ATI TEAS 7 Science Flashcards: A&P, Biology, Chemistry & Scientific Reasoning
Practice 446 original ATI TEAS 7 Science recall and mini-scenario cards across A&P, biology, chemistry, and scientific reasoning.
关于这套卡组
Build the core Science knowledge and reasoning used for ATI TEAS 7 with 446 independently authored flashcards.
What this deck practices
- Structure or concept → function: body systems, cells, molecules, atoms, solutions, and experimental parts.
- Function, outcome, or evidence → concept: selective reverse recall when recognizing the name matters in practice.
- Cause or condition → effect: physiology, chemical changes, reaction conditions, inheritance, and experimental predictions.
- Process and order: circulation, ventilation, digestion, urine formation, gene expression, cell division, and scientific investigations.
- Application: short calculations, comparisons, data interpretations, and original mini-scenarios.
The deck does not mechanically reverse every fact. It excludes multiple-choice distractors, exhaustive anatomy lists, obscure chemical nomenclature, advanced pathophysiology, pharmacology, and nursing-school procedures because those mappings do not improve entry-level TEAS Science recall.
The sequence introduces prerequisites before dependent ideas: anatomical language before body systems, cells before genetics, atoms before reactions, and measurement before experimental design. Related forward and reverse variants are separated so one card does not immediately reveal another.
Coverage follows the four Science areas and relative emphasis in ATI's public ATI TEAS 7 content outline: Human Anatomy and Physiology, Biology, Chemistry, and Scientific Reasoning. The public outline defines scope only. Questions, answers, explanations, examples, and ordering were independently authored from common scientific knowledge checked against open educational and official public sources.
No exam question, mark scheme, paid ATI flashcard, test-bank item, or curriculum text was copied. This is an independent, unofficial educational deck by Flashcards Open Source App. ATI and TEAS are marks of Assessment Technologies Institute, L.L.C.; this deck is not affiliated with, endorsed by, or produced by ATI. See ATI's official exam details for current requirements.
这套卡组中的卡片
卡片 1
问题
What posture defines the standard anatomical position?
答案
Standing upright, facing forward, with arms at the sides and palms forward. The feet point forward, giving anatomy a consistent reference position.
卡片 2
问题
In anatomical language, what does superior mean?
答案
Toward the head or above another structure. Inferior means toward the feet or below.
卡片 3
问题
Which anatomical plane divides the body into left and right portions?
答案
The sagittal plane. A midsagittal plane divides the body into equal left and right halves.
卡片 4
问题
Why does the body use feedback mechanisms?
答案
To regulate internal conditions. Feedback compares a condition with a set range and triggers responses that adjust it.
卡片 5
问题
What is the order of structural organization from simplest to most complex?
答案
Chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system, organism. Each level builds on interactions at the preceding level.
卡片 6
问题
What does anterior mean in human anatomy?
答案
Toward the front of the body. Posterior means toward the back.
卡片 7
问题
Which plane divides the body into upper and lower portions?
答案
The transverse plane. It is also called the horizontal plane.
卡片 8
问题
What is homeostasis?
答案
The maintenance of a relatively stable internal environment. It is dynamic rather than perfectly unchanging.
卡片 9
问题
Which major body cavity contains the brain and spinal cord?
答案
The dorsal body cavity. Its cranial cavity holds the brain, and its vertebral cavity holds the spinal cord.
卡片 10
问题
What does medial mean in anatomical language?
答案
Toward the body's midline. Lateral means farther from the midline.
卡片 11
问题
A rise in body temperature triggers sweating. What control pattern is this?
答案
Negative feedback. The response opposes the original temperature change and moves the body toward its normal range.
卡片 12
问题
Which anatomical plane divides the body into front and back portions?
答案
The frontal, or coronal, plane. It separates anterior from posterior portions.
卡片 13
问题
Which major body cavity contains the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities?
答案
The ventral body cavity. The diaphragm separates its thoracic and abdominopelvic portions.
卡片 14
问题
What does proximal mean when describing a limb?
答案
Closer to the limb's point of attachment. Distal means farther from that point.
卡片 15
问题
How does positive feedback differ from negative feedback?
答案
Positive feedback amplifies the initial change. Negative feedback opposes a change; positive feedback continues until a stopping event occurs.
卡片 16
问题
Which tissue type covers surfaces and lines body cavities?
答案
Epithelial tissue. It also forms many glands and often serves protective, absorptive, or secretory roles.
卡片 17
问题
Which tissue type mainly supports, binds, and protects other tissues?
答案
Connective tissue. Its cells are typically separated by an extracellular matrix.
卡片 18
问题
What shared property lets muscle tissue produce movement?
答案
Contractility. Muscle cells shorten or develop tension in response to stimulation.
卡片 19
问题
Which tissue type rapidly communicates by electrical signals?
答案
Nervous tissue. Neurons transmit signals, while supporting cells help maintain their environment.
卡片 20
问题
Why are tightly packed epithelial cells well suited for barriers?
答案
They leave little space between cells. This continuous arrangement limits passage across a surface.
卡片 21
问题
What distinguishes connective tissue from epithelial tissue?
答案
Connective tissue usually has abundant extracellular matrix. Epithelial cells are more tightly packed.
卡片 22
问题
What are the four basic human tissue types?
答案
Epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous tissue. Organs contain two or more tissue types working together.
卡片 23
问题
What makes a structure an organ rather than a tissue?
答案
An organ combines multiple tissue types for a specific function. A tissue is a group of similar cells and matrix performing related work.
卡片 24
问题
What are the skeletal system's main functions?
答案
Support, protection, movement, mineral storage, blood-cell production, and fat storage. Bones also provide levers for muscles.
卡片 25
问题
What belongs to the axial skeleton?
答案
The skull, vertebral column, and thoracic cage. These structures form the body's central axis.
卡片 26
问题
How do compact and spongy bone differ?
答案
Compact bone is dense; spongy bone has a lattice of trabeculae. Both are organized living bone tissue.
卡片 27
问题
What is a joint?
答案
A place where two or more bones meet. Joint structure determines how much movement is possible.
卡片 28
问题
Which bone cell builds new bone matrix?
答案
An osteoblast. Osteoclasts break down bone, while osteocytes maintain mature bone tissue.
卡片 29
问题
What belongs to the appendicular skeleton?
答案
The limbs plus the shoulder and pelvic girdles. It attaches the limbs to the axial skeleton.
卡片 30
问题
What is the main role of red bone marrow?
答案
Blood-cell production. This process is called hematopoiesis.
卡片 31
问题
Which joint class allows the greatest range of motion?
答案
A synovial joint. A fluid-filled joint cavity reduces friction between articulating surfaces.
卡片 32
问题
Which bone cell breaks down bone matrix?
答案
An osteoclast. Bone resorption helps remodeling and mineral balance.
卡片 33
问题
What does a ligament connect?
答案
Bone to bone. A tendon connects muscle to bone.
卡片 34
问题
What is the shaft of a long bone called?
答案
The diaphysis. The enlarged ends are the epiphyses.
卡片 35
问题
Why is bone important to blood-calcium balance?
答案
Bone stores calcium and can release or absorb it during remodeling. Hormones regulate this exchange.
卡片 36
问题
What is stored mainly in yellow bone marrow?
答案
Fat. It serves as an energy reserve.
卡片 37
问题
What does articular cartilage do at a synovial joint?
答案
It reduces friction and absorbs shock. It covers the ends of articulating bones.
卡片 38
问题
Why must a broken bone receive a blood supply during healing?
答案
Repairing cells need oxygen and nutrients. Restored blood vessels support fracture healing.
卡片 39
问题
What is bone remodeling?
答案
Continuous removal and replacement of bone tissue. It repairs microdamage and helps bones adapt to stress.
卡片 40
问题
Which muscle tissue is usually under voluntary control?
答案
Skeletal muscle. Most skeletal muscles move the skeleton, while some, such as facial muscles, insert into skin or other soft tissue.
卡片 41
问题
What is a sarcomere?
答案
The basic contractile unit of striated muscle. It lies between two Z discs.
卡片 42
问题
What does a tendon connect?
答案
Muscle to bone. It transmits muscle force to the skeleton.
卡片 43
问题
Which proteins slide past one another during muscle contraction?
答案
Actin and myosin. Their interaction shortens sarcomeres without shortening the filaments themselves.
卡片 44
问题
Where is smooth muscle commonly found?
答案
In the walls of hollow organs and blood vessels. Its contractions are generally involuntary.
卡片 45
问题
What ion exposes binding sites needed for skeletal muscle contraction?
答案
Calcium. Its release inside the muscle fiber allows actin and myosin interaction.
卡片 46
问题
How do antagonistic muscle pairs move a joint?
答案
One muscle contracts while the opposing muscle relaxes. Reversing their roles moves the joint in the opposite direction.
卡片 47
问题
Why does muscle contraction require ATP?
答案
ATP powers cross-bridge cycling and ion pumps. It is also needed for myosin to detach from actin.
卡片 48
问题
Which muscle tissue makes up the heart wall?
答案
Cardiac muscle. It is striated, involuntary, and connected for coordinated pumping.
卡片 49
问题
During a typical muscle contraction, which attachment moves more: origin or insertion?
答案
The insertion. The origin is generally the more fixed attachment.
卡片 50
问题
Which type of neuron sends the signal that initiates skeletal-muscle contraction?
答案
A somatic motor neuron. It releases acetylcholine at the neuromuscular junction, triggering an action potential in the muscle fiber.
卡片 51
问题
What is muscle tone?
答案
Continuous low-level muscle tension. It helps maintain posture and readiness without producing a large movement.
卡片 52
问题
How does skeletal muscle help regulate body temperature?
答案
Contraction releases heat. Shivering increases rapid contractions when the body is cold.
卡片 53
问题
What are the three muscle tissue types?
答案
Skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle. They differ in location, structure, and control.
卡片 54
问题
What is a neuron's main function?
答案
To receive, process, and transmit information. Neurons use electrical signals and chemical messengers.
卡片 55
问题
What structures make up the central nervous system?
答案
The brain and spinal cord. They integrate information and coordinate responses.
卡片 56
问题
Which part of a neuron usually receives incoming signals?
答案
The dendrites. The cell body integrates much of that input.
卡片 57
问题
What does the peripheral nervous system include?
答案
Nerves and ganglia outside the brain and spinal cord. It links the central nervous system with the rest of the body.
卡片 58
问题
Which neuron structure carries an impulse away from the cell body?
答案
The axon. Its terminals communicate with another cell.
卡片 59
问题
Which nervous-system division controls skeletal muscles voluntarily?
答案
The somatic nervous system. It also carries sensory information from skin, muscles, and joints.
卡片 60
问题
What is a synapse?
答案
A junction where one neuron communicates with another cell. Chemical synapses use neurotransmitters across a small gap.
卡片 61
问题
Which nervous-system division regulates organs and glands without conscious control?
答案
The autonomic nervous system. It includes sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions.
卡片 62
问题
How does myelin affect nerve signaling?
答案
It speeds impulse conduction along an axon. Myelin insulates segments of the axon.
卡片 63
问题
Which autonomic division prepares the body for acute activity?
答案
The sympathetic division. It generally increases alertness and supports a fight-or-flight response.
卡片 64
问题
What is a reflex?
答案
A rapid, predictable response to a stimulus. A reflex pathway can act before conscious awareness.
卡片 65
问题
Which autonomic division supports rest, digestion, and energy conservation?
答案
The parasympathetic division. It generally promotes routine maintenance functions.
卡片 66
问题
Which brain region is most associated with conscious thought and voluntary movement?
答案
The cerebrum. Its cortex also processes much sensory information.
卡片 67
问题
Which brain region fine-tunes balance and coordinated movement?
答案
The cerebellum. It compares intended movement with sensory feedback.
卡片 68
问题
Which brain region controls vital automatic functions such as breathing and heart rate?
答案
The brainstem. It also connects higher brain regions with the spinal cord.
卡片 69
问题
How do sensory and motor neurons differ?
答案
Sensory neurons carry information toward the CNS; motor neurons carry commands away. Interneurons connect and process signals within the CNS.
卡片 70
问题
What does a sensory receptor do?
答案
It converts a stimulus into a neural signal. Different receptors respond best to particular forms of energy or chemicals.
卡片 71
问题
What is a hormone?
答案
A chemical messenger released into body fluids to affect target cells. A target responds only if it has the appropriate receptor.
卡片 72
问题
Why is the pituitary gland often called a master gland?
答案
Several pituitary hormones regulate other endocrine glands. The hypothalamus controls much of pituitary activity.
卡片 73
问题
Why can one hormone affect some cells but not others?
答案
Only target cells have the matching receptor. Receptor binding starts the cell's response.
卡片 74
问题
Which gland produces hormones that broadly increase metabolic activity?
答案
The thyroid gland. Thyroid hormones influence energy use and development.
卡片 75
问题
What is insulin's main effect on blood glucose?
答案
It lowers blood glucose. Insulin promotes glucose uptake and storage after a meal.
卡片 76
问题
Which glands release a hormone that raises blood calcium?
答案
The parathyroid glands. Parathyroid hormone acts on bone, kidneys, and vitamin D pathways.
卡片 77
问题
Which adrenal region releases epinephrine during acute stress?
答案
The adrenal medulla. Its hormones reinforce sympathetic nervous-system effects.
卡片 78
问题
Which organ has both endocrine and digestive functions?
答案
The pancreas. Its islets release hormones, while other cells release digestive enzymes.
卡片 79
问题
What is glucagon's main effect on blood glucose?
答案
It raises blood glucose. It promotes release of stored glucose during fasting.
卡片 80
问题
Rising thyroid hormone reduces its own upstream stimulation. What pattern is this?
答案
Negative feedback. The final hormone limits further release along the control pathway.
卡片 81
问题
Which adrenal region produces steroid hormones such as cortisol and aldosterone?
答案
The adrenal cortex. It surrounds the adrenal medulla.
卡片 82
问题
Which gland releases melatonin and helps regulate daily sleep timing?
答案
The pineal gland. Light information influences its secretion pattern.
卡片 83
问题
Which hormone directly increases collecting-duct water permeability?
答案
Antidiuretic hormone, or ADH. It makes collecting ducts more permeable to water, increasing water reabsorption and usually producing less, more concentrated urine.
卡片 84
问题
Which hormone strengthens uterine contractions during labor?
答案
Oxytocin. This is a classic positive-feedback pathway that ends after delivery.
卡片 85
问题
How does endocrine signaling generally differ from nervous signaling?
答案
It is usually slower to start and longer lasting. Hormones travel through body fluids, while neurons signal specific targets rapidly.
卡片 86
问题
What is plasma?
答案
The liquid portion of blood. It carries cells, nutrients, hormones, proteins, wastes, and dissolved gases.
卡片 87
问题
Which side of the heart pumps blood to the lungs?
答案
The right side. The right ventricle sends deoxygenated blood through the pulmonary trunk and arteries.
卡片 88
问题
What is the main function of red blood cells?
答案
Transporting oxygen. Their hemoglobin also carries a smaller share of carbon dioxide.
卡片 89
问题
What defines an artery?
答案
It carries blood away from the heart. Oxygen content does not define it; pulmonary arteries carry deoxygenated blood.
卡片 90
问题
What is the main function of white blood cells?
答案
Body defense. Different white blood cells recognize, attack, or coordinate responses to threats.
卡片 91
问题
Which side of the heart pumps blood into systemic circulation?
答案
The left side. The left ventricle sends oxygenated blood into the aorta.
卡片 92
问题
What is the main purpose of heart valves?
答案
To keep blood moving in one direction. Pressure differences open and close them.
卡片 93
问题
What defines a vein?
答案
It carries blood toward the heart. Many veins contain valves that limit backflow.
卡片 94
问题
What is the main role of platelets?
答案
Helping stop bleeding. They form a platelet plug and support clotting reactions at a damaged vessel.
卡片 95
问题
Why are capillaries well suited for exchange?
答案
Their walls are only one cell layer thick. Their small diameter and large total surface area support diffusion and filtration.
卡片 96
问题
After blood enters the right atrium, what chamber receives it next?
答案
The right ventricle. Blood passes through the tricuspid valve before entering that chamber.
卡片 97
问题
What happens during ventricular systole?
答案
The ventricles contract and eject blood. The right ventricle pumps to the lungs, and the left pumps to the body.
卡片 98
问题
What is pulmonary circulation?
答案
Blood flow between the heart and lungs. It allows gas exchange and returns oxygenated blood to the left atrium.
卡片 99
问题
What normally sets the heart's rhythm?
答案
The sinoatrial, or SA, node. Its spontaneous electrical activity initiates each heartbeat.
卡片 100
问题
What molecule in red blood cells binds oxygen?
答案
Hemoglobin. Its iron-containing heme groups bind oxygen reversibly.
卡片 101
问题
What happens during ventricular diastole?
答案
The ventricles relax and fill. Atrioventricular valves are open during most ventricular filling.
卡片 102
问题
What is systemic circulation?
答案
Blood flow between the heart and the body's tissues. It delivers oxygen and nutrients and returns wastes.
卡片 103
问题
What does arterial blood pressure measure?
答案
The force of blood against artery walls. It is commonly reported as systolic over diastolic pressure.
卡片 104
问题
What do coronary arteries supply?
答案
The heart muscle itself. Blocked coronary blood flow can deprive myocardium of oxygen.
卡片 105
问题
Which major vessels return systemic blood to the right atrium?
答案
The superior and inferior venae cavae. The superior vessel drains the upper body; the inferior drains the lower body.
卡片 106
问题
What is the respiratory system's primary gas-exchange function?
答案
Bringing oxygen into the body and removing carbon dioxide. Ventilation moves air, while diffusion exchanges gases.
卡片 107
问题
What is the airflow sequence from the pharynx to the gas-exchange surfaces?
答案
Pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli. Each branch conducts air deeper into the lungs.
卡片 108
问题
Where does most gas exchange occur in the lungs?
答案
Across the alveolar-capillary membrane. Thin walls and a large surface area shorten diffusion distance.
卡片 109
问题
What does the diaphragm do during quiet inhalation?
答案
It contracts and moves downward. Thoracic volume rises, lung pressure falls, and air flows inward.
卡片 110
问题
Why does oxygen move from alveoli into pulmonary capillaries?
答案
Its partial pressure is higher in alveolar air than in incoming blood. Oxygen diffuses down that gradient.
卡片 111
问题
What drives quiet exhalation?
答案
Elastic recoil after inspiratory muscles relax. Thoracic volume falls and pressure pushes air outward.
卡片 112
问题
What is the pleura?
答案
A double membrane surrounding each lung. A thin fluid layer reduces friction during breathing.
卡片 113
问题
How is most oxygen transported in blood?
答案
Bound to hemoglobin in red blood cells. Only a small amount dissolves directly in plasma.
卡片 114
问题
Why does carbon dioxide move from pulmonary blood into alveoli?
答案
Its partial pressure is higher in incoming blood than in alveolar air. It diffuses down that gradient for exhalation.
卡片 115
问题
What helps keep swallowed material out of the airway?
答案
The epiglottis and coordinated swallowing reflexes. The laryngeal opening is protected as food passes.
卡片 116
问题
How does the conducting airway remove trapped particles?
答案
Mucus traps them, and cilia move the mucus toward the throat. This is the mucociliary escalator.
卡片 117
问题
In what form is most carbon dioxide transported in blood?
答案
As bicarbonate ions. Red blood cells help convert carbon dioxide and water into bicarbonate.
卡片 118
问题
Which blood change is a strong normal stimulus to increase breathing?
答案
A rise in carbon dioxide and the associated fall in pH. Brainstem centers adjust ventilation in response.
卡片 119
问题
Why must alveoli receive both air and blood?
答案
Gas exchange needs ventilation and perfusion. Air without blood flow, or blood without airflow, cannot exchange gases effectively.
卡片 120
问题
Why does ventilation increase during exercise?
答案
Active tissues use more oxygen and produce more carbon dioxide. Faster, deeper breathing helps meet that demand.
卡片 121
问题
What are the digestive system's core functions?
答案
Ingestion, digestion, absorption, and elimination. Movement and secretion support those processes.
卡片 122
问题
What is the alimentary-canal sequence after the mouth?
答案
Pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, anus. Food passes through this continuous tube.
卡片 123
问题
What is mechanical digestion?
答案
Physical breakdown and mixing of food without changing its molecules. Chewing and stomach churning are examples.
卡片 124
问题
What are two major functions of the stomach?
答案
It stores and mixes food and begins substantial protein digestion. Acid denatures proteins, converts pepsinogen to pepsin, and provides the low pH pepsin needs.
卡片 125
问题
Where does most nutrient absorption occur?
答案
The small intestine. Folds, villi, and microvilli create a large absorptive surface.
卡片 126
问题
Which nutrient does salivary amylase begin digesting in the mouth?
答案
Carbohydrates, especially starch. Salivary amylase breaks starch into smaller carbohydrates.
卡片 127
问题
What is chemical digestion?
答案
Enzymatic breakdown of large food molecules into absorbable units. Chemical bonds are changed during the process.
卡片 128
问题
What is peristalsis?
答案
Wave-like smooth-muscle contractions that move material forward. It occurs throughout much of the digestive tract.
卡片 129
问题
What is a main function of the large intestine?
答案
Absorbing water and electrolytes and forming feces. Resident microbes also process some undigested material.
卡片 130
问题
What digestive product does the liver make?
答案
Bile. Bile salts help disperse dietary fat into smaller droplets.
卡片 131
问题
What does a digestive sphincter do?
答案
It regulates movement between regions of the digestive tract. Circular muscle contracts to close a passage.
卡片 132
问题
What does the pancreas release into the small intestine?
答案
Digestive enzymes and bicarbonate-rich fluid. Bicarbonate helps neutralize acidic material from the stomach.
卡片 133
问题
How do intestinal villi improve absorption?
答案
They increase surface area. Each villus contains blood capillaries and a lymphatic lacteal for transported nutrients.
卡片 134
问题
What is the gallbladder's role?
答案
It stores and concentrates bile. It releases bile into the small intestine when fatty food arrives.
卡片 135
问题
Which macronutrient's absorbed products usually enter intestinal lacteals before reaching the blood?
答案
Most dietary lipids. Their absorbed products travel through lymph before entering the bloodstream.
卡片 136
问题
Which accessory organs help digestion without food passing through them?
答案
The teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas. Teeth and the tongue act mechanically; the other accessory organs add or store digestive secretions.
卡片 137
问题
What organs make up the urinary system?
答案
The kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra. Kidneys make urine; the remaining organs transport, store, and release it.
卡片 138
问题
What is a nephron?
答案
The kidney's functional unit. It filters blood and adjusts the filtrate to form urine.
卡片 139
问题
Where does blood filtration begin in a nephron?
答案
At the renal corpuscle. Pressure pushes water and small solutes from glomerular capillaries into the capsule.
卡片 140
问题
What moves urine from a kidney to the bladder?
答案
A ureter. Smooth-muscle contractions propel urine along the tube.
卡片 141
问题
What is the urinary bladder's main role?
答案
Temporary urine storage. Stretch receptors help trigger the urge to urinate as it fills.
卡片 142
问题
Which structure carries urine from the bladder out of the body?
答案
The urethra. It is distinct from the ureters that enter the bladder.
卡片 143
问题
What is tubular reabsorption?
答案
Movement of useful substances from nephron fluid back into blood. Water, glucose, and ions are common examples.
卡片 144
问题
What is the glomerulus?
答案
A capillary tuft that filters blood in the renal corpuscle. Cells and most large proteins normally remain in circulation.
卡片 145
问题
How does more ADH change urine?
答案
It makes urine more concentrated and lowers its volume. More water is reabsorbed from the collecting ducts.
卡片 146
问题
What path does filtrate follow after entering the glomerular capsule?
答案
Proximal convoluted tubule → nephron loop → distal convoluted tubule → collecting duct. The collecting duct receives forming urine from multiple nephrons.
卡片 147
问题
What is tubular secretion?
答案
Movement of selected substances from blood into nephron fluid. It helps eliminate wastes and regulate ions and pH.
卡片 148
问题
Besides removing waste, what does the urinary system regulate?
答案
Water, electrolytes, acid-base balance, and blood volume. Kidney hormones also affect blood pressure and red-cell production.
卡片 149
问题
Why does dehydration usually reduce urine volume?
答案
The body conserves water by increasing renal reabsorption. ADH is an important signal in this response.
卡片 150
问题
Why do the kidneys receive a large blood flow?
答案
They must continuously filter plasma and regulate its composition. High flow supports waste removal and homeostasis.
卡片 151
问题
What is lymph?
答案
Interstitial fluid that has entered lymphatic vessels. It eventually returns to the bloodstream.
卡片 152
问题
What is innate immunity?
答案
Rapid, nonspecific defense present before a particular exposure. Barriers, inflammation, and several immune cells contribute.
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问题
What is a major function of lymph nodes?
答案
Filtering lymph and providing sites for immune-cell activation. Swelling can reflect an active immune response.
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问题
What does the spleen filter?
答案
Blood. It removes aged blood cells and supports immune responses to blood-borne antigens.
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问题
What is a key function of B lymphocytes?
答案
Producing antibody-secreting cells and memory cells. Antibodies bind specific antigens.
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问题
What distinguishes adaptive immunity?
答案
It targets specific antigens and develops memory. Later exposure can trigger a faster, stronger response.
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问题
Which lymphatic organ is important for T-cell maturation?
答案
The thymus. It is most active early in life.
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问题
What is the body's first physical barrier against many pathogens?
答案
Intact skin and mucous membranes. Their secretions and normal microbes add protection.
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问题
What is a key function of T lymphocytes?
答案
Coordinating immune responses or killing infected cells. Different T-cell types perform different roles.
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问题
What does an antibody bind?
答案
A specific antigen. Binding can neutralize a target or mark it for other immune defenses.
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问题
What is the purpose of inflammation after tissue injury?
答案
To contain damage, recruit defenses, and begin repair. Redness, heat, swelling, and pain can accompany it.
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问题
Why is a second adaptive response often faster than the first?
答案
Memory lymphocytes remain after the first exposure. They respond quickly when the same antigen appears again.
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问题
What does a phagocyte do?
答案
It engulfs particles, microbes, or debris. Neutrophils and macrophages are important examples.
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问题
How does vaccination support adaptive immunity?
答案
It safely exposes the immune system to antigen information. This promotes memory without requiring the full disease.
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问题
Why is lymphatic fluid return important?
答案
It prevents excess interstitial fluid from accumulating. Lymphatic vessels return fluid and leaked proteins to blood.
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问题
What structures belong to the integumentary system?
答案
Skin, hair, nails, sweat glands, and sebaceous glands. Together they form the body's outer covering.
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问题
What is the epidermis?
答案
The outer epithelial layer of skin. It is avascular and contains protective keratinized cells.
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问题
How does sweating cool the body?
答案
Evaporation removes heat from the skin. Skin blood-flow changes also help regulate heat loss.
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问题
What is a major role of melanin in skin?
答案
Absorbing some ultraviolet radiation. It also contributes to skin and hair color.
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问题
How does skin contribute to sensation?
答案
Sensory receptors detect touch, pressure, pain, and temperature. Nerves carry that information to the CNS.
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问题
What is the dermis?
答案
The connective-tissue layer beneath the epidermis. It contains vessels, nerves, glands, and hair follicles.
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问题
How does skin support vitamin D production?
答案
Ultraviolet light starts conversion of a skin molecule into a vitamin D precursor. The liver and kidneys complete activation.
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问题
Why does a deep skin wound bleed but a shallow epidermal scrape may not?
答案
Blood vessels are in the dermis, not the epidermis. A wound must reach vascular tissue to damage them.
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问题
What is a gamete?
答案
A haploid reproductive cell. Human sperm and oocytes each carry 23 chromosomes.
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问题
What are the testes' two main reproductive functions?
答案
Producing sperm and secreting testosterone. Sperm develop in seminiferous tubules.
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问题
What tube carries sperm from the epididymis toward the ejaculatory duct?
答案
The ductus, or vas, deferens. Smooth muscle propels sperm during ejaculation.
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问题
What is ovulation?
答案
Release of a secondary oocyte from an ovary. A surge in luteinizing hormone helps trigger it.
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问题
Where does fertilization usually occur?
答案
In a uterine tube. The early embryo then travels toward the uterus.
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问题
What are the ovaries' two main reproductive functions?
答案
Producing oocytes and secreting sex hormones. Estrogen and progesterone help regulate the reproductive cycle.
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问题
What is the uterus' main reproductive role?
答案
Supporting implantation and development of an embryo and fetus. Its muscular wall also contracts during birth.
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问题
What causes menstruation when pregnancy does not occur?
答案
Falling ovarian hormones allow the uterine lining to shed. A new cycle then begins.
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问题
How does a sperm cell's structure support its function?
答案
Its flagellum provides movement, and its head carries DNA plus enzymes used during fertilization. Mitochondria supply energy in the midpiece.
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问题
What is the placenta's exchange role?
答案
It allows gases, nutrients, and wastes to move between maternal and fetal circulations. Their blood normally does not mix directly.
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问题
Why is meiosis necessary for sexual reproduction?
答案
It halves chromosome number in gametes. Fertilization then restores the diploid number.
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问题
How do sex hormones regulate reproductive control pathways?
答案
They usually feed back on the hypothalamus and pituitary. This adjusts release of hormones that act on the gonads.
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问题
What does cell theory state?
答案
Living things are made of cells, cells are the basic units of life, and cells come from existing cells. These ideas link organism structure with cell division.
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问题
What is the defining structural feature of a prokaryotic cell?
答案
It lacks a membrane-bound nucleus. Its DNA occupies a nucleoid region.
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问题
What is the cell membrane's main role?
答案
Regulating movement between the cell and its environment. Its phospholipid bilayer is selectively permeable.
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问题
What is the nucleus' main role?
答案
Storing most of a eukaryotic cell's DNA. Nuclear pores regulate exchange with the cytoplasm.
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问题
Where are proteins assembled?
答案
At ribosomes. Ribosomes may float in cytosol or attach to rough endoplasmic reticulum.
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问题
What distinguishes a eukaryotic cell from a prokaryotic cell?
答案
A eukaryotic cell has a membrane-bound nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles. Animals, plants, fungi, and protists are eukaryotes.
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问题
What is a mitochondrion's main function?
答案
Producing most cellular ATP through aerobic respiration. Its inner membrane provides a large reaction surface.
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问题
What does rough endoplasmic reticulum mainly produce?
答案
Proteins for secretion, membranes, or organelles. Ribosomes on its surface make the proteins.
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问题
Which organelle carries out photosynthesis in plants and algae?
答案
The chloroplast. It converts light energy into chemical energy stored in organic molecules.
卡片 195
问题
What does the Golgi apparatus do?
答案
It modifies, sorts, and packages cell products. Vesicles carry those products to their destinations.
卡片 196
问题
What is a lysosome's role?
答案
Digesting worn cell parts and engulfed material. Its enzymes work best in an acidic interior.
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问题
What are major functions of smooth endoplasmic reticulum?
答案
Lipid synthesis, detoxification, and calcium storage. Its membrane lacks attached ribosomes.
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问题
What does the cytoskeleton provide?
答案
Cell shape, internal organization, movement, and transport tracks. It is built from protein filaments.
卡片 199
问题
What is diffusion?
答案
Net movement from higher to lower concentration. It is passive and continues until dynamic equilibrium is reached.
卡片 200
问题
What happens to an animal cell in a strongly hypotonic solution?
答案
Water enters and the cell swells. Without a cell wall, it may burst.
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问题
What happens during interphase?
答案
The cell grows, performs normal functions, and copies its DNA. Interphase precedes mitotic division.
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问题
What is the result of mitosis followed by cytokinesis?
答案
Two genetically similar daughter cells. Chromosome number is normally preserved.
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问题
What is osmosis?
答案
Diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane. Water moves toward the side with more nonpenetrating solute.
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问题
What happens to an animal cell in a hypertonic solution?
答案
Water leaves and the cell shrinks. The external solution has a higher effective solute concentration.
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问题
Why are cells generally small?
答案
A high surface-area-to-volume ratio supports efficient exchange. Volume grows faster than surface area as a cell enlarges.
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问题
What is cytokinesis?
答案
Division of the cytoplasm. It separates one cell into two after nuclear division.
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问题
How does active transport differ from passive transport?
答案
It uses energy to move substances against a gradient. Passive transport moves down a gradient without direct energy input.
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问题
What happens to an animal cell in an isotonic solution?
答案
There is no net water movement. Water still crosses in both directions at equal rates.
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问题
Which structures are typical of plant cells but not animal cells?
答案
A cellulose cell wall, chloroplasts, and a large central vacuole. Both cell types have membranes, nuclei, and mitochondria.
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问题
How do cells contribute to a multicellular organism's organization?
答案
Specialized cells form tissues, tissues form organs, and organs form systems. Division of labor supports complex functions.
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问题
What is DNA's primary biological role?
答案
Storing hereditary information. Its nucleotide sequence contains instructions used to build functional RNA and proteins.
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问题
What are the three parts of a DNA nucleotide?
答案
A deoxyribose sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base. Nucleotides link to form each strand.
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问题
Which bases pair in double-stranded DNA?
答案
Adenine with thymine, and cytosine with guanine. Hydrogen bonds hold complementary strands together.
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问题
How does RNA differ from DNA?
答案
RNA usually has ribose, uses uracil instead of thymine, and is usually single-stranded. Several RNA types help express genes.
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问题
What is a gene?
答案
A DNA sequence that contributes to a functional product. The product may be a protein or a functional RNA.
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问题
What is a chromosome?
答案
A long DNA molecule packaged with proteins. It contains many genes and other sequences.
卡片 217
问题
What is DNA replication?
答案
Copying DNA before cell division. Each new DNA molecule contains one old strand and one newly made strand.
卡片 218
问题
What is the usual flow of information from a protein-coding gene?
答案
DNA to RNA to protein. Transcription makes RNA; translation builds the polypeptide.
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问题
What happens during transcription?
答案
RNA is synthesized from a DNA template. For a protein-coding gene, that RNA functions as or is processed into messenger RNA.
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问题
What does messenger RNA carry?
答案
A copy of coding information from DNA to a ribosome. Its codons specify the amino-acid sequence.
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问题
What is a codon?
答案
A three-nucleotide sequence in mRNA. Most codons specify an amino acid; some signal start or stop.
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问题
What is the usual role of the AUG codon?
答案
It starts translation and specifies methionine. The ribosome uses it to establish the reading frame.
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问题
What happens during translation?
答案
A ribosome reads mRNA and joins amino acids into a polypeptide. Transfer RNAs match codons with amino acids.
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卡片 224
问题
What is transfer RNA's role in protein synthesis?
答案
It carries an amino acid and matches its anticodon to an mRNA codon. This places the correct amino acid in sequence.
卡片 225
问题
What is an anticodon?
答案
A three-base sequence on tRNA complementary to an mRNA codon. Pairing helps decode the message.
卡片 226
问题
What is a mutation?
答案
A change in a DNA sequence. Its effect may be harmful, neutral, or beneficial depending on location and context.
卡片 227
问题
Why can a one-base insertion in a coding sequence have a large effect?
答案
It can shift the reading frame. Every downstream codon may change until a stop signal appears.
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问题
Why can changing one amino acid alter a protein's function?
答案
Amino-acid sequence helps determine folding and shape. Shape controls many protein interactions.
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问题
What is ribosomal RNA's role in protein synthesis?
答案
It forms the structural and catalytic core of ribosomes. Ribosomal RNA helps align translation components and catalyzes peptide-bond formation.
卡片 230
问题
Why can different cell types contain the same DNA but perform different jobs?
答案
They express different sets of genes. Different proteins give cells different structures and functions.
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问题
Which mutation can be passed to offspring?
答案
A mutation present in a gamete-forming lineage. A mutation limited to ordinary body cells is not inherited through reproduction.
卡片 232
问题
What is an allele?
答案
An alternative version of a gene. Diploid individuals usually carry two alleles for each autosomal gene.
卡片 233
问题
What is genotype?
答案
An organism's allele combination for a gene or set of genes. Genotype contributes to phenotype.
卡片 234
问题
What does homozygous mean?
答案
Having two identical alleles for a gene. Examples include AA and aa.
卡片 235
问题
What makes an allele dominant in a simple Mendelian trait?
答案
One copy is enough for its phenotype to appear in a heterozygote. Dominant does not mean common or beneficial.
卡片 236
问题
What does Mendel's law of segregation describe?
答案
The two alleles for a gene separate during gamete formation. Each gamete receives one allele.
卡片 237
问题
What is phenotype?
答案
An observable trait or characteristic. It can reflect genotype, environment, and their interaction.
卡片 238
问题
What does heterozygous mean?
答案
Having two different alleles for a gene. An example is Aa.
卡片 239
问题
When does a recessive phenotype usually appear in a simple autosomal trait?
答案
When both alleles are recessive. A heterozygote carries the allele without showing that phenotype.
卡片 240
问题
When does independent assortment apply most clearly?
答案
When genes are on different chromosomes or far apart on the same chromosome. Their allele pairs enter gametes independently.
卡片 241
问题
What does a Punnett square predict?
答案
Expected offspring genotype probabilities from specified parental gametes. It does not guarantee outcomes in a small family.
卡片 242
问题
For Aa × Aa, what is the chance of an aa offspring?
答案
One fourth, or 25%. The genotype ratio is expected to be 1 AA : 2 Aa : 1 aa.
卡片 243
问题
For Aa × Aa with complete dominance, what phenotypic ratio is expected?
答案
Three dominant-phenotype offspring to one recessive-phenotype offspring. This is a probability across many offspring.
卡片 244
问题
How can a test cross reveal the genotype behind a dominant phenotype?
答案
Cross the individual with a homozygous recessive partner. Recessive offspring show that the unknown parent carried a recessive allele.
卡片 245
问题
What happens in incomplete dominance?
答案
A heterozygote has an intermediate phenotype. Neither allele fully masks the other.
卡片 246
问题
How is the probability of two independent genetic events both occurring found?
答案
Multiply their individual probabilities. This is the product rule.
卡片 247
问题
What does a pedigree show?
答案
How a trait appears across generations of a family. Its pattern can suggest a mode of inheritance.
卡片 248
问题
Why can two parents have offspring ratios that differ from a Punnett-square expectation?
答案
Each fertilization is a chance event. Expected ratios become more apparent with larger numbers of offspring.
卡片 249
问题
What happens in codominance?
答案
Both alleles are distinctly expressed in a heterozygote. The AB blood type is a common example.
卡片 250
问题
What are major roles of carbohydrates?
答案
Providing quick energy, storing energy, and forming some structures. Monosaccharides are their basic building blocks.
卡片 251
问题
What is a monomer?
答案
A small building block that can join with others to form a larger molecule. Glucose, amino acids, and nucleotides are examples in different classes.
卡片 252
问题
What happens in a dehydration-synthesis reaction?
答案
Monomers join while water is removed. The reaction builds a larger biological molecule.
卡片 253
问题
What does an enzyme do?
答案
It lowers activation energy and speeds a reaction without being consumed. Its shape helps it bind specific substrates.
卡片 254
问题
What are major roles of lipids?
答案
Long-term energy storage, membranes, insulation, and signaling. Lipids are mostly nonpolar and do not mix well with water.
卡片 255
问题
What does it mean for a protein to denature?
答案
Its normal shape is disrupted. Heat, extreme pH, or chemicals can reduce its function.
卡片 256
问题
What happens during hydrolysis?
答案
Water is used to split a larger molecule into smaller units. Digestion often uses hydrolysis reactions.
卡片 257
问题
Why do phospholipids form bilayers in water?
答案
Their hydrophilic heads interact with water while hydrophobic tails turn inward. This arrangement forms cell-membrane structure.
卡片 258
问题
What are proteins built from?
答案
Amino acids linked by peptide bonds. Their folded shapes support enzymes, transport, signaling, structure, and movement.
卡片 259
问题
How do starch and glycogen compare?
答案
Both store glucose; plants use starch and animals use glycogen. Their branching patterns differ.
卡片 260
问题
How do saturated and unsaturated fatty acids differ?
答案
Saturated fatty acids lack carbon-carbon double bonds; unsaturated ones have one or more. Double bonds often introduce bends.
卡片 261
问题
What immediate energy-carrying molecule powers many cell processes?
答案
ATP. Energy released from nutrients can be transferred into ATP's phosphate bonds.
卡片 262
问题
What are nucleic acids built from?
答案
Nucleotides. DNA stores hereditary information, while RNA performs several roles in gene expression.
卡片 263
问题
Which elements are common in all four major biological macromolecule classes?
答案
Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. Nitrogen and phosphorus occur prominently in some classes.
卡片 264
问题
Why is three-dimensional shape important for macromolecules?
答案
Shape determines many interactions and functions. A changed shape can prevent a molecule from binding its target.
卡片 265
问题
What are triglycerides built from?
答案
One glycerol molecule and three fatty acids. They join through ester bonds to form a common energy-storage lipid.
卡片 266
问题
What is a pathogen?
答案
An agent capable of causing disease. Not every microorganism is pathogenic.
卡片 267
问题
What type of cell is a bacterium?
答案
A prokaryotic cell. Bacteria usually reproduce by binary fission.
卡片 268
问题
What cell type do fungi have?
答案
Eukaryotic cells. Some fungi are unicellular yeasts, while others form multicellular filaments.
卡片 269
问题
What does disease transmission describe?
答案
How an infectious agent moves to a susceptible host. Routes include contact, droplets, airborne spread, food, water, and vectors.
卡片 270
问题
What is a biological vector?
答案
An organism that becomes infected with a pathogen and transmits it between hosts. The pathogen survives or reproduces inside the vector, unlike transport by a mechanical carrier.
卡片 271
问题
Why are viruses dependent on host cells?
答案
They lack the complete machinery for reproduction and metabolism. They use host components to make new virus particles.
卡片 272
问题
What is a protist?
答案
A diverse eukaryote that is not classified as an animal, plant, or fungus. Some protists cause disease, while many do not.
卡片 273
问题
Why do antibiotics not treat viral infections?
答案
They target bacterial structures or processes that viruses lack. Antiviral drugs use different targets.
卡片 274
问题
How can normal microbiota protect a host?
答案
They occupy space and use resources that pathogens might otherwise exploit. Some also support digestion or immune development.
卡片 275
问题
How does sterilization differ from disinfection?
答案
Sterilization destroys or removes all microbial life, including resistant forms; disinfection reduces pathogens on objects. The required method depends on use.
卡片 276
问题
How do infection and disease differ?
答案
Infection means an agent is established in a host; disease means normal function is impaired and signs or symptoms occur. Infection may be asymptomatic.
卡片 277
问题
How can breaking a transmission route reduce infectious disease?
答案
It interrupts the chain connecting a source with a susceptible host. Hand hygiene, clean water, ventilation, and vector control target different links.
卡片 278
问题
What is an atom?
答案
The smallest unit of an element that retains that element's chemical identity. Atoms contain a nucleus surrounded by electrons.
卡片 279
问题
What charge and location does an electron have?
答案
Negative charge in the electron cloud around the nucleus. Electrons drive most chemical bonding.
卡片 280
问题
Why are valence electrons important?
答案
They participate most directly in bonding and reactions. Their arrangement helps predict chemical behavior.
卡片 281
问题
What do elements in the same periodic-table group often share?
答案
Similar valence-electron patterns and chemical properties. A group is a vertical column.
卡片 282
问题
What is an ion?
答案
An atom or group of atoms with a net electric charge. Its total numbers of protons and electrons are unequal.
卡片 283
问题
What charge and location does a proton have?
答案
Positive charge in the nucleus. The number of protons determines the element.
卡片 284
问题
What does an element's atomic number equal?
答案
Its number of protons. A neutral atom has the same number of electrons.
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问题
How does a neutral atom form a cation?
答案
By losing one or more electrons. It has more protons than electrons and a positive charge.
卡片 286
问题
An atom has 8 protons. How many electrons does it have if it is neutral?
答案
Eight electrons. Neutral atoms have equal positive and negative charges.
卡片 287
问题
What charge and location does a neutron have?
答案
No electric charge, in the nucleus. Neutron number can vary among isotopes of an element.
卡片 288
问题
What does mass number equal?
答案
Protons plus neutrons in one atom. It is a whole number for a specific isotope.
卡片 289
问题
How does a neutral atom form an anion?
答案
By gaining one or more electrons. It has more electrons than protons and a negative charge.
卡片 290
问题
What does a period represent on the periodic table?
答案
A horizontal row. Moving across a period changes proton number one element at a time.
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问题
What are isotopes?
答案
Atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons. They have the same atomic number but different mass numbers.
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问题
What is matter?
答案
Anything that has mass and occupies space. Solids, liquids, gases, and plasma are forms of matter.
卡片 293
问题
What distinguishes a solid from a liquid or gas?
答案
A solid has a definite shape and volume. Its particles vibrate around relatively fixed positions.
卡片 294
问题
What is a physical change?
答案
A change in form or state without changing chemical identity. Melting and cutting are examples.
卡片 295
问题
What is a physical property?
答案
A characteristic observed without changing a substance's identity. Density, color, and melting point are examples.
卡片 296
问题
How does an element differ from a compound?
答案
An element contains one kind of atom; a compound contains elements chemically combined in fixed proportions. Chemical methods can separate a compound into simpler substances.
卡片 297
问题
What distinguishes a liquid?
答案
It has a definite volume but takes the shape of its container. Its particles remain close while moving past one another.
卡片 298
问题
What is a chemical change?
答案
A process that forms one or more substances with new chemical identities. Bond rearrangement occurs.
卡片 299
问题
What is a chemical property?
答案
A substance's ability to undergo a particular chemical change. Flammability and reactivity with acid are examples.
卡片 300
问题
Which phase changes connect solids and liquids?
答案
Melting changes a solid to a liquid; freezing changes a liquid to a solid. These are opposite physical changes.
卡片 301
问题
How does a pure substance differ from a mixture?
答案
A pure substance has a fixed composition and is an element or compound; a mixture has variable composition and physically combined components. Mixture components retain their identities.
卡片 302
问题
What distinguishes a gas?
答案
It has neither a definite shape nor a definite volume. It expands to fill its container.
卡片 303
问题
What is the formula for density?
答案
Density = mass ÷ volume. Density is an intensive property.
卡片 304
问题
Which phase changes connect liquids and gases?
答案
Vaporization changes a liquid to a gas; condensation changes a gas to a liquid. Evaporation is vaporization at a liquid's surface.
卡片 305
问题
What is a mixture?
答案
Two or more substances physically combined in variable proportions. Its components retain their chemical identities.
卡片 306
问题
How do intensive and extensive properties differ?
答案
Intensive properties do not depend on sample amount; extensive properties do. Density and temperature are intensive, while mass and volume are extensive.
卡片 307
问题
A 20 g sample occupies 5 mL. What is its density?
答案
4 g/mL. Divide 20 g by 5 mL.
卡片 308
问题
Which phase changes connect solids and gases directly?
答案
Sublimation changes a solid to a gas; deposition changes a gas to a solid. Neither transition passes through the liquid state.
卡片 309
问题
How do homogeneous and heterogeneous mixtures differ?
答案
A homogeneous mixture is uniform throughout; a heterogeneous mixture is not. A solution is homogeneous.
卡片 310
问题
Where are reactants and products written in a chemical equation?
答案
Reactants are on the left; products are on the right. The arrow shows the direction represented.
卡片 311
问题
Why must a chemical equation be balanced?
答案
Atoms are conserved in ordinary chemical reactions. Each element must have the same atom count on both sides.
卡片 312
问题
What does a coefficient in a chemical equation change?
答案
The number of whole particles or moles represented. It multiplies every atom in the following formula.
卡片 313
问题
Why should subscripts not be changed when balancing an equation?
答案
Changing a subscript changes the substance's identity. Balancing changes coefficients only.
卡片 314
问题
What coefficients balance H₂ + O₂ → H₂O?
答案
2, 1, 2: 2H₂ + O₂ → 2H₂O. Both sides then contain four hydrogen atoms and two oxygen atoms.
卡片 315
问题
What pattern defines a synthesis reaction?
答案
Two or more reactants form a more complex product. A general pattern is A + B → AB.
卡片 316
问题
What are typical products when a hydrocarbon burns completely in oxygen?
答案
Carbon dioxide and water. Incomplete combustion can produce carbon monoxide or carbon.
卡片 317
问题
What is the net ionic equation for a typical strong acid–strong base neutralization?
答案
H⁺(aq) + OH⁻(aq) → H₂O(l). The remaining ions are spectators and do not appear in the net ionic equation.
卡片 318
问题
What is a precipitate?
答案
An insoluble solid that forms from substances in solution. Its appearance can signal a chemical reaction.
卡片 319
问题
What pattern defines a decomposition reaction?
答案
One compound breaks into simpler products. A general pattern is AB → A + B.
卡片 320
问题
What is an exothermic reaction?
答案
A reaction that releases heat to the surroundings. The surroundings often warm.
卡片 321
问题
What occurs in an oxidation-reduction reaction?
答案
Electrons transfer or atoms change oxidation state. Oxidation is electron loss; reduction is electron gain.
卡片 322
问题
What is activation energy?
答案
The minimum energy barrier reactants must overcome to react. Catalysts lower this barrier.
卡片 323
问题
Which observations can provide evidence of a chemical reaction?
答案
Gas formation, a precipitate, sustained color change, light, or temperature change. No single sign proves a reaction without context.
卡片 324
问题
What is an endothermic reaction?
答案
A reaction that absorbs heat from the surroundings. The surroundings may cool.
卡片 325
问题
Why does raising temperature usually speed a reaction?
答案
Particles collide more often and with greater energy. More collisions overcome activation energy.
卡片 326
问题
Why can higher reactant concentration increase reaction rate?
答案
More reactant particles occupy a given volume. This raises collision frequency.
卡片 327
问题
Why does powdered solid often react faster than one large piece?
答案
Powder exposes more surface area. More particles are available for collisions.
卡片 328
问题
How does a catalyst speed a reaction?
答案
It provides a pathway with lower activation energy. The catalyst is regenerated rather than consumed overall.
卡片 329
问题
How can increasing pressure affect a reaction between gases?
答案
It can increase rate by bringing gas particles closer together. Collision frequency rises when volume falls.
卡片 330
问题
What does a reaction inhibitor do?
答案
It slows a reaction. It may block a pathway, interfere with a catalyst, or remove reactive intermediates.
卡片 331
问题
Why can very high temperature slow an enzyme-catalyzed reaction?
答案
The enzyme can denature and lose its active shape. Moderate warming helps only within the enzyme's stable range.
卡片 332
问题
What is dynamic equilibrium?
答案
Forward and reverse reactions continue at equal rates. Concentrations remain constant even though particles still react.
卡片 333
问题
Does a catalyst change the final equilibrium amounts?
答案
No. It speeds forward and reverse reactions, so equilibrium is reached sooner without changing its position.
卡片 334
问题
At equilibrium, what usually happens when the concentration of a dissolved or gaseous reactant increases?
答案
The system shifts toward consuming some added reactant. It forms more product until a new equilibrium is reached.
卡片 335
问题
What is a solution?
答案
A homogeneous mixture. Its components are uniformly distributed at the molecular or ionic level.
卡片 336
问题
How do solute and solvent differ?
答案
The solute is dissolved; the solvent is the dissolving medium. The solvent is often present in greater amount.
卡片 337
问题
What does aqueous mean in chemistry?
答案
Dissolved in water. The symbol
(aq)marks an aqueous species in an equation.卡片 338
问题
What does concentration describe?
答案
The amount of solute in a given amount of solution or solvent. Different units express it in different ways.
卡片 339
问题
What is molarity?
答案
Moles of solute per liter of solution. Its unit is mol/L, written M.
卡片 340
问题
What is the molarity of 0.50 mol solute in 2.0 L of solution?
答案
0.25 M. Divide 0.50 mol by 2.0 L.
卡片 341
问题
What stays constant when water is added to dilute a solution without reaction?
答案
The moles of solute. Volume increases and concentration decreases.
卡片 342
问题
Which equation relates concentration and volume before and after a dilution?
答案
M₁V₁ = M₂V₂. It follows from conserving the amount of solute.
卡片 343
问题
What is solubility?
答案
The maximum concentration of a solute that can be achieved in a solution at equilibrium under specified conditions. Temperature and the substances involved matter.
卡片 344
问题
What is a saturated solution?
答案
A solution holding the maximum dissolved solute at those conditions. Extra solute remains undissolved at equilibrium.
卡片 345
问题
What is an electrolyte?
答案
A substance that produces mobile ions in solution and conducts electricity. Soluble ionic compounds are common examples.
卡片 346
问题
What does 'like dissolves like' predict?
答案
Substances with similar polarity tend to mix well. Polar solvents favor polar or ionic solutes; nonpolar solvents favor nonpolar solutes.
卡片 347
问题
Does heating always increase solubility?
答案
No. Many solids become more soluble in water, but gases usually become less soluble as temperature rises.
卡片 348
问题
What is an unsaturated solution?
答案
A solution that can dissolve more solute at the stated conditions. It is below the solubility limit.
卡片 349
问题
What does a Brønsted-Lowry acid donate?
答案
A proton, H⁺. In water, acid behavior increases hydronium-ion concentration.
卡片 350
问题
What does pH describe?
答案
The hydronium-ion concentration on a logarithmic scale. Lower pH means higher hydronium concentration.
卡片 351
问题
At 25 °C, what pH range is acidic?
答案
Below 7. A neutral aqueous solution is pH 7 at this temperature.
卡片 352
问题
How does hydronium concentration change when pH drops by 1 unit?
答案
It increases tenfold. The pH scale is logarithmic.
卡片 353
问题
What does a Brønsted-Lowry base accept?
答案
A proton, H⁺. Many bases in water also increase hydroxide-ion concentration.
卡片 354
问题
At 25 °C, what is the relationship between pH and pOH?
答案
pH + pOH = 14. pOH is the negative base-10 logarithm of hydroxide-ion concentration; this relation applies to aqueous solutions at 25 °C.
卡片 355
问题
At 25 °C, what pH range is basic?
答案
Above 7. Basic solutions have less hydronium and more hydroxide than neutral water.
卡片 356
问题
What are typical products of a strong acid reacting with a strong base?
答案
Water and an ionic salt. Hydrogen ions and hydroxide ions combine to form water.
卡片 357
问题
What does strong mean for an acid or base?
答案
It produces its characteristic ions essentially completely in water. Strong acids ionize; soluble ionic strong bases dissociate. Strength is separate from concentration.
卡片 358
问题
What does a buffer do?
答案
It resists large pH changes when small amounts of acid or base are added. A weak conjugate acid-base pair neutralizes much of the added H₃O⁺ or OH⁻.
卡片 359
问题
How does an acid-base indicator work?
答案
Its color depends on pH. The change occurs over a characteristic pH range.
卡片 360
问题
A solution has pH 9 at 25 °C. What is its pOH?
答案
5. Subtract the pH from 14.
卡片 361
问题
How does a concentrated weak acid differ from a dilute strong acid?
答案
Concentration tells how much acid is present; strength tells how completely it ionizes. A concentrated weak acid contains more partially ionizing acid, while a dilute strong acid contains less acid that ionizes essentially completely. Either can have the lower pH.
卡片 362
问题
What is the SI base unit of length?
答案
The meter (m). Centimeters and millimeters are decimal subdivisions of a meter.
卡片 363
问题
Which tool directly measures mass in a laboratory?
答案
A balance. A spring scale measures force, often reported as weight.
卡片 364
问题
What is the SI base unit of mass?
答案
The kilogram (kg). Laboratory mass is also commonly reported in grams.
卡片 365
问题
A student needs to measure about 35 mL of liquid and can choose a beaker or graduated cylinder. Which should they use?
答案
A graduated cylinder. Read the scale at eye level.
卡片 366
问题
What is the SI base unit of time?
答案
The second (s). Minutes and hours are accepted for many everyday uses.
卡片 367
问题
Where should the volume of a clear water-based liquid be read in a graduated cylinder?
答案
At the bottom of the meniscus. Keep your eye level with the liquid surface.
卡片 368
问题
What is the SI base unit of thermodynamic temperature?
答案
The kelvin (K). Degrees Celsius are widely used for laboratory and body temperatures.
卡片 369
问题
Which tool measures temperature?
答案
A thermometer. Its range and resolution should match the task.
卡片 370
问题
What factor does the metric prefix kilo- represent?
答案
One thousand, or 10³. One kilometer equals 1,000 meters.
卡片 371
问题
A ruler's smallest marking is 1 mm. To what place should a careful analog reading usually be estimated?
答案
One place beyond the smallest marking, when the scale allows it. The final digit is uncertain.
卡片 372
问题
What is measurement accuracy?
答案
Closeness to an accepted or true value. A systematic error can make precise measurements inaccurate.
卡片 373
问题
How do mass and weight differ?
答案
Mass is the amount of matter; weight is gravitational force on that mass. Mass stays constant when gravity changes, but weight does not.
卡片 374
问题
What factor does the metric prefix milli- represent?
答案
One thousandth, or 10⁻³. One milliliter is 0.001 liter.
卡片 375
问题
How can the volume of an irregular solid be measured with water?
答案
Use water displacement. Subtract the initial water volume from the final volume after submerging the object.
卡片 376
问题
What is measurement precision?
答案
Closeness of repeated measurements to one another. Precise results can still be consistently wrong.
卡片 377
问题
What is an instrument's resolution?
答案
The smallest change it can meaningfully display or distinguish. Higher resolution does not automatically guarantee accuracy.
卡片 378
问题
How many centimeters are in 2.5 meters?
答案
2.5 × 10² cm (250 cm). Multiply meters by the exact conversion factor 100 cm/m.
卡片 379
问题
Why must a numerical measurement include a unit?
答案
The unit identifies the quantity's scale. A bare number is ambiguous and cannot be compared reliably.
卡片 380
问题
What is a scientific observation?
答案
Information recorded with senses or instruments. It should be distinguished from an explanation of what was observed.
卡片 381
问题
What makes a hypothesis scientifically useful?
答案
It is testable and falsifiable. Evidence must be able to count against it.
卡片 382
问题
What is a scientific theory?
答案
A broad, well-supported explanation of natural phenomena. It is not a casual guess and can be revised with new evidence.
卡片 383
问题
Which claim is falsifiable: 'No possible observation could count against this treatment's effectiveness' or 'This treatment lowers mean temperature within one hour'?
答案
The claim that the treatment lowers mean temperature within one hour. An observation could count against it, so evidence can test it.
卡片 384
问题
What is an inference?
答案
A logical interpretation based on observations and prior knowledge. It goes beyond the raw measurement.
卡片 385
问题
How does a prediction relate to a hypothesis?
答案
It states an expected result if the hypothesis is correct. Experiments compare observed results with that expectation.
卡片 386
问题
How does a scientific law differ from a scientific theory?
答案
A law describes a consistent pattern; a theory explains how or why patterns occur. One does not mature into the other.
卡片 387
问题
What does reliability mean for a measurement or procedure?
答案
It produces consistent results under the same conditions. Repetition helps assess reliability.
卡片 388
问题
What does a correlation show?
答案
Two variables change together in a patterned way. Correlation alone does not establish that one causes the other.
卡片 389
问题
What is bias in scientific work?
答案
A systematic influence that pushes observations, selection, or interpretation in one direction. Good design tries to prevent or measure it.
卡片 390
问题
What is the purpose of scientific peer review?
答案
Independent experts evaluate methods, reasoning, and reporting before publication. It improves scrutiny but does not guarantee truth.
卡片 391
问题
What does validity ask about a study or measurement?
答案
Whether it measures or tests what it claims to measure or test. Consistency alone does not ensure validity.
卡片 392
问题
What evidence most strengthens a causal claim?
答案
A well-controlled experiment that manipulates the suspected cause. Random assignment reduces confounding, while independent replication tests whether the result holds with new data.
卡片 393
问题
What is a primary scientific source?
答案
A report of original methods, data, and results. A review article synthesizes many primary studies.
卡片 394
问题
How should an unexpected outlier be handled?
答案
Investigate and report it rather than deleting it automatically. Exclusion needs a documented scientific reason.
卡片 395
问题
What is a confounding variable?
答案
An outside factor related to both the suspected cause and the outcome. It can create a misleading association.
卡片 396
问题
Why should a sample represent the population of interest?
答案
Results generalize poorly when important groups are missing or overrepresented. Sampling method matters as much as size.
卡片 397
问题
What is a scientific model?
答案
A simplified representation used to explain or predict a system. A model is useful within its assumptions and limits.
卡片 398
问题
Why should measurements report uncertainty or reasonable precision?
答案
Every measurement has limits. Reporting more digits than the method supports creates false precision.
卡片 399
问题
If results match a prediction once, what is the safest conclusion?
答案
The results support the hypothesis under those conditions. One result does not prove the hypothesis in every setting.
卡片 400
问题
What is a direct relationship between two variables?
答案
As one increases, the other tends to increase; as one decreases, the other tends to decrease. The relationship need not be perfectly linear.
卡片 401
问题
Which variable is usually placed on the x-axis of an experimental graph?
答案
The independent variable. It is the factor selected or changed by the investigator.
卡片 402
问题
What does the slope of a straight-line graph represent?
答案
Change in y divided by change in x. It is the response rate per unit change in the other variable.
卡片 403
问题
A line rises 12 units in y while x rises 3 units. What is its slope?
答案
4 units of y per unit of x. Divide 12 by 3.
卡片 404
问题
What is an inverse relationship?
答案
As one variable increases, the other tends to decrease. Their product is constant only in a strictly inverse proportion.
卡片 405
问题
Which variable is usually placed on the y-axis of an experimental graph?
答案
The dependent variable. It is the measured response.
卡片 406
问题
What does a plateau on a response graph indicate?
答案
The measured response has stopped changing much despite further x increases. A limiting factor may have been reached.
卡片 407
问题
What is interpolation?
答案
Estimating a value within the range of measured data. It is generally safer than extrapolating beyond that range.
卡片 408
问题
What pattern suggests no relationship between two plotted variables?
答案
The response shows no consistent change as the other variable changes. Points may scatter without a trend.
卡片 409
问题
Before comparing values in a data table, what should you check?
答案
Headings, units, and conditions. Numbers from different measures or scales cannot be compared directly.
卡片 410
问题
If 3 samples require 12 mL total, how much is needed for 5 equal samples?
答案
20 mL. The rate is 4 mL per sample, so multiply by 5.
卡片 411
问题
How is the arithmetic mean calculated?
答案
Add all values and divide by the number of values. A large outlier can shift the mean.
卡片 412
问题
Why is extrapolation uncertain?
答案
It assumes the observed trend continues outside measured conditions. The relationship may change beyond the data range.
卡片 413
问题
A culture grows from 20 to 50 cells in 6 hours. What is the average growth rate?
答案
5 cells per hour. The change is 30 cells divided by 6 hours.
卡片 414
问题
A measurement rises from 40 to 50. What is the percent increase?
答案
25%. The increase is 10, and 10 ÷ 40 × 100 = 25%.
卡片 415
问题
When can the median describe a typical value better than the mean?
答案
When data are skewed or contain strong outliers. In an ordered set, the median is the middle value for an odd count and the mean of the two middle values for an even count.
卡片 416
问题
How do quantitative and qualitative data differ?
答案
Quantitative data are numerical; qualitative data describe categories or qualities. Both can answer scientific questions.
卡片 417
问题
A response is 2 at dose 1, 4 at dose 2, and 8 at dose 4. If the relationship is linear, what response is predicted at dose 3?
答案
6. The observed rate is 2 response units per dose unit, so interpolation at dose 3 gives 6.
卡片 418
问题
How can a graph reveal a nonlinear relationship?
答案
The points follow a curve rather than a straight line. The rate of change varies across the x-range.
卡片 419
问题
What is the range of a data set?
答案
Maximum minus minimum. It describes total spread but ignores the distribution between the endpoints.
卡片 420
问题
What makes a scientific research question testable?
答案
It identifies measurable variables or observable outcomes. The needed data must be obtainable.
卡片 421
问题
In an experiment, what is the independent variable?
答案
The factor deliberately changed or assigned by the investigator. In a simple one-factor experiment, changing one independent variable helps isolate its effect.
卡片 422
问题
What should a hypothesis connect?
答案
A proposed explanation with a measurable outcome. It should lead to a prediction that evidence can challenge.
卡片 423
问题
What is a controlled variable, or constant?
答案
A condition kept the same across groups. Holding it constant prevents it from explaining outcome differences.
卡片 424
问题
What is the purpose of a control group?
答案
It provides a comparison without the experimental treatment. Differences can then be attributed more confidently to the treatment.
卡片 425
问题
In an experiment, what is the dependent variable?
答案
The measured response. It may change because of the independent variable.
卡片 426
问题
What form can a useful experimental prediction take?
答案
If the independent variable changes in a stated way, then the dependent variable should respond in a stated way. The reason links it to the hypothesis.
卡片 427
问题
What does a positive control demonstrate?
答案
That the setup can produce a known response. If it fails, the test system may be defective.
卡片 428
问题
Why randomly assign subjects to experimental groups?
答案
To distribute known and unknown differences more evenly. This reduces selection bias and confounding.
卡片 429
问题
How can blinding reduce bias?
答案
It keeps participants, observers, or both unaware of treatment assignments. Expectations are less likely to affect behavior or measurement.
卡片 430
问题
What is a placebo?
答案
An inactive treatment designed to resemble the experimental treatment. It helps separate treatment effects from expectation effects.
卡片 431
问题
What does a negative control demonstrate?
答案
What happens when the tested cause is absent. An unexpected response may reveal contamination or another source.
卡片 432
问题
Why does a larger sample often improve a study?
答案
It reduces the influence of chance variation and supports more stable estimates. It cannot repair a biased sampling method.
卡片 433
问题
Why repeat trials within an experiment?
答案
To estimate variability and check consistency. One unusual trial then has less influence.
卡片 434
问题
Why must an experimental procedure be detailed and standardized?
答案
So groups are treated consistently and others can reproduce the work. Uncontrolled procedural differences create alternative explanations.
卡片 435
问题
Why calibrate a measuring instrument before collecting data?
答案
To compare its readings with a known standard and reduce systematic error. Calibration improves confidence in accuracy.
卡片 436
问题
What is an operational definition?
答案
A precise statement of how a variable is measured or manipulated. It turns an abstract concept into a repeatable procedure.
卡片 437
问题
How does independent replication differ from repeated trials?
答案
Independent replication repeats a study with independently collected data, often by a different investigator; repeated trials rerun measurements within the original experiment. Replication tests consistency across separate studies.
卡片 438
问题
Why should raw data be recorded before interpretation?
答案
It preserves the observations separately from conclusions. Others can check calculations and reasoning.
卡片 439
问题
What should a scientific conclusion do?
答案
Answer the research question using the data and acknowledge limits. It should not claim more than the design supports.
卡片 440
问题
What should happen when data do not support a hypothesis?
答案
Revise or reject the hypothesis and consider new tests. Data should not be altered to preserve the original idea.
卡片 441
问题
What is a study limitation?
答案
A feature that restricts interpretation or generalization. Small samples, short duration, and imperfect measurements are examples.
卡片 442
问题
Why are ethics part of experimental design?
答案
Research must protect participants, organisms, and communities while balancing risks and benefits. Consent and humane treatment are key examples.
卡片 443
问题
How does an observational study differ from an experiment?
答案
It measures variables without assigning the exposure. It can find associations but usually supports weaker causal conclusions.
卡片 444
问题
Plants receive 0, 2, or 4 hours of added light, and growth is measured. What is the independent variable?
答案
Hours of added light. Plant growth is the dependent variable.
卡片 445
问题
A fertilizer study gives every plant the same water, soil, and temperature. What are these conditions?
答案
Controlled variables. Keeping them constant isolates the fertilizer's effect.
卡片 446
问题
A drug group improves more than a control group, but the groups were not randomly assigned. What is the main caution?
答案
Preexisting group differences could explain some improvement. The result is suggestive, but the design weakens a causal claim.
446张卡片
ATI TEAS 7 Science Flashcards: A&P, Biology, Chemistry & Scientific Reasoning
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