Карточка 72
Вопрос
Why is the pituitary gland often called a master gland?
Ответ
Several pituitary hormones regulate other endocrine glands. The hypothalamus controls much of pituitary activity.
Карточка 73
Вопрос
Why can one hormone affect some cells but not others?
Ответ
Only target cells have the matching receptor. Receptor binding starts the cell's response.
Карточка 74
Вопрос
Which gland produces hormones that broadly increase metabolic activity?
Ответ
The thyroid gland. Thyroid hormones influence energy use and development.
Карточка 75
Вопрос
What is insulin's main effect on blood glucose?
Ответ
It lowers blood glucose. Insulin promotes glucose uptake and storage after a meal.
Карточка 76
Вопрос
Which glands release a hormone that raises blood calcium?
Ответ
The parathyroid glands. Parathyroid hormone acts on bone, kidneys, and vitamin D pathways.
Карточка 77
Вопрос
Which adrenal region releases epinephrine during acute stress?
Ответ
The adrenal medulla. Its hormones reinforce sympathetic nervous-system effects.
Карточка 78
Вопрос
Which organ has both endocrine and digestive functions?
Ответ
The pancreas. Its islets release hormones, while other cells release digestive enzymes.
Карточка 79
Вопрос
What is glucagon's main effect on blood glucose?
Ответ
It raises blood glucose. It promotes release of stored glucose during fasting.
Карточка 80
Вопрос
Rising thyroid hormone reduces its own upstream stimulation. What pattern is this?
Ответ
Negative feedback. The final hormone limits further release along the control pathway.
Карточка 81
Вопрос
Which adrenal region produces steroid hormones such as cortisol and aldosterone?
Ответ
The adrenal cortex. It surrounds the adrenal medulla.
Карточка 82
Вопрос
Which gland releases melatonin and helps regulate daily sleep timing?
Ответ
The pineal gland. Light information influences its secretion pattern.
Карточка 83
Вопрос
Which hormone directly increases collecting-duct water permeability?
Ответ
Antidiuretic hormone, or ADH. It makes collecting ducts more permeable to water, increasing water reabsorption and usually producing less, more concentrated urine.
Карточка 84
Вопрос
Which hormone strengthens uterine contractions during labor?
Ответ
Oxytocin. This is a classic positive-feedback pathway that ends after delivery.
Карточка 85
Вопрос
How does endocrine signaling generally differ from nervous signaling?
Ответ
It is usually slower to start and longer lasting. Hormones travel through body fluids, while neurons signal specific targets rapidly.
Карточка 86
Вопрос
What is plasma?
Ответ
The liquid portion of blood. It carries cells, nutrients, hormones, proteins, wastes, and dissolved gases.
Карточка 87
Вопрос
Which side of the heart pumps blood to the lungs?
Ответ
The right side. The right ventricle sends deoxygenated blood through the pulmonary trunk and arteries.
Карточка 88
Вопрос
What is the main function of red blood cells?
Ответ
Transporting oxygen. Their hemoglobin also carries a smaller share of carbon dioxide.
Карточка 89
Вопрос
What defines an artery?
Ответ
It carries blood away from the heart. Oxygen content does not define it; pulmonary arteries carry deoxygenated blood.
Карточка 90
Вопрос
What is the main function of white blood cells?
Ответ
Body defense. Different white blood cells recognize, attack, or coordinate responses to threats.
Карточка 91
Вопрос
Which side of the heart pumps blood into systemic circulation?
Ответ
The left side. The left ventricle sends oxygenated blood into the aorta.
Карточка 92
Вопрос
What is the main purpose of heart valves?
Ответ
To keep blood moving in one direction. Pressure differences open and close them.
Карточка 93
Вопрос
What defines a vein?
Ответ
It carries blood toward the heart. Many veins contain valves that limit backflow.
Карточка 94
Вопрос
What is the main role of platelets?
Ответ
Helping stop bleeding. They form a platelet plug and support clotting reactions at a damaged vessel.
Карточка 95
Вопрос
Why are capillaries well suited for exchange?
Ответ
Their walls are only one cell layer thick. Their small diameter and large total surface area support diffusion and filtration.
Карточка 96
Вопрос
After blood enters the right atrium, what chamber receives it next?
Ответ
The right ventricle. Blood passes through the tricuspid valve before entering that chamber.
Карточка 97
Вопрос
What happens during ventricular systole?
Ответ
The ventricles contract and eject blood. The right ventricle pumps to the lungs, and the left pumps to the body.
Карточка 98
Вопрос
What is pulmonary circulation?
Ответ
Blood flow between the heart and lungs. It allows gas exchange and returns oxygenated blood to the left atrium.
Карточка 99
Вопрос
What normally sets the heart's rhythm?
Ответ
The sinoatrial, or SA, node. Its spontaneous electrical activity initiates each heartbeat.
Карточка 100
Вопрос
What molecule in red blood cells binds oxygen?
Ответ
Hemoglobin. Its iron-containing heme groups bind oxygen reversibly.
Карточка 101
Вопрос
What happens during ventricular diastole?
Ответ
The ventricles relax and fill. Atrioventricular valves are open during most ventricular filling.
Карточка 102
Вопрос
What is systemic circulation?
Ответ
Blood flow between the heart and the body's tissues. It delivers oxygen and nutrients and returns wastes.
Карточка 103
Вопрос
What does arterial blood pressure measure?
Ответ
The force of blood against artery walls. It is commonly reported as systolic over diastolic pressure.
Карточка 104
Вопрос
What do coronary arteries supply?
Ответ
The heart muscle itself. Blocked coronary blood flow can deprive myocardium of oxygen.
Карточка 105
Вопрос
Which major vessels return systemic blood to the right atrium?
Ответ
The superior and inferior venae cavae. The superior vessel drains the upper body; the inferior drains the lower body.
Карточка 106
Вопрос
What is the respiratory system's primary gas-exchange function?
Ответ
Bringing oxygen into the body and removing carbon dioxide. Ventilation moves air, while diffusion exchanges gases.
Карточка 107
Вопрос
What is the airflow sequence from the pharynx to the gas-exchange surfaces?
Ответ
Pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli. Each branch conducts air deeper into the lungs.
Карточка 108
Вопрос
Where does most gas exchange occur in the lungs?
Ответ
Across the alveolar-capillary membrane. Thin walls and a large surface area shorten diffusion distance.
Карточка 109
Вопрос
What does the diaphragm do during quiet inhalation?
Ответ
It contracts and moves downward. Thoracic volume rises, lung pressure falls, and air flows inward.
Карточка 110
Вопрос
Why does oxygen move from alveoli into pulmonary capillaries?
Ответ
Its partial pressure is higher in alveolar air than in incoming blood. Oxygen diffuses down that gradient.
Карточка 111
Вопрос
What drives quiet exhalation?
Ответ
Elastic recoil after inspiratory muscles relax. Thoracic volume falls and pressure pushes air outward.
Карточка 112
Вопрос
What is the pleura?
Ответ
A double membrane surrounding each lung. A thin fluid layer reduces friction during breathing.
Карточка 113
Вопрос
How is most oxygen transported in blood?
Ответ
Bound to hemoglobin in red blood cells. Only a small amount dissolves directly in plasma.
Карточка 114
Вопрос
Why does carbon dioxide move from pulmonary blood into alveoli?
Ответ
Its partial pressure is higher in incoming blood than in alveolar air. It diffuses down that gradient for exhalation.
Карточка 115
Вопрос
What helps keep swallowed material out of the airway?
Ответ
The epiglottis and coordinated swallowing reflexes. The laryngeal opening is protected as food passes.
Карточка 116
Вопрос
How does the conducting airway remove trapped particles?
Ответ
Mucus traps them, and cilia move the mucus toward the throat. This is the mucociliary escalator.
Карточка 117
Вопрос
In what form is most carbon dioxide transported in blood?
Ответ
As bicarbonate ions. Red blood cells help convert carbon dioxide and water into bicarbonate.
Карточка 118
Вопрос
Which blood change is a strong normal stimulus to increase breathing?
Ответ
A rise in carbon dioxide and the associated fall in pH. Brainstem centers adjust ventilation in response.
Карточка 119
Вопрос
Why must alveoli receive both air and blood?
Ответ
Gas exchange needs ventilation and perfusion. Air without blood flow, or blood without airflow, cannot exchange gases effectively.
Карточка 120
Вопрос
Why does ventilation increase during exercise?
Ответ
Active tissues use more oxygen and produce more carbon dioxide. Faster, deeper breathing helps meet that demand.
Карточка 121
Вопрос
What are the digestive system's core functions?
Ответ
Ingestion, digestion, absorption, and elimination. Movement and secretion support those processes.
Карточка 122
Вопрос
What is the alimentary-canal sequence after the mouth?
Ответ
Pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, anus. Food passes through this continuous tube.
Карточка 123
Вопрос
What is mechanical digestion?
Ответ
Physical breakdown and mixing of food without changing its molecules. Chewing and stomach churning are examples.
Карточка 124
Вопрос
What are two major functions of the stomach?
Ответ
It stores and mixes food and begins substantial protein digestion. Acid denatures proteins, converts pepsinogen to pepsin, and provides the low pH pepsin needs.
Карточка 125
Вопрос
Where does most nutrient absorption occur?
Ответ
The small intestine. Folds, villi, and microvilli create a large absorptive surface.
Карточка 126
Вопрос
Which nutrient does salivary amylase begin digesting in the mouth?
Ответ
Carbohydrates, especially starch. Salivary amylase breaks starch into smaller carbohydrates.
Карточка 127
Вопрос
What is chemical digestion?
Ответ
Enzymatic breakdown of large food molecules into absorbable units. Chemical bonds are changed during the process.
Карточка 128
Вопрос
What is peristalsis?
Ответ
Wave-like smooth-muscle contractions that move material forward. It occurs throughout much of the digestive tract.
Карточка 129
Вопрос
What is a main function of the large intestine?
Ответ
Absorbing water and electrolytes and forming feces. Resident microbes also process some undigested material.
Карточка 130
Вопрос
What digestive product does the liver make?
Ответ
Bile. Bile salts help disperse dietary fat into smaller droplets.
Карточка 131
Вопрос
What does a digestive sphincter do?
Ответ
It regulates movement between regions of the digestive tract. Circular muscle contracts to close a passage.
Карточка 132
Вопрос
What does the pancreas release into the small intestine?
Ответ
Digestive enzymes and bicarbonate-rich fluid. Bicarbonate helps neutralize acidic material from the stomach.
Карточка 133
Вопрос
How do intestinal villi improve absorption?
Ответ
They increase surface area. Each villus contains blood capillaries and a lymphatic lacteal for transported nutrients.
Карточка 134
Вопрос
What is the gallbladder's role?
Ответ
It stores and concentrates bile. It releases bile into the small intestine when fatty food arrives.
Карточка 135
Вопрос
Which macronutrient's absorbed products usually enter intestinal lacteals before reaching the blood?
Ответ
Most dietary lipids. Their absorbed products travel through lymph before entering the bloodstream.
Карточка 136
Вопрос
Which accessory organs help digestion without food passing through them?
Ответ
The teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas. Teeth and the tongue act mechanically; the other accessory organs add or store digestive secretions.
Карточка 137
Вопрос
What organs make up the urinary system?
Ответ
The kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra. Kidneys make urine; the remaining organs transport, store, and release it.
Карточка 138
Вопрос
What is a nephron?
Ответ
The kidney's functional unit. It filters blood and adjusts the filtrate to form urine.
Карточка 139
Вопрос
Where does blood filtration begin in a nephron?
Ответ
At the renal corpuscle. Pressure pushes water and small solutes from glomerular capillaries into the capsule.
Карточка 140
Вопрос
What moves urine from a kidney to the bladder?
Ответ
A ureter. Smooth-muscle contractions propel urine along the tube.
Карточка 141
Вопрос
What is the urinary bladder's main role?
Ответ
Temporary urine storage. Stretch receptors help trigger the urge to urinate as it fills.
Карточка 142
Вопрос
Which structure carries urine from the bladder out of the body?
Ответ
The urethra. It is distinct from the ureters that enter the bladder.
Карточка 143
Вопрос
What is tubular reabsorption?
Ответ
Movement of useful substances from nephron fluid back into blood. Water, glucose, and ions are common examples.
Карточка 144
Вопрос
What is the glomerulus?
Ответ
A capillary tuft that filters blood in the renal corpuscle. Cells and most large proteins normally remain in circulation.
Карточка 145
Вопрос
How does more ADH change urine?
Ответ
It makes urine more concentrated and lowers its volume. More water is reabsorbed from the collecting ducts.
Карточка 146
Вопрос
What path does filtrate follow after entering the glomerular capsule?
Ответ
Proximal convoluted tubule → nephron loop → distal convoluted tubule → collecting duct. The collecting duct receives forming urine from multiple nephrons.
Карточка 147
Вопрос
What is tubular secretion?
Ответ
Movement of selected substances from blood into nephron fluid. It helps eliminate wastes and regulate ions and pH.
Карточка 148
Вопрос
Besides removing waste, what does the urinary system regulate?
Ответ
Water, electrolytes, acid-base balance, and blood volume. Kidney hormones also affect blood pressure and red-cell production.
Карточка 149
Вопрос
Why does dehydration usually reduce urine volume?
Ответ
The body conserves water by increasing renal reabsorption. ADH is an important signal in this response.
Карточка 150
Вопрос
Why do the kidneys receive a large blood flow?
Ответ
They must continuously filter plasma and regulate its composition. High flow supports waste removal and homeostasis.
Карточка 151
Вопрос
What is lymph?
Ответ
Interstitial fluid that has entered lymphatic vessels. It eventually returns to the bloodstream.
Карточка 152
Вопрос
What is innate immunity?
Ответ
Rapid, nonspecific defense present before a particular exposure. Barriers, inflammation, and several immune cells contribute.
Карточка 153
Вопрос
What is a major function of lymph nodes?
Ответ
Filtering lymph and providing sites for immune-cell activation. Swelling can reflect an active immune response.
Карточка 154
Вопрос
What does the spleen filter?
Ответ
Blood. It removes aged blood cells and supports immune responses to blood-borne antigens.
Карточка 155
Вопрос
What is a key function of B lymphocytes?
Ответ
Producing antibody-secreting cells and memory cells. Antibodies bind specific antigens.
Карточка 156
Вопрос
What distinguishes adaptive immunity?
Ответ
It targets specific antigens and develops memory. Later exposure can trigger a faster, stronger response.
Карточка 157
Вопрос
Which lymphatic organ is important for T-cell maturation?
Ответ
The thymus. It is most active early in life.
Карточка 158
Вопрос
What is the body's first physical barrier against many pathogens?
Ответ
Intact skin and mucous membranes. Their secretions and normal microbes add protection.
Карточка 159
Вопрос
What is a key function of T lymphocytes?
Ответ
Coordinating immune responses or killing infected cells. Different T-cell types perform different roles.
Карточка 160
Вопрос
What does an antibody bind?
Ответ
A specific antigen. Binding can neutralize a target or mark it for other immune defenses.
Карточка 161
Вопрос
What is the purpose of inflammation after tissue injury?
Ответ
To contain damage, recruit defenses, and begin repair. Redness, heat, swelling, and pain can accompany it.
Карточка 162
Вопрос
Why is a second adaptive response often faster than the first?
Ответ
Memory lymphocytes remain after the first exposure. They respond quickly when the same antigen appears again.
Карточка 163
Вопрос
What does a phagocyte do?
Ответ
It engulfs particles, microbes, or debris. Neutrophils and macrophages are important examples.
Карточка 164
Вопрос
How does vaccination support adaptive immunity?
Ответ
It safely exposes the immune system to antigen information. This promotes memory without requiring the full disease.
Карточка 165
Вопрос
Why is lymphatic fluid return important?
Ответ
It prevents excess interstitial fluid from accumulating. Lymphatic vessels return fluid and leaked proteins to blood.
Карточка 166
Вопрос
What structures belong to the integumentary system?
Ответ
Skin, hair, nails, sweat glands, and sebaceous glands. Together they form the body's outer covering.
Карточка 167
Вопрос
What is the epidermis?
Ответ
The outer epithelial layer of skin. It is avascular and contains protective keratinized cells.
Карточка 168
Вопрос
How does sweating cool the body?
Ответ
Evaporation removes heat from the skin. Skin blood-flow changes also help regulate heat loss.
Карточка 169
Вопрос
What is a major role of melanin in skin?
Ответ
Absorbing some ultraviolet radiation. It also contributes to skin and hair color.
Карточка 170
Вопрос
How does skin contribute to sensation?
Ответ
Sensory receptors detect touch, pressure, pain, and temperature. Nerves carry that information to the CNS.
Карточка 171
Вопрос
What is the dermis?
Ответ
The connective-tissue layer beneath the epidermis. It contains vessels, nerves, glands, and hair follicles.
Карточка 172
Вопрос
How does skin support vitamin D production?
Ответ
Ultraviolet light starts conversion of a skin molecule into a vitamin D precursor. The liver and kidneys complete activation.
Карточка 173
Вопрос
Why does a deep skin wound bleed but a shallow epidermal scrape may not?
Ответ
Blood vessels are in the dermis, not the epidermis. A wound must reach vascular tissue to damage them.
Карточка 174
Вопрос
What is a gamete?
Ответ
A haploid reproductive cell. Human sperm and oocytes each carry 23 chromosomes.
Карточка 175
Вопрос
What are the testes' two main reproductive functions?
Ответ
Producing sperm and secreting testosterone. Sperm develop in seminiferous tubules.
Карточка 176
Вопрос
What tube carries sperm from the epididymis toward the ejaculatory duct?
Ответ
The ductus, or vas, deferens. Smooth muscle propels sperm during ejaculation.
Карточка 177
Вопрос
What is ovulation?
Ответ
Release of a secondary oocyte from an ovary. A surge in luteinizing hormone helps trigger it.
Карточка 178
Вопрос
Where does fertilization usually occur?
Ответ
In a uterine tube. The early embryo then travels toward the uterus.
Карточка 179
Вопрос
What are the ovaries' two main reproductive functions?
Ответ
Producing oocytes and secreting sex hormones. Estrogen and progesterone help regulate the reproductive cycle.
Карточка 180
Вопрос
What is the uterus' main reproductive role?
Ответ
Supporting implantation and development of an embryo and fetus. Its muscular wall also contracts during birth.
Карточка 181
Вопрос
What causes menstruation when pregnancy does not occur?
Ответ
Falling ovarian hormones allow the uterine lining to shed. A new cycle then begins.
Карточка 182
Вопрос
How does a sperm cell's structure support its function?
Ответ
Its flagellum provides movement, and its head carries DNA plus enzymes used during fertilization. Mitochondria supply energy in the midpiece.
Карточка 183
Вопрос
What is the placenta's exchange role?
Ответ
It allows gases, nutrients, and wastes to move between maternal and fetal circulations. Their blood normally does not mix directly.
Карточка 184
Вопрос
Why is meiosis necessary for sexual reproduction?
Ответ
It halves chromosome number in gametes. Fertilization then restores the diploid number.
Карточка 185
Вопрос
How do sex hormones regulate reproductive control pathways?
Ответ
They usually feed back on the hypothalamus and pituitary. This adjusts release of hormones that act on the gonads.
Карточка 186
Вопрос
What does cell theory state?
Ответ
Living things are made of cells, cells are the basic units of life, and cells come from existing cells. These ideas link organism structure with cell division.
Карточка 187
Вопрос
What is the defining structural feature of a prokaryotic cell?
Ответ
It lacks a membrane-bound nucleus. Its DNA occupies a nucleoid region.
Карточка 188
Вопрос
What is the cell membrane's main role?
Ответ
Regulating movement between the cell and its environment. Its phospholipid bilayer is selectively permeable.
Карточка 189
Вопрос
What is the nucleus' main role?
Ответ
Storing most of a eukaryotic cell's DNA. Nuclear pores regulate exchange with the cytoplasm.
Карточка 190
Вопрос
Where are proteins assembled?
Ответ
At ribosomes. Ribosomes may float in cytosol or attach to rough endoplasmic reticulum.
Карточка 191
Вопрос
What distinguishes a eukaryotic cell from a prokaryotic cell?
Ответ
A eukaryotic cell has a membrane-bound nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles. Animals, plants, fungi, and protists are eukaryotes.
Карточка 192
Вопрос
What is a mitochondrion's main function?
Ответ
Producing most cellular ATP through aerobic respiration. Its inner membrane provides a large reaction surface.
Карточка 193
Вопрос
What does rough endoplasmic reticulum mainly produce?
Ответ
Proteins for secretion, membranes, or organelles. Ribosomes on its surface make the proteins.
Карточка 194
Вопрос
Which organelle carries out photosynthesis in plants and algae?
Ответ
The chloroplast. It converts light energy into chemical energy stored in organic molecules.
Карточка 195
Вопрос
What does the Golgi apparatus do?
Ответ
It modifies, sorts, and packages cell products. Vesicles carry those products to their destinations.
Карточка 196
Вопрос
What is a lysosome's role?
Ответ
Digesting worn cell parts and engulfed material. Its enzymes work best in an acidic interior.
Карточка 197
Вопрос
What are major functions of smooth endoplasmic reticulum?
Ответ
Lipid synthesis, detoxification, and calcium storage. Its membrane lacks attached ribosomes.
Карточка 198
Вопрос
What does the cytoskeleton provide?
Ответ
Cell shape, internal organization, movement, and transport tracks. It is built from protein filaments.
Карточка 199
Вопрос
What is diffusion?
Ответ
Net movement from higher to lower concentration. It is passive and continues until dynamic equilibrium is reached.
Карточка 200
Вопрос
What happens to an animal cell in a strongly hypotonic solution?
Ответ
Water enters and the cell swells. Without a cell wall, it may burst.
Карточка 201
Вопрос
What happens during interphase?
Ответ
The cell grows, performs normal functions, and copies its DNA. Interphase precedes mitotic division.
Карточка 202
Вопрос
What is the result of mitosis followed by cytokinesis?
Ответ
Two genetically similar daughter cells. Chromosome number is normally preserved.
Карточка 203
Вопрос
What is osmosis?
Ответ
Diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane. Water moves toward the side with more nonpenetrating solute.
Карточка 204
Вопрос
What happens to an animal cell in a hypertonic solution?
Ответ
Water leaves and the cell shrinks. The external solution has a higher effective solute concentration.
Карточка 205
Вопрос
Why are cells generally small?
Ответ
A high surface-area-to-volume ratio supports efficient exchange. Volume grows faster than surface area as a cell enlarges.
Карточка 206
Вопрос
What is cytokinesis?
Ответ
Division of the cytoplasm. It separates one cell into two after nuclear division.
Карточка 207
Вопрос
How does active transport differ from passive transport?
Ответ
It uses energy to move substances against a gradient. Passive transport moves down a gradient without direct energy input.
Карточка 208
Вопрос
What happens to an animal cell in an isotonic solution?
Ответ
There is no net water movement. Water still crosses in both directions at equal rates.
Карточка 209
Вопрос
Which structures are typical of plant cells but not animal cells?
Ответ
A cellulose cell wall, chloroplasts, and a large central vacuole. Both cell types have membranes, nuclei, and mitochondria.
Карточка 210
Вопрос
How do cells contribute to a multicellular organism's organization?
Ответ
Specialized cells form tissues, tissues form organs, and organs form systems. Division of labor supports complex functions.
Карточка 211
Вопрос
What is DNA's primary biological role?
Ответ
Storing hereditary information. Its nucleotide sequence contains instructions used to build functional RNA and proteins.
Карточка 212
Вопрос
What are the three parts of a DNA nucleotide?
Ответ
A deoxyribose sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base. Nucleotides link to form each strand.
Карточка 213
Вопрос
Which bases pair in double-stranded DNA?
Ответ
Adenine with thymine, and cytosine with guanine. Hydrogen bonds hold complementary strands together.
Карточка 214
Вопрос
How does RNA differ from DNA?
Ответ
RNA usually has ribose, uses uracil instead of thymine, and is usually single-stranded. Several RNA types help express genes.
Карточка 215
Вопрос
What is a gene?
Ответ
A DNA sequence that contributes to a functional product. The product may be a protein or a functional RNA.
Карточка 216
Вопрос
What is a chromosome?
Ответ
A long DNA molecule packaged with proteins. It contains many genes and other sequences.
Карточка 217
Вопрос
What is DNA replication?
Ответ
Copying DNA before cell division. Each new DNA molecule contains one old strand and one newly made strand.
Карточка 218
Вопрос
What is the usual flow of information from a protein-coding gene?
Ответ
DNA to RNA to protein. Transcription makes RNA; translation builds the polypeptide.
Карточка 219
Вопрос
What happens during transcription?
Ответ
RNA is synthesized from a DNA template. For a protein-coding gene, that RNA functions as or is processed into messenger RNA.
Карточка 220
Вопрос
What does messenger RNA carry?
Ответ
A copy of coding information from DNA to a ribosome. Its codons specify the amino-acid sequence.
Карточка 221
Вопрос
What is a codon?
Ответ
A three-nucleotide sequence in mRNA. Most codons specify an amino acid; some signal start or stop.
Карточка 222
Вопрос
What is the usual role of the AUG codon?
Ответ
It starts translation and specifies methionine. The ribosome uses it to establish the reading frame.
Карточка 223
Вопрос
What happens during translation?
Ответ
A ribosome reads mRNA and joins amino acids into a polypeptide. Transfer RNAs match codons with amino acids.
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Карточка 224
Вопрос
What is transfer RNA's role in protein synthesis?
Ответ
It carries an amino acid and matches its anticodon to an mRNA codon. This places the correct amino acid in sequence.
Карточка 225
Вопрос
What is an anticodon?
Ответ
A three-base sequence on tRNA complementary to an mRNA codon. Pairing helps decode the message.
Карточка 226
Вопрос
What is a mutation?
Ответ
A change in a DNA sequence. Its effect may be harmful, neutral, or beneficial depending on location and context.
Карточка 227
Вопрос
Why can a one-base insertion in a coding sequence have a large effect?
Ответ
It can shift the reading frame. Every downstream codon may change until a stop signal appears.
Карточка 228
Вопрос
Why can changing one amino acid alter a protein's function?
Ответ
Amino-acid sequence helps determine folding and shape. Shape controls many protein interactions.
Карточка 229
Вопрос
What is ribosomal RNA's role in protein synthesis?
Ответ
It forms the structural and catalytic core of ribosomes. Ribosomal RNA helps align translation components and catalyzes peptide-bond formation.
Карточка 230
Вопрос
Why can different cell types contain the same DNA but perform different jobs?
Ответ
They express different sets of genes. Different proteins give cells different structures and functions.
Карточка 231
Вопрос
Which mutation can be passed to offspring?
Ответ
A mutation present in a gamete-forming lineage. A mutation limited to ordinary body cells is not inherited through reproduction.
Карточка 232
Вопрос
What is an allele?
Ответ
An alternative version of a gene. Diploid individuals usually carry two alleles for each autosomal gene.
Карточка 233
Вопрос
What is genotype?
Ответ
An organism's allele combination for a gene or set of genes. Genotype contributes to phenotype.
Карточка 234
Вопрос
What does homozygous mean?
Ответ
Having two identical alleles for a gene. Examples include AA and aa.
Карточка 235
Вопрос
What makes an allele dominant in a simple Mendelian trait?
Ответ
One copy is enough for its phenotype to appear in a heterozygote. Dominant does not mean common or beneficial.
Карточка 236
Вопрос
What does Mendel's law of segregation describe?
Ответ
The two alleles for a gene separate during gamete formation. Each gamete receives one allele.
Карточка 237
Вопрос
What is phenotype?
Ответ
An observable trait or characteristic. It can reflect genotype, environment, and their interaction.
Карточка 238
Вопрос
What does heterozygous mean?
Ответ
Having two different alleles for a gene. An example is Aa.
Карточка 239
Вопрос
When does a recessive phenotype usually appear in a simple autosomal trait?
Ответ
When both alleles are recessive. A heterozygote carries the allele without showing that phenotype.
Карточка 240
Вопрос
When does independent assortment apply most clearly?
Ответ
When genes are on different chromosomes or far apart on the same chromosome. Their allele pairs enter gametes independently.
Карточка 241
Вопрос
What does a Punnett square predict?
Ответ
Expected offspring genotype probabilities from specified parental gametes. It does not guarantee outcomes in a small family.
Карточка 242
Вопрос
For Aa × Aa, what is the chance of an aa offspring?
Ответ
One fourth, or 25%. The genotype ratio is expected to be 1 AA : 2 Aa : 1 aa.
Карточка 243
Вопрос
For Aa × Aa with complete dominance, what phenotypic ratio is expected?
Ответ
Three dominant-phenotype offspring to one recessive-phenotype offspring. This is a probability across many offspring.
Карточка 244
Вопрос
How can a test cross reveal the genotype behind a dominant phenotype?
Ответ
Cross the individual with a homozygous recessive partner. Recessive offspring show that the unknown parent carried a recessive allele.
Карточка 245
Вопрос
What happens in incomplete dominance?
Ответ
A heterozygote has an intermediate phenotype. Neither allele fully masks the other.
Карточка 246
Вопрос
How is the probability of two independent genetic events both occurring found?
Ответ
Multiply their individual probabilities. This is the product rule.
Карточка 247
Вопрос
What does a pedigree show?
Ответ
How a trait appears across generations of a family. Its pattern can suggest a mode of inheritance.
Карточка 248
Вопрос
Why can two parents have offspring ratios that differ from a Punnett-square expectation?
Ответ
Each fertilization is a chance event. Expected ratios become more apparent with larger numbers of offspring.
Карточка 249
Вопрос
What happens in codominance?
Ответ
Both alleles are distinctly expressed in a heterozygote. The AB blood type is a common example.
Карточка 250
Вопрос
What are major roles of carbohydrates?
Ответ
Providing quick energy, storing energy, and forming some structures. Monosaccharides are their basic building blocks.
Карточка 251
Вопрос
What is a monomer?
Ответ
A small building block that can join with others to form a larger molecule. Glucose, amino acids, and nucleotides are examples in different classes.
Карточка 252
Вопрос
What happens in a dehydration-synthesis reaction?
Ответ
Monomers join while water is removed. The reaction builds a larger biological molecule.
Карточка 253
Вопрос
What does an enzyme do?
Ответ
It lowers activation energy and speeds a reaction without being consumed. Its shape helps it bind specific substrates.
Карточка 254
Вопрос
What are major roles of lipids?
Ответ
Long-term energy storage, membranes, insulation, and signaling. Lipids are mostly nonpolar and do not mix well with water.
Карточка 255
Вопрос
What does it mean for a protein to denature?
Ответ
Its normal shape is disrupted. Heat, extreme pH, or chemicals can reduce its function.
Карточка 256
Вопрос
What happens during hydrolysis?
Ответ
Water is used to split a larger molecule into smaller units. Digestion often uses hydrolysis reactions.
Карточка 257
Вопрос
Why do phospholipids form bilayers in water?
Ответ
Their hydrophilic heads interact with water while hydrophobic tails turn inward. This arrangement forms cell-membrane structure.
Карточка 258
Вопрос
What are proteins built from?
Ответ
Amino acids linked by peptide bonds. Their folded shapes support enzymes, transport, signaling, structure, and movement.
Карточка 259
Вопрос
How do starch and glycogen compare?
Ответ
Both store glucose; plants use starch and animals use glycogen. Their branching patterns differ.
Карточка 260
Вопрос
How do saturated and unsaturated fatty acids differ?
Ответ
Saturated fatty acids lack carbon-carbon double bonds; unsaturated ones have one or more. Double bonds often introduce bends.
Карточка 261
Вопрос
What immediate energy-carrying molecule powers many cell processes?
Ответ
ATP. Energy released from nutrients can be transferred into ATP's phosphate bonds.
Карточка 262
Вопрос
What are nucleic acids built from?
Ответ
Nucleotides. DNA stores hereditary information, while RNA performs several roles in gene expression.
Карточка 263
Вопрос
Which elements are common in all four major biological macromolecule classes?
Ответ
Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. Nitrogen and phosphorus occur prominently in some classes.
Карточка 264
Вопрос
Why is three-dimensional shape important for macromolecules?
Ответ
Shape determines many interactions and functions. A changed shape can prevent a molecule from binding its target.
Карточка 265
Вопрос
What are triglycerides built from?
Ответ
One glycerol molecule and three fatty acids. They join through ester bonds to form a common energy-storage lipid.
Карточка 266
Вопрос
What is a pathogen?
Ответ
An agent capable of causing disease. Not every microorganism is pathogenic.
Карточка 267
Вопрос
What type of cell is a bacterium?
Ответ
A prokaryotic cell. Bacteria usually reproduce by binary fission.
Карточка 268
Вопрос
What cell type do fungi have?
Ответ
Eukaryotic cells. Some fungi are unicellular yeasts, while others form multicellular filaments.
Карточка 269
Вопрос
What does disease transmission describe?
Ответ
How an infectious agent moves to a susceptible host. Routes include contact, droplets, airborne spread, food, water, and vectors.
Карточка 270
Вопрос
What is a biological vector?
Ответ
An organism that becomes infected with a pathogen and transmits it between hosts. The pathogen survives or reproduces inside the vector, unlike transport by a mechanical carrier.
Карточка 271
Вопрос
Why are viruses dependent on host cells?
Ответ
They lack the complete machinery for reproduction and metabolism. They use host components to make new virus particles.
Карточка 272
Вопрос
What is a protist?
Ответ
A diverse eukaryote that is not classified as an animal, plant, or fungus. Some protists cause disease, while many do not.
Карточка 273
Вопрос
Why do antibiotics not treat viral infections?
Ответ
They target bacterial structures or processes that viruses lack. Antiviral drugs use different targets.
Карточка 274
Вопрос
How can normal microbiota protect a host?
Ответ
They occupy space and use resources that pathogens might otherwise exploit. Some also support digestion or immune development.
Карточка 275
Вопрос
How does sterilization differ from disinfection?
Ответ
Sterilization destroys or removes all microbial life, including resistant forms; disinfection reduces pathogens on objects. The required method depends on use.
Карточка 276
Вопрос
How do infection and disease differ?
Ответ
Infection means an agent is established in a host; disease means normal function is impaired and signs or symptoms occur. Infection may be asymptomatic.
Карточка 277
Вопрос
How can breaking a transmission route reduce infectious disease?
Ответ
It interrupts the chain connecting a source with a susceptible host. Hand hygiene, clean water, ventilation, and vector control target different links.
Карточка 278
Вопрос
What is an atom?
Ответ
The smallest unit of an element that retains that element's chemical identity. Atoms contain a nucleus surrounded by electrons.
Карточка 279
Вопрос
What charge and location does an electron have?
Ответ
Negative charge in the electron cloud around the nucleus. Electrons drive most chemical bonding.
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Вопрос
Why are valence electrons important?
Ответ
They participate most directly in bonding and reactions. Their arrangement helps predict chemical behavior.
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Вопрос
What do elements in the same periodic-table group often share?
Ответ
Similar valence-electron patterns and chemical properties. A group is a vertical column.
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Вопрос
What is an ion?
Ответ
An atom or group of atoms with a net electric charge. Its total numbers of protons and electrons are unequal.
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Вопрос
What charge and location does a proton have?
Ответ
Positive charge in the nucleus. The number of protons determines the element.
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Вопрос
What does an element's atomic number equal?
Ответ
Its number of protons. A neutral atom has the same number of electrons.
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Вопрос
How does a neutral atom form a cation?
Ответ
By losing one or more electrons. It has more protons than electrons and a positive charge.
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Вопрос
An atom has 8 protons. How many electrons does it have if it is neutral?
Ответ
Eight electrons. Neutral atoms have equal positive and negative charges.
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Вопрос
What charge and location does a neutron have?
Ответ
No electric charge, in the nucleus. Neutron number can vary among isotopes of an element.
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Вопрос
What does mass number equal?
Ответ
Protons plus neutrons in one atom. It is a whole number for a specific isotope.
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Вопрос
How does a neutral atom form an anion?
Ответ
By gaining one or more electrons. It has more electrons than protons and a negative charge.
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Вопрос
What does a period represent on the periodic table?
Ответ
A horizontal row. Moving across a period changes proton number one element at a time.
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Вопрос
What are isotopes?
Ответ
Atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons. They have the same atomic number but different mass numbers.
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Вопрос
What is matter?
Ответ
Anything that has mass and occupies space. Solids, liquids, gases, and plasma are forms of matter.
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Вопрос
What distinguishes a solid from a liquid or gas?
Ответ
A solid has a definite shape and volume. Its particles vibrate around relatively fixed positions.
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Вопрос
What is a physical change?
Ответ
A change in form or state without changing chemical identity. Melting and cutting are examples.
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Вопрос
What is a physical property?
Ответ
A characteristic observed without changing a substance's identity. Density, color, and melting point are examples.
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Вопрос
How does an element differ from a compound?
Ответ
An element contains one kind of atom; a compound contains elements chemically combined in fixed proportions. Chemical methods can separate a compound into simpler substances.
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Вопрос
What distinguishes a liquid?
Ответ
It has a definite volume but takes the shape of its container. Its particles remain close while moving past one another.
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Вопрос
What is a chemical change?
Ответ
A process that forms one or more substances with new chemical identities. Bond rearrangement occurs.
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Вопрос
What is a chemical property?
Ответ
A substance's ability to undergo a particular chemical change. Flammability and reactivity with acid are examples.
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Вопрос
Which phase changes connect solids and liquids?
Ответ
Melting changes a solid to a liquid; freezing changes a liquid to a solid. These are opposite physical changes.
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Вопрос
How does a pure substance differ from a mixture?
Ответ
A pure substance has a fixed composition and is an element or compound; a mixture has variable composition and physically combined components. Mixture components retain their identities.
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Вопрос
What distinguishes a gas?
Ответ
It has neither a definite shape nor a definite volume. It expands to fill its container.
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Вопрос
What is the formula for density?
Ответ
Density = mass ÷ volume. Density is an intensive property.
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Вопрос
Which phase changes connect liquids and gases?
Ответ
Vaporization changes a liquid to a gas; condensation changes a gas to a liquid. Evaporation is vaporization at a liquid's surface.
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Вопрос
What is a mixture?
Ответ
Two or more substances physically combined in variable proportions. Its components retain their chemical identities.
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Вопрос
How do intensive and extensive properties differ?
Ответ
Intensive properties do not depend on sample amount; extensive properties do. Density and temperature are intensive, while mass and volume are extensive.
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Вопрос
A 20 g sample occupies 5 mL. What is its density?
Ответ
4 g/mL. Divide 20 g by 5 mL.
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Вопрос
Which phase changes connect solids and gases directly?
Ответ
Sublimation changes a solid to a gas; deposition changes a gas to a solid. Neither transition passes through the liquid state.
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Вопрос
How do homogeneous and heterogeneous mixtures differ?
Ответ
A homogeneous mixture is uniform throughout; a heterogeneous mixture is not. A solution is homogeneous.
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Вопрос
Where are reactants and products written in a chemical equation?
Ответ
Reactants are on the left; products are on the right. The arrow shows the direction represented.
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Вопрос
Why must a chemical equation be balanced?
Ответ
Atoms are conserved in ordinary chemical reactions. Each element must have the same atom count on both sides.
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Вопрос
What does a coefficient in a chemical equation change?
Ответ
The number of whole particles or moles represented. It multiplies every atom in the following formula.
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Вопрос
Why should subscripts not be changed when balancing an equation?
Ответ
Changing a subscript changes the substance's identity. Balancing changes coefficients only.
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Вопрос
What coefficients balance H₂ + O₂ → H₂O?
Ответ
2, 1, 2: 2H₂ + O₂ → 2H₂O. Both sides then contain four hydrogen atoms and two oxygen atoms.
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Вопрос
What pattern defines a synthesis reaction?
Ответ
Two or more reactants form a more complex product. A general pattern is A + B → AB.
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Вопрос
What are typical products when a hydrocarbon burns completely in oxygen?
Ответ
Carbon dioxide and water. Incomplete combustion can produce carbon monoxide or carbon.
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Вопрос
What is the net ionic equation for a typical strong acid–strong base neutralization?
Ответ
H⁺(aq) + OH⁻(aq) → H₂O(l). The remaining ions are spectators and do not appear in the net ionic equation.
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Вопрос
What is a precipitate?
Ответ
An insoluble solid that forms from substances in solution. Its appearance can signal a chemical reaction.
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Вопрос
What pattern defines a decomposition reaction?
Ответ
One compound breaks into simpler products. A general pattern is AB → A + B.
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Вопрос
What is an exothermic reaction?
Ответ
A reaction that releases heat to the surroundings. The surroundings often warm.
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Вопрос
What occurs in an oxidation-reduction reaction?
Ответ
Electrons transfer or atoms change oxidation state. Oxidation is electron loss; reduction is electron gain.
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Вопрос
What is activation energy?
Ответ
The minimum energy barrier reactants must overcome to react. Catalysts lower this barrier.
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Вопрос
Which observations can provide evidence of a chemical reaction?
Ответ
Gas formation, a precipitate, sustained color change, light, or temperature change. No single sign proves a reaction without context.
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Вопрос
What is an endothermic reaction?
Ответ
A reaction that absorbs heat from the surroundings. The surroundings may cool.
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Вопрос
Why does raising temperature usually speed a reaction?
Ответ
Particles collide more often and with greater energy. More collisions overcome activation energy.
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Вопрос
Why can higher reactant concentration increase reaction rate?
Ответ
More reactant particles occupy a given volume. This raises collision frequency.
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Вопрос
Why does powdered solid often react faster than one large piece?
Ответ
Powder exposes more surface area. More particles are available for collisions.
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Вопрос
How does a catalyst speed a reaction?
Ответ
It provides a pathway with lower activation energy. The catalyst is regenerated rather than consumed overall.
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Вопрос
How can increasing pressure affect a reaction between gases?
Ответ
It can increase rate by bringing gas particles closer together. Collision frequency rises when volume falls.
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Вопрос
What does a reaction inhibitor do?
Ответ
It slows a reaction. It may block a pathway, interfere with a catalyst, or remove reactive intermediates.
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Вопрос
Why can very high temperature slow an enzyme-catalyzed reaction?
Ответ
The enzyme can denature and lose its active shape. Moderate warming helps only within the enzyme's stable range.
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Вопрос
What is dynamic equilibrium?
Ответ
Forward and reverse reactions continue at equal rates. Concentrations remain constant even though particles still react.
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Вопрос
Does a catalyst change the final equilibrium amounts?
Ответ
No. It speeds forward and reverse reactions, so equilibrium is reached sooner without changing its position.
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Вопрос
At equilibrium, what usually happens when the concentration of a dissolved or gaseous reactant increases?
Ответ
The system shifts toward consuming some added reactant. It forms more product until a new equilibrium is reached.
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Вопрос
What is a solution?
Ответ
A homogeneous mixture. Its components are uniformly distributed at the molecular or ionic level.
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Вопрос
How do solute and solvent differ?
Ответ
The solute is dissolved; the solvent is the dissolving medium. The solvent is often present in greater amount.
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Вопрос
What does aqueous mean in chemistry?
Ответ
Dissolved in water. The symbol (aq) marks an aqueous species in an equation.
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Вопрос
What does concentration describe?
Ответ
The amount of solute in a given amount of solution or solvent. Different units express it in different ways.
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Вопрос
What is molarity?
Ответ
Moles of solute per liter of solution. Its unit is mol/L, written M.
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Вопрос
What is the molarity of 0.50 mol solute in 2.0 L of solution?
Ответ
0.25 M. Divide 0.50 mol by 2.0 L.
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Вопрос
What stays constant when water is added to dilute a solution without reaction?
Ответ
The moles of solute. Volume increases and concentration decreases.
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Вопрос
Which equation relates concentration and volume before and after a dilution?
Ответ
M₁V₁ = M₂V₂. It follows from conserving the amount of solute.
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Вопрос
What is solubility?
Ответ
The maximum concentration of a solute that can be achieved in a solution at equilibrium under specified conditions. Temperature and the substances involved matter.
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Вопрос
What is a saturated solution?
Ответ
A solution holding the maximum dissolved solute at those conditions. Extra solute remains undissolved at equilibrium.
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Вопрос
What is an electrolyte?
Ответ
A substance that produces mobile ions in solution and conducts electricity. Soluble ionic compounds are common examples.
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Вопрос
What does 'like dissolves like' predict?
Ответ
Substances with similar polarity tend to mix well. Polar solvents favor polar or ionic solutes; nonpolar solvents favor nonpolar solutes.
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Вопрос
Does heating always increase solubility?
Ответ
No. Many solids become more soluble in water, but gases usually become less soluble as temperature rises.
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Вопрос
What is an unsaturated solution?
Ответ
A solution that can dissolve more solute at the stated conditions. It is below the solubility limit.
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Вопрос
What does a Brønsted-Lowry acid donate?
Ответ
A proton, H⁺. In water, acid behavior increases hydronium-ion concentration.
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Вопрос
What does pH describe?
Ответ
The hydronium-ion concentration on a logarithmic scale. Lower pH means higher hydronium concentration.
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Вопрос
At 25 °C, what pH range is acidic?
Ответ
Below 7. A neutral aqueous solution is pH 7 at this temperature.
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Вопрос
How does hydronium concentration change when pH drops by 1 unit?
Ответ
It increases tenfold. The pH scale is logarithmic.
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Вопрос
What does a Brønsted-Lowry base accept?
Ответ
A proton, H⁺. Many bases in water also increase hydroxide-ion concentration.
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Вопрос
At 25 °C, what is the relationship between pH and pOH?
Ответ
pH + pOH = 14. pOH is the negative base-10 logarithm of hydroxide-ion concentration; this relation applies to aqueous solutions at 25 °C.
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Вопрос
At 25 °C, what pH range is basic?
Ответ
Above 7. Basic solutions have less hydronium and more hydroxide than neutral water.
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Вопрос
What are typical products of a strong acid reacting with a strong base?
Ответ
Water and an ionic salt. Hydrogen ions and hydroxide ions combine to form water.
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Вопрос
What does strong mean for an acid or base?
Ответ
It produces its characteristic ions essentially completely in water. Strong acids ionize; soluble ionic strong bases dissociate. Strength is separate from concentration.
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Вопрос
What does a buffer do?
Ответ
It resists large pH changes when small amounts of acid or base are added. A weak conjugate acid-base pair neutralizes much of the added H₃O⁺ or OH⁻.
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Вопрос
How does an acid-base indicator work?
Ответ
Its color depends on pH. The change occurs over a characteristic pH range.
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Вопрос
A solution has pH 9 at 25 °C. What is its pOH?
Ответ
5. Subtract the pH from 14.
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Вопрос
How does a concentrated weak acid differ from a dilute strong acid?
Ответ
Concentration tells how much acid is present; strength tells how completely it ionizes. A concentrated weak acid contains more partially ionizing acid, while a dilute strong acid contains less acid that ionizes essentially completely. Either can have the lower pH.
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Вопрос
What is the SI base unit of length?
Ответ
The meter (m). Centimeters and millimeters are decimal subdivisions of a meter.
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Вопрос
Which tool directly measures mass in a laboratory?
Ответ
A balance. A spring scale measures force, often reported as weight.
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Вопрос
What is the SI base unit of mass?
Ответ
The kilogram (kg). Laboratory mass is also commonly reported in grams.
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Вопрос
A student needs to measure about 35 mL of liquid and can choose a beaker or graduated cylinder. Which should they use?
Ответ
A graduated cylinder. Read the scale at eye level.
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Вопрос
What is the SI base unit of time?
Ответ
The second (s). Minutes and hours are accepted for many everyday uses.
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Вопрос
Where should the volume of a clear water-based liquid be read in a graduated cylinder?
Ответ
At the bottom of the meniscus. Keep your eye level with the liquid surface.
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Вопрос
What is the SI base unit of thermodynamic temperature?
Ответ
The kelvin (K). Degrees Celsius are widely used for laboratory and body temperatures.
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Вопрос
Which tool measures temperature?
Ответ
A thermometer. Its range and resolution should match the task.
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Вопрос
What factor does the metric prefix kilo- represent?
Ответ
One thousand, or 10³. One kilometer equals 1,000 meters.
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Вопрос
A ruler's smallest marking is 1 mm. To what place should a careful analog reading usually be estimated?
Ответ
One place beyond the smallest marking, when the scale allows it. The final digit is uncertain.
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Вопрос
What is measurement accuracy?
Ответ
Closeness to an accepted or true value. A systematic error can make precise measurements inaccurate.
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Вопрос
How do mass and weight differ?
Ответ
Mass is the amount of matter; weight is gravitational force on that mass. Mass stays constant when gravity changes, but weight does not.
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Вопрос
What factor does the metric prefix milli- represent?
Ответ
One thousandth, or 10⁻³. One milliliter is 0.001 liter.
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Вопрос
How can the volume of an irregular solid be measured with water?
Ответ
Use water displacement. Subtract the initial water volume from the final volume after submerging the object.
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Вопрос
What is measurement precision?
Ответ
Closeness of repeated measurements to one another. Precise results can still be consistently wrong.
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Вопрос
What is an instrument's resolution?
Ответ
The smallest change it can meaningfully display or distinguish. Higher resolution does not automatically guarantee accuracy.
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Вопрос
How many centimeters are in 2.5 meters?
Ответ
2.5 × 10² cm (250 cm). Multiply meters by the exact conversion factor 100 cm/m.
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Вопрос
Why must a numerical measurement include a unit?
Ответ
The unit identifies the quantity's scale. A bare number is ambiguous and cannot be compared reliably.
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Вопрос
What is a scientific observation?
Ответ
Information recorded with senses or instruments. It should be distinguished from an explanation of what was observed.
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Вопрос
What makes a hypothesis scientifically useful?
Ответ
It is testable and falsifiable. Evidence must be able to count against it.
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Вопрос
What is a scientific theory?
Ответ
A broad, well-supported explanation of natural phenomena. It is not a casual guess and can be revised with new evidence.
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Вопрос
Which claim is falsifiable: 'No possible observation could count against this treatment's effectiveness' or 'This treatment lowers mean temperature within one hour'?
Ответ
The claim that the treatment lowers mean temperature within one hour. An observation could count against it, so evidence can test it.
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Вопрос
What is an inference?
Ответ
A logical interpretation based on observations and prior knowledge. It goes beyond the raw measurement.
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Вопрос
How does a prediction relate to a hypothesis?
Ответ
It states an expected result if the hypothesis is correct. Experiments compare observed results with that expectation.
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Вопрос
How does a scientific law differ from a scientific theory?
Ответ
A law describes a consistent pattern; a theory explains how or why patterns occur. One does not mature into the other.
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Вопрос
What does reliability mean for a measurement or procedure?
Ответ
It produces consistent results under the same conditions. Repetition helps assess reliability.
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Вопрос
What does a correlation show?
Ответ
Two variables change together in a patterned way. Correlation alone does not establish that one causes the other.
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Вопрос
What is bias in scientific work?
Ответ
A systematic influence that pushes observations, selection, or interpretation in one direction. Good design tries to prevent or measure it.
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Вопрос
What is the purpose of scientific peer review?
Ответ
Independent experts evaluate methods, reasoning, and reporting before publication. It improves scrutiny but does not guarantee truth.
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Вопрос
What does validity ask about a study or measurement?
Ответ
Whether it measures or tests what it claims to measure or test. Consistency alone does not ensure validity.
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Вопрос
What evidence most strengthens a causal claim?
Ответ
A well-controlled experiment that manipulates the suspected cause. Random assignment reduces confounding, while independent replication tests whether the result holds with new data.
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Вопрос
What is a primary scientific source?
Ответ
A report of original methods, data, and results. A review article synthesizes many primary studies.
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Вопрос
How should an unexpected outlier be handled?
Ответ
Investigate and report it rather than deleting it automatically. Exclusion needs a documented scientific reason.
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Вопрос
What is a confounding variable?
Ответ
An outside factor related to both the suspected cause and the outcome. It can create a misleading association.
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Вопрос
Why should a sample represent the population of interest?
Ответ
Results generalize poorly when important groups are missing or overrepresented. Sampling method matters as much as size.
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Вопрос
What is a scientific model?
Ответ
A simplified representation used to explain or predict a system. A model is useful within its assumptions and limits.
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Вопрос
Why should measurements report uncertainty or reasonable precision?
Ответ
Every measurement has limits. Reporting more digits than the method supports creates false precision.
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Вопрос
If results match a prediction once, what is the safest conclusion?
Ответ
The results support the hypothesis under those conditions. One result does not prove the hypothesis in every setting.
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Вопрос
What is a direct relationship between two variables?
Ответ
As one increases, the other tends to increase; as one decreases, the other tends to decrease. The relationship need not be perfectly linear.
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Вопрос
Which variable is usually placed on the x-axis of an experimental graph?
Ответ
The independent variable. It is the factor selected or changed by the investigator.
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Вопрос
What does the slope of a straight-line graph represent?
Ответ
Change in y divided by change in x. It is the response rate per unit change in the other variable.
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Вопрос
A line rises 12 units in y while x rises 3 units. What is its slope?
Ответ
4 units of y per unit of x. Divide 12 by 3.
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Вопрос
What is an inverse relationship?
Ответ
As one variable increases, the other tends to decrease. Their product is constant only in a strictly inverse proportion.
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Вопрос
Which variable is usually placed on the y-axis of an experimental graph?
Ответ
The dependent variable. It is the measured response.
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Вопрос
What does a plateau on a response graph indicate?
Ответ
The measured response has stopped changing much despite further x increases. A limiting factor may have been reached.
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Вопрос
What is interpolation?
Ответ
Estimating a value within the range of measured data. It is generally safer than extrapolating beyond that range.
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Вопрос
What pattern suggests no relationship between two plotted variables?
Ответ
The response shows no consistent change as the other variable changes. Points may scatter without a trend.
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Вопрос
Before comparing values in a data table, what should you check?
Ответ
Headings, units, and conditions. Numbers from different measures or scales cannot be compared directly.
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Вопрос
If 3 samples require 12 mL total, how much is needed for 5 equal samples?
Ответ
20 mL. The rate is 4 mL per sample, so multiply by 5.
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Вопрос
How is the arithmetic mean calculated?
Ответ
Add all values and divide by the number of values. A large outlier can shift the mean.
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Вопрос
Why is extrapolation uncertain?
Ответ
It assumes the observed trend continues outside measured conditions. The relationship may change beyond the data range.
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Вопрос
A culture grows from 20 to 50 cells in 6 hours. What is the average growth rate?
Ответ
5 cells per hour. The change is 30 cells divided by 6 hours.
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Вопрос
A measurement rises from 40 to 50. What is the percent increase?
Ответ
25%. The increase is 10, and 10 ÷ 40 × 100 = 25%.
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Вопрос
When can the median describe a typical value better than the mean?
Ответ
When data are skewed or contain strong outliers. In an ordered set, the median is the middle value for an odd count and the mean of the two middle values for an even count.
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Вопрос
How do quantitative and qualitative data differ?
Ответ
Quantitative data are numerical; qualitative data describe categories or qualities. Both can answer scientific questions.
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Вопрос
A response is 2 at dose 1, 4 at dose 2, and 8 at dose 4. If the relationship is linear, what response is predicted at dose 3?
Ответ
6. The observed rate is 2 response units per dose unit, so interpolation at dose 3 gives 6.
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Вопрос
How can a graph reveal a nonlinear relationship?
Ответ
The points follow a curve rather than a straight line. The rate of change varies across the x-range.
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Вопрос
What is the range of a data set?
Ответ
Maximum minus minimum. It describes total spread but ignores the distribution between the endpoints.
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Вопрос
What makes a scientific research question testable?
Ответ
It identifies measurable variables or observable outcomes. The needed data must be obtainable.
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Вопрос
In an experiment, what is the independent variable?
Ответ
The factor deliberately changed or assigned by the investigator. In a simple one-factor experiment, changing one independent variable helps isolate its effect.
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Вопрос
What should a hypothesis connect?
Ответ
A proposed explanation with a measurable outcome. It should lead to a prediction that evidence can challenge.
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Вопрос
What is a controlled variable, or constant?
Ответ
A condition kept the same across groups. Holding it constant prevents it from explaining outcome differences.
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Вопрос
What is the purpose of a control group?
Ответ
It provides a comparison without the experimental treatment. Differences can then be attributed more confidently to the treatment.
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Вопрос
In an experiment, what is the dependent variable?
Ответ
The measured response. It may change because of the independent variable.
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Вопрос
What form can a useful experimental prediction take?
Ответ
If the independent variable changes in a stated way, then the dependent variable should respond in a stated way. The reason links it to the hypothesis.
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Вопрос
What does a positive control demonstrate?
Ответ
That the setup can produce a known response. If it fails, the test system may be defective.
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Вопрос
Why randomly assign subjects to experimental groups?
Ответ
To distribute known and unknown differences more evenly. This reduces selection bias and confounding.
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Вопрос
How can blinding reduce bias?
Ответ
It keeps participants, observers, or both unaware of treatment assignments. Expectations are less likely to affect behavior or measurement.
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Вопрос
What is a placebo?
Ответ
An inactive treatment designed to resemble the experimental treatment. It helps separate treatment effects from expectation effects.
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Вопрос
What does a negative control demonstrate?
Ответ
What happens when the tested cause is absent. An unexpected response may reveal contamination or another source.
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Вопрос
Why does a larger sample often improve a study?
Ответ
It reduces the influence of chance variation and supports more stable estimates. It cannot repair a biased sampling method.
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Вопрос
Why repeat trials within an experiment?
Ответ
To estimate variability and check consistency. One unusual trial then has less influence.
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Вопрос
Why must an experimental procedure be detailed and standardized?
Ответ
So groups are treated consistently and others can reproduce the work. Uncontrolled procedural differences create alternative explanations.
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Вопрос
Why calibrate a measuring instrument before collecting data?
Ответ
To compare its readings with a known standard and reduce systematic error. Calibration improves confidence in accuracy.
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Вопрос
What is an operational definition?
Ответ
A precise statement of how a variable is measured or manipulated. It turns an abstract concept into a repeatable procedure.
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Вопрос
How does independent replication differ from repeated trials?
Ответ
Independent replication repeats a study with independently collected data, often by a different investigator; repeated trials rerun measurements within the original experiment. Replication tests consistency across separate studies.
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Вопрос
Why should raw data be recorded before interpretation?
Ответ
It preserves the observations separately from conclusions. Others can check calculations and reasoning.
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Вопрос
What should a scientific conclusion do?
Ответ
Answer the research question using the data and acknowledge limits. It should not claim more than the design supports.
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Вопрос
What should happen when data do not support a hypothesis?
Ответ
Revise or reject the hypothesis and consider new tests. Data should not be altered to preserve the original idea.
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Вопрос
What is a study limitation?
Ответ
A feature that restricts interpretation or generalization. Small samples, short duration, and imperfect measurements are examples.
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Вопрос
Why are ethics part of experimental design?
Ответ
Research must protect participants, organisms, and communities while balancing risks and benefits. Consent and humane treatment are key examples.
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Вопрос
How does an observational study differ from an experiment?
Ответ
It measures variables without assigning the exposure. It can find associations but usually supports weaker causal conclusions.
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Вопрос
Plants receive 0, 2, or 4 hours of added light, and growth is measured. What is the independent variable?
Ответ
Hours of added light. Plant growth is the dependent variable.
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Вопрос
A fertilizer study gives every plant the same water, soil, and temperature. What are these conditions?
Ответ
Controlled variables. Keeping them constant isolates the fertilizer's effect.
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Вопрос
A drug group improves more than a control group, but the groups were not randomly assigned. What is the main caution?
Ответ
Preexisting group differences could explain some improvement. The result is suggestive, but the design weakens a causal claim.

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