Employees need AWS access through the company identity provider without separate IAM users. What should provide it?

AWS IAM Identity Center with federation. It gives workforce users centrally managed access and temporary credentials instead of another set of long-term identities.

An EC2 application needs S3 access without stored access keys. What identity should it use?

An IAM role attached through an instance profile. The workload receives rotating temporary credentials, so no long-term secret has to live on the instance.

A company needs a maximum-permissions guardrail across member accounts. Which control fits?

An AWS Organizations service control policy (SCP). An SCP limits what member-account principals can be allowed to do; it does not grant permissions by itself.

How should the root user of a standalone AWS account or Organizations management account be secured?

Use it only for root-required tasks, protect sign-in with MFA, and do not create root access keys. Centralized root access applies to member accounts, so these root credentials still need direct protection.

Which identities can be members of an IAM group?

IAM users only. Groups collect permissions for users; roles and other groups cannot be group members.

An operator in one AWS account needs temporary access to resources in another. What is the standard design?

Assume a cross-account IAM role. The target role trusts the source principal, and the source principal is allowed to call STS to assume it.

A developer may create roles, but those roles must never exceed a fixed permission ceiling. What should constrain them?

An IAM permissions boundary. It caps the permissions an identity-based policy can grant without supplying permissions on its own.

Which service identifies resources shared with principals outside the trusted zone?

IAM Access Analyzer. It analyzes supported resource policies to surface public and cross-account access.

A corporate directory supports SAML 2.0 and staff need console access with existing identities. What access pattern fits?

SAML federation to IAM roles. Authentication stays with the corporate identity provider while AWS issues temporary role credentials.

An S3 bucket must grant another account direct access without sharing credentials. Which policy type can do that?

A resource-based bucket policy. It names the external principal on the resource and avoids distributing the bucket owner's credentials.

Permissions must follow project ownership as resources and staff change. Which authorization model reduces policy churn?

Attribute-based access control using tags. Policy conditions compare principal and resource attributes, so matching tags drive access without one policy per project.

A company wants a governed multi-account landing zone with account provisioning and guardrails. Which service fits?

AWS Control Tower. It sets up and governs a multi-account environment on top of AWS Organizations using an opinionated landing-zone model.

An external CI system supports OIDC and needs AWS API access without stored keys. What should it use?

OIDC federation to an IAM role. Short-lived web-identity credentials remove the need to keep an AWS access key in the CI system.

What credential model distinguishes an IAM role from an IAM user?

A role supplies temporary session credentials. It is assumed when needed rather than owning a permanent password or access key.

An action is allowed by one applicable policy and explicitly denied by another. What is the result?

The request is denied. An applicable explicit deny overrides an allow during policy evaluation.

Who patches the guest operating system on an Amazon EC2 instance?

The customer. AWS secures the underlying cloud infrastructure, while the customer manages the guest OS, applications, and their configuration.

When is an IAM user more defensible than federation for human access?

Only when the access pattern cannot use roles or federation and requires a long-term identity. Treat it as an exception, restrict it tightly, and rotate credentials when required.

A third-party SaaS provider assumes customer roles. What condition helps prevent the confused-deputy problem?

A unique external ID in the role trust policy. It binds the assume-role request to the intended customer relationship.

In one account, an identity policy and a resource policy each grant different actions, with no deny. How are they evaluated?

Their allows are combined. For same-account access, either policy can contribute permission unless another applicable control restricts it.

What AWS infrastructure boundary is designed as an isolated failure domain within a Region?

An Availability Zone. Separate AZs have distinct infrastructure, so spreading components across them reduces dependence on one failure domain.

Where should an application's AWS access key not be stored?

In source code or an application image. Embedded long-term credentials leak through repositories and artifacts; use a workload role and temporary credentials.

Sensitive API calls should work only in sessions authenticated with MFA. How can this be enforced?

Use an IAM policy condition that requires MFA context. The condition narrows the allowed action to sessions that meet the stronger authentication requirement.

How can a team shrink broad permissions using observed API activity?

Generate a policy with IAM Access Analyzer, then review it. Access activity provides evidence for a narrower starting policy, while human review preserves required edge cases.

Can a service control policy grant a member-account role permission to call an API?

No. An SCP defines the outer permission boundary; an IAM or resource policy must still allow the API call.

Security operations should manage an organization-integrated service without daily use of the management account. What should be configured?

A delegated administrator account for that service. It separates operational administration from the highly privileged Organizations management account.

A role session needs fewer permissions than the role normally allows. What can narrow that session?

A session policy. It intersects with the role's permissions and cannot expand beyond what the role already allows.

How does moving from self-managed EC2 databases to a managed database change security responsibility?

AWS takes on more infrastructure and platform operations, but the customer still owns data, identities, and configuration. Managed does not mean responsibility-free.

How should an organization handle root credentials in member accounts after enabling centralized root access?

Remove the member accounts' root credentials and use centrally managed privileged root sessions when needed. Recover a member's credentials only for an exceptional task that still requires direct root sign-in, then remove them again.

Why place production and experimentation in separate AWS accounts instead of only separate VPCs?

Accounts provide a stronger isolation and policy boundary. They separate billing, quotas, identities, and blast radius while organization controls provide central governance.

Which service records account API activity for security investigation and governance?

AWS CloudTrail. Its event history and trails provide evidence of who called supported APIs, from where, and when.

A public web application must keep its EC2 application servers off the internet. What subnet layout fits?

Put the internet-facing load balancer in public subnets and the instances in private subnets. Only the load balancer accepts public traffic; security groups allow the app tier from it.

Which VPC packet filter automatically allows response traffic for an allowed connection?

A security group. It is stateful, so return traffic for an established allowed flow does not need a separate inbound or outbound rule.

A public HTTP application must block SQL injection patterns and abusive request paths. Which service is the direct fit?

AWS WAF. It filters web requests at the application layer using managed or custom rules.

Which service continuously analyzes AWS telemetry for suspicious account and workload activity?

Amazon GuardDuty. It detects threats from sources such as CloudTrail events, VPC flow data, and DNS activity without becoming an inline firewall.

IPv4 instances in a private subnet need outbound internet access but must not accept internet-initiated connections. What should the route use?

A NAT gateway in a public subnet. The private route sends outbound IPv4 traffic through it while the instances remain without direct public ingress.

Which subnet-level control requires explicit rules for both request and response traffic?

A network ACL. It is stateless and evaluates numbered allow and deny rules separately in each direction.

Which managed protection targets distributed denial-of-service attacks against supported AWS edge and load-balancing resources?

AWS Shield. Shield Standard is included for common network and transport attacks; Shield Advanced adds stronger response and protection features for higher-risk workloads.

Which service discovers and reports sensitive data in Amazon S3?

Amazon Macie. It uses managed data identifiers and classification jobs to find sensitive content and risky S3 exposure.

Private subnets need access to a supported AWS API without traversing a NAT gateway or public internet. Which construct fits?

An interface VPC endpoint powered by AWS PrivateLink. It places private endpoint network interfaces in the VPC for the service API.

An application tier should accept traffic only from the load-balancer tier, even as instance IPs change. What rule is best?

Reference the load balancer's security group in the application's inbound rule. Identity by group survives scaling and avoids brittle IP allowlists.

A public load balancer needs a trusted TLS certificate with managed renewal. Which service should issue and manage it?

AWS Certificate Manager (ACM). ACM provisions supported public certificates and handles renewal while they remain correctly associated and eligible.

Which service should assess supported compute workloads and container images for software vulnerabilities?

Amazon Inspector. It continuously scans supported EC2, container image, and Lambda package surfaces and reports prioritized findings.

Private workloads need S3 access without NAT cost or internet routing. Which endpoint type fits?

An S3 gateway endpoint. Route tables direct S3 traffic privately through the endpoint without hourly interface-endpoint charges.

A subnet needs a coarse deny rule for traffic from a known hostile CIDR. Which VPC control can express it?

A network ACL. Unlike security groups, network ACLs support explicit deny rules at the subnet boundary.

How should a global web application filter malicious HTTP requests before they reach the regional origin?

Associate AWS WAF with the CloudFront distribution. Edge filtering blocks matching requests closer to viewers and reduces unwanted origin traffic.

An application needs a database password stored securely and rotated automatically. Which service is designed for it?

AWS Secrets Manager. It stores encrypted secrets and supports managed or Lambda-based rotation workflows.

A branch office needs an encrypted connection to a VPC quickly over existing internet links. Which connection fits?

AWS Site-to-Site VPN. IPsec encrypts traffic over the internet and usually provisions faster than a dedicated private circuit.

Connections to a private instance are timing out. Which record helps determine whether network traffic was accepted or rejected?

VPC Flow Logs. They capture metadata about IP flows for investigation, though not packet payloads.

A service needs very high-performance TCP load balancing and stable IP addresses. Which load balancer fits?

A Network Load Balancer. It operates at Layer 4 and supports static IP addressing while handling connection-oriented traffic at scale.

A team needs hierarchical application configuration and encrypted parameters but no built-in database-secret rotation. Which service fits?

AWS Systems Manager Parameter Store. It suits configuration and secure strings; Secrets Manager is the stronger fit when rotation is the decisive requirement.

Does a dedicated AWS Direct Connect link encrypt traffic by itself?

No. Direct Connect supplies private dedicated connectivity, but encryption needs another mechanism such as IPsec VPN or an applicable MACsec design.

AWS Solutions Architect Associate SAA-C03 Flashcards: Architecture Decisions & Trade-Offs

Review SAA-C03 architecture choices through 300 original cards on security, resilience, performance, and cost trade-offs.

Автор Open Study Contributor

Об этой колоде

These AWS Solutions Architect Associate flashcards give current SAA-C03 candidates 300 original prompts for choosing among plausible cloud architectures. Each answer names the decision first, then explains the constraint that makes it fit.

What the cards practice

Requirement → architecture choice: choose a service, feature, or pattern from security, resilience, performance, and cost constraints.
Nearby options → decisive trade-off: separate choices such as Multi-AZ from read replicas, queues from event buses, and edge caching from network acceleration.
Failure mode → mitigation: recall the design change that limits a blast radius, preserves work, or meets a recovery target.

The deck deliberately leaves out reverse service-to-definition drills, exhaustive service inventories, copied multiple-choice questions, exam dumps, volatile scheduling and scoring details, hands-on labs, and full practice exams. Those directions either reward glossary recognition or test a different skill.

The sequence follows the current four-domain outline: 90 secure cards, 78 resilient cards, 72 high-performing cards, and 60 cost-optimized cards. It starts with identity, policy, network, and data-protection prerequisites; moves through decoupling and recovery; then applies storage, compute, database, networking, analytics, and cost trade-offs. Related variants are separated so one answer does not immediately cue the next.

An AI tool helped draft and sequence the original cards and generated the cover. Every final front and back was manually checked against the current AWS content outline and official service documentation for correctness, relevance, clarity, and one main retrieval target.

The common-knowledge service facts and AWS marks remain Amazon Web Services' property. The CC0 dedication applies only to the original wording, selection, sequence, metadata, and generated cover to the extent those elements can be dedicated. No AWS exam questions, answer keys, mark schemes, or AWS documentation text were copied; scope was checked against the official AWS Certified Solutions Architect - Associate SAA-C03 exam guide. This is an independent, unofficial study resource and is not affiliated with, endorsed by, or sponsored by Amazon Web Services.

Карточки в этой колоде

Карточка 1
Вопрос
Employees need AWS access through the company identity provider without separate IAM users. What should provide it?
Ответ
AWS IAM Identity Center with federation. It gives workforce users centrally managed access and temporary credentials instead of another set of long-term identities.
Карточка 2
Вопрос
An EC2 application needs S3 access without stored access keys. What identity should it use?
Ответ
An IAM role attached through an instance profile. The workload receives rotating temporary credentials, so no long-term secret has to live on the instance.
Карточка 3
Вопрос
A company needs a maximum-permissions guardrail across member accounts. Which control fits?
Ответ
An AWS Organizations service control policy (SCP). An SCP limits what member-account principals can be allowed to do; it does not grant permissions by itself.
Карточка 4
Вопрос
How should the root user of a standalone AWS account or Organizations management account be secured?
Ответ
Use it only for root-required tasks, protect sign-in with MFA, and do not create root access keys. Centralized root access applies to member accounts, so these root credentials still need direct protection.
Карточка 5
Вопрос
Which identities can be members of an IAM group?
Ответ
IAM users only. Groups collect permissions for users; roles and other groups cannot be group members.
Карточка 6
Вопрос
An operator in one AWS account needs temporary access to resources in another. What is the standard design?
Ответ
Assume a cross-account IAM role. The target role trusts the source principal, and the source principal is allowed to call STS to assume it.
Карточка 7
Вопрос
A developer may create roles, but those roles must never exceed a fixed permission ceiling. What should constrain them?
Ответ
An IAM permissions boundary. It caps the permissions an identity-based policy can grant without supplying permissions on its own.
Карточка 8
Вопрос
Which service identifies resources shared with principals outside the trusted zone?
Ответ
IAM Access Analyzer. It analyzes supported resource policies to surface public and cross-account access.
Карточка 9
Вопрос
A corporate directory supports SAML 2.0 and staff need console access with existing identities. What access pattern fits?
Ответ
SAML federation to IAM roles. Authentication stays with the corporate identity provider while AWS issues temporary role credentials.
Карточка 10
Вопрос
An S3 bucket must grant another account direct access without sharing credentials. Which policy type can do that?
Ответ
A resource-based bucket policy. It names the external principal on the resource and avoids distributing the bucket owner's credentials.
Карточка 11
Вопрос
Permissions must follow project ownership as resources and staff change. Which authorization model reduces policy churn?
Ответ
Attribute-based access control using tags. Policy conditions compare principal and resource attributes, so matching tags drive access without one policy per project.
Карточка 12
Вопрос
A company wants a governed multi-account landing zone with account provisioning and guardrails. Which service fits?
Ответ
AWS Control Tower. It sets up and governs a multi-account environment on top of AWS Organizations using an opinionated landing-zone model.
Карточка 13
Вопрос
An external CI system supports OIDC and needs AWS API access without stored keys. What should it use?
Ответ
OIDC federation to an IAM role. Short-lived web-identity credentials remove the need to keep an AWS access key in the CI system.
Карточка 14
Вопрос
What credential model distinguishes an IAM role from an IAM user?
Ответ
A role supplies temporary session credentials. It is assumed when needed rather than owning a permanent password or access key.
Карточка 15
Вопрос
An action is allowed by one applicable policy and explicitly denied by another. What is the result?
Ответ
The request is denied. An applicable explicit deny overrides an allow during policy evaluation.
Карточка 16
Вопрос
Who patches the guest operating system on an Amazon EC2 instance?
Ответ
The customer. AWS secures the underlying cloud infrastructure, while the customer manages the guest OS, applications, and their configuration.
Карточка 17
Вопрос
When is an IAM user more defensible than federation for human access?
Ответ
Only when the access pattern cannot use roles or federation and requires a long-term identity. Treat it as an exception, restrict it tightly, and rotate credentials when required.
Карточка 18
Вопрос
A third-party SaaS provider assumes customer roles. What condition helps prevent the confused-deputy problem?
Ответ
A unique external ID in the role trust policy. It binds the assume-role request to the intended customer relationship.
Карточка 19
Вопрос
In one account, an identity policy and a resource policy each grant different actions, with no deny. How are they evaluated?
Ответ
Their allows are combined. For same-account access, either policy can contribute permission unless another applicable control restricts it.
Карточка 20
Вопрос
What AWS infrastructure boundary is designed as an isolated failure domain within a Region?
Ответ
An Availability Zone. Separate AZs have distinct infrastructure, so spreading components across them reduces dependence on one failure domain.
Карточка 21
Вопрос
Where should an application's AWS access key not be stored?
Ответ
In source code or an application image. Embedded long-term credentials leak through repositories and artifacts; use a workload role and temporary credentials.
Карточка 22
Вопрос
Sensitive API calls should work only in sessions authenticated with MFA. How can this be enforced?
Ответ
Use an IAM policy condition that requires MFA context. The condition narrows the allowed action to sessions that meet the stronger authentication requirement.
Карточка 23
Вопрос
How can a team shrink broad permissions using observed API activity?
Ответ
Generate a policy with IAM Access Analyzer, then review it. Access activity provides evidence for a narrower starting policy, while human review preserves required edge cases.
Карточка 24
Вопрос
Can a service control policy grant a member-account role permission to call an API?
Ответ
No. An SCP defines the outer permission boundary; an IAM or resource policy must still allow the API call.
Карточка 25
Вопрос
Security operations should manage an organization-integrated service without daily use of the management account. What should be configured?
Ответ
A delegated administrator account for that service. It separates operational administration from the highly privileged Organizations management account.
Карточка 26
Вопрос
A role session needs fewer permissions than the role normally allows. What can narrow that session?
Ответ
A session policy. It intersects with the role's permissions and cannot expand beyond what the role already allows.
Карточка 27
Вопрос
How does moving from self-managed EC2 databases to a managed database change security responsibility?
Ответ
AWS takes on more infrastructure and platform operations, but the customer still owns data, identities, and configuration. Managed does not mean responsibility-free.
Карточка 28
Вопрос
How should an organization handle root credentials in member accounts after enabling centralized root access?
Ответ
Remove the member accounts' root credentials and use centrally managed privileged root sessions when needed. Recover a member's credentials only for an exceptional task that still requires direct root sign-in, then remove them again.
Карточка 29
Вопрос
Why place production and experimentation in separate AWS accounts instead of only separate VPCs?
Ответ
Accounts provide a stronger isolation and policy boundary. They separate billing, quotas, identities, and blast radius while organization controls provide central governance.
Карточка 30
Вопрос
Which service records account API activity for security investigation and governance?
Ответ
AWS CloudTrail. Its event history and trails provide evidence of who called supported APIs, from where, and when.
Карточка 31
Вопрос
A public web application must keep its EC2 application servers off the internet. What subnet layout fits?
Ответ
Put the internet-facing load balancer in public subnets and the instances in private subnets. Only the load balancer accepts public traffic; security groups allow the app tier from it.
Карточка 32
Вопрос
Which VPC packet filter automatically allows response traffic for an allowed connection?
Ответ
A security group. It is stateful, so return traffic for an established allowed flow does not need a separate inbound or outbound rule.
Карточка 33
Вопрос
A public HTTP application must block SQL injection patterns and abusive request paths. Which service is the direct fit?
Ответ
AWS WAF. It filters web requests at the application layer using managed or custom rules.
Карточка 34
Вопрос
Which service continuously analyzes AWS telemetry for suspicious account and workload activity?
Ответ
Amazon GuardDuty. It detects threats from sources such as CloudTrail events, VPC flow data, and DNS activity without becoming an inline firewall.
Карточка 35
Вопрос
IPv4 instances in a private subnet need outbound internet access but must not accept internet-initiated connections. What should the route use?
Ответ
A NAT gateway in a public subnet. The private route sends outbound IPv4 traffic through it while the instances remain without direct public ingress.
Карточка 36
Вопрос
Which subnet-level control requires explicit rules for both request and response traffic?
Ответ
A network ACL. It is stateless and evaluates numbered allow and deny rules separately in each direction.
Карточка 37
Вопрос
Which managed protection targets distributed denial-of-service attacks against supported AWS edge and load-balancing resources?
Ответ
AWS Shield. Shield Standard is included for common network and transport attacks; Shield Advanced adds stronger response and protection features for higher-risk workloads.
Карточка 38
Вопрос
Which service discovers and reports sensitive data in Amazon S3?
Ответ
Amazon Macie. It uses managed data identifiers and classification jobs to find sensitive content and risky S3 exposure.
Карточка 39
Вопрос
Private subnets need access to a supported AWS API without traversing a NAT gateway or public internet. Which construct fits?
Ответ
An interface VPC endpoint powered by AWS PrivateLink. It places private endpoint network interfaces in the VPC for the service API.
Карточка 40
Вопрос
An application tier should accept traffic only from the load-balancer tier, even as instance IPs change. What rule is best?
Ответ
Reference the load balancer's security group in the application's inbound rule. Identity by group survives scaling and avoids brittle IP allowlists.
Карточка 41
Вопрос
A public load balancer needs a trusted TLS certificate with managed renewal. Which service should issue and manage it?
Ответ
AWS Certificate Manager (ACM). ACM provisions supported public certificates and handles renewal while they remain correctly associated and eligible.
Карточка 42
Вопрос
Which service should assess supported compute workloads and container images for software vulnerabilities?
Ответ
Amazon Inspector. It continuously scans supported EC2, container image, and Lambda package surfaces and reports prioritized findings.
Карточка 43
Вопрос
Private workloads need S3 access without NAT cost or internet routing. Which endpoint type fits?
Ответ
An S3 gateway endpoint. Route tables direct S3 traffic privately through the endpoint without hourly interface-endpoint charges.
Карточка 44
Вопрос
A subnet needs a coarse deny rule for traffic from a known hostile CIDR. Which VPC control can express it?
Ответ
A network ACL. Unlike security groups, network ACLs support explicit deny rules at the subnet boundary.
Карточка 45
Вопрос
How should a global web application filter malicious HTTP requests before they reach the regional origin?
Ответ
Associate AWS WAF with the CloudFront distribution. Edge filtering blocks matching requests closer to viewers and reduces unwanted origin traffic.
Карточка 46
Вопрос
An application needs a database password stored securely and rotated automatically. Which service is designed for it?
Ответ
AWS Secrets Manager. It stores encrypted secrets and supports managed or Lambda-based rotation workflows.
Карточка 47
Вопрос
A branch office needs an encrypted connection to a VPC quickly over existing internet links. Which connection fits?
Ответ
AWS Site-to-Site VPN. IPsec encrypts traffic over the internet and usually provisions faster than a dedicated private circuit.
Карточка 48
Вопрос
Connections to a private instance are timing out. Which record helps determine whether network traffic was accepted or rejected?
Ответ
VPC Flow Logs. They capture metadata about IP flows for investigation, though not packet payloads.
Карточка 49
Вопрос
A service needs very high-performance TCP load balancing and stable IP addresses. Which load balancer fits?
Ответ
A Network Load Balancer. It operates at Layer 4 and supports static IP addressing while handling connection-oriented traffic at scale.
Карточка 50
Вопрос
A team needs hierarchical application configuration and encrypted parameters but no built-in database-secret rotation. Which service fits?
Ответ
AWS Systems Manager Parameter Store. It suits configuration and secure strings; Secrets Manager is the stronger fit when rotation is the decisive requirement.
Карточка 51
Вопрос
Does a dedicated AWS Direct Connect link encrypt traffic by itself?
Ответ
No. Direct Connect supplies private dedicated connectivity, but encryption needs another mechanism such as IPsec VPN or an applicable MACsec design.
Карточка 52
Вопрос
A VPC needs centrally managed stateful inspection and domain-aware egress filtering. Which service fits?
Ответ
AWS Network Firewall. It provides managed network inspection with stateless and stateful rule groups for routed VPC traffic.
Карточка 53
Вопрос
Where can HTTPS be terminated so private HTTP targets do not each manage a public certificate?
Ответ
At an Application Load Balancer HTTPS listener. ACM integrates with the listener, centralizing public TLS while target traffic remains governed inside the VPC.
Карточка 54
Вопрос
A consumer web app needs a managed sign-up directory and user authentication tokens. Which component fits?
Ответ
An Amazon Cognito user pool. It manages application users and issues tokens after authentication.
Карточка 55
Вопрос
An API Gateway API must be callable only from approved VPCs through private connectivity. Which API type fits?
Ответ
A private API reached through an interface VPC endpoint. Its resource policy can restrict which VPC endpoints or VPCs may invoke it.
Карточка 56
Вопрос
A security team must apply common WAF and network protections across many accounts. Which service centralizes those policies?
Ответ
AWS Firewall Manager. It manages supported firewall and protection policies across accounts in AWS Organizations.
Карточка 57
Вопрос
How should a workload obtain a secret without placing the value in an AMI or container image?
Ответ
Retrieve it at runtime with a workload role. The image contains no secret, and IAM plus the secret's policy controls access to the current value.
Карточка 58
Вопрос
IPv6 workloads need outbound internet access without accepting unsolicited inbound connections. Which gateway fits?
Ответ
An egress-only internet gateway. It supports outbound-initiated IPv6 connectivity while blocking internet-initiated connections to the VPC.
Карточка 59
Вопрос
Authenticated mobile users need temporary AWS credentials to access permitted AWS resources. Which component supplies them?
Ответ
An Amazon Cognito identity pool. It exchanges supported identities for temporary role credentials with scoped AWS access.
Карточка 60
Вопрос
What routing property makes a VPC subnet public?
Ответ
Its route table has a route to an internet gateway. An instance still needs a public IPv4 address or IPv6 address and permissive controls to communicate directly with the internet.
Карточка 61
Вопрос
S3 objects need customer-controlled key permissions and an audit trail of key use. Which server-side encryption option fits?
Ответ
SSE-KMS with a customer managed KMS key. KMS adds key-policy control and CloudTrail-visible cryptographic operations beyond S3-managed keys.
Карточка 62
Вопрос
Which S3 control should be the broad guardrail against accidental public buckets and objects?
Ответ
S3 Block Public Access. Apply it at the account and bucket levels where public access is not required, then use explicit private policies.
Карточка 63
Вопрос
Which S3 feature helps recover from accidental overwrites and deletes?
Ответ
S3 Versioning. It preserves prior object versions and turns a normal delete into a delete marker instead of immediately erasing older versions.
Карточка 64
Вопрос
What happens when an encrypted EBS snapshot creates a new volume?
Ответ
The new volume is encrypted. EBS encryption propagates through snapshots and volumes created from those encrypted snapshots.
Карточка 65
Вопрос
What is the mandatory primary authorization document for a KMS key?
Ответ
The KMS key policy. Every KMS key has one, and IAM allows take effect only when the key policy enables that path.
Карточка 66
Вопрос
An S3 data lake wants policy-only ownership and no object ACL management. Which setting fits?
Ответ
S3 Object Ownership with Bucket owner enforced. It disables ACLs and makes the bucket owner own uploaded objects, simplifying authorization.
Карточка 67
Вопрос
Compliance records must be protected from deletion or overwrite for a retention period. Which S3 feature fits?
Ответ
S3 Object Lock. It provides write-once-read-many retention on versioned objects, with governance or compliance controls.
Карточка 68
Вопрос
An unencrypted RDS database must become encrypted without changing it in place. What migration path fits?
Ответ
Snapshot it, copy the snapshot with encryption, and restore a new database. RDS storage encryption is chosen for the new resource rather than toggled on the existing instance.
Карточка 69
Вопрос
A large object must be encrypted without sending the whole payload to KMS. Which pattern fits?
Ответ
Envelope encryption. A data key encrypts the payload locally, and the KMS key protects the much smaller data key.
Карточка 70
Вопрос
Several applications need different S3 access policies over the same shared dataset. What reduces one giant bucket policy?
Ответ
S3 Access Points. Each access point has its own endpoint and policy, letting access be separated by application or team.
Карточка 71
Вопрос
What bucket prerequisite applies to S3 replication?
Ответ
Versioning must be enabled on both source and destination buckets. Replication operates on object versions rather than an unversioned overwrite stream.
Карточка 72
Вопрос
An application uses TLS on regional load balancers in two Regions. Where must its ACM certificates be available?
Ответ
In each load balancer's Region. ACM certificates are regional resources for regional services, so each deployment needs an eligible certificate there.
Карточка 73
Вопрос
What happens to existing ciphertext when a KMS key's material rotates?
Ответ
It is not re-encrypted. KMS keeps the prior key material so the same logical key can decrypt older ciphertext while new encryption uses current material.
Карточка 74
Вопрос
How can a bucket reject requests that do not use TLS?
Ответ
Add a bucket-policy deny conditioned on insecure transport. The explicit deny blocks requests where the secure-transport context is false.
Карточка 75
Вопрос
S3 data must have an automatically maintained copy in another Region. Which feature fits?
Ответ
S3 Cross-Region Replication. It asynchronously copies eligible object versions to a bucket in a different Region under configured rules.
Карточка 76
Вопрос
Which Region must hold an ACM certificate used by Amazon CloudFront?
Ответ
US East (N. Virginia), us-east-1. CloudFront requires its viewer certificate in that Region even when the origins live elsewhere.
Карточка 77
Вопрос
A key type does not support automatic KMS rotation. How can the application rotate it?
Ответ
Create a replacement KMS key and repoint an alias or application configuration. Manual replacement is the rotation path for unsupported key types.
Карточка 78
Вопрос
A private S3 object needs temporary download access for one user without making the bucket public. What should be issued?
Ответ
A presigned URL. It delegates time-limited permission derived from the signer's credentials for a specific S3 request.
Карточка 79
Вопрос
Separate teams in one Region need automatically replicated S3 copies under different accounts. Which feature fits?
Ответ
S3 Same-Region Replication. It maintains eligible copies between buckets in the same Region, including cross-account destinations.
Карточка 80
Вопрос
After a secret rotates, what application design prevents continued use of the old value?
Ответ
Retrieve or refresh the secret at runtime instead of caching it indefinitely. Rotation only helps when consumers adopt the current version safely.
Карточка 81
Вопрос
Another account must use a customer managed KMS key. What two authorization sides are required?
Ответ
The key policy must trust the external account, and that account must allow its principal to use the key. Cross-account KMS access needs permission on both sides.
Карточка 82
Вопрос
A CloudFront distribution should read from a private S3 origin while direct bucket access stays blocked. Which control fits?
Ответ
CloudFront Origin Access Control (OAC). The bucket policy trusts signed CloudFront origin requests instead of exposing S3 publicly.
Карточка 83
Вопрос
Backups must resist deletion or shortened retention, including by privileged operators. Which control fits?
Ответ
AWS Backup Vault Lock in compliance mode after its grace period. It enforces write-once-read-many retention, so even privileged users cannot alter or delete protected recovery points early.
Карточка 84
Вопрос
A data owner needs evidence of which S3 objects contain regulated identifiers before tightening access. What should run first?
Ответ
An Amazon Macie sensitive-data discovery job. Classification findings identify likely sensitive objects so controls can follow the data's risk.
Карточка 85
Вопрос
A requirement calls for customer-controlled keys in dedicated single-tenant hardware security modules. Which service fits?
Ответ
AWS CloudHSM. It provides dedicated HSMs under customer control; KMS is the simpler managed choice when that control boundary is not required.
Карточка 86
Вопрос
Records must be retained for a policy period and then deleted automatically. What design principle should drive storage controls?
Ответ
Encode the retention policy in lifecycle and backup controls. Automated transitions, expiration, and locked retention reduce reliance on manual cleanup while matching governance requirements.
Карточка 87
Вопрос
A company needs centrally governed backup schedules and retention across supported services and accounts. Which service fits?
Ответ
AWS Backup with organization backup policies. It centralizes plans, vaults, monitoring, and policy-based protection for supported resources.
Карточка 88
Вопрос
A shared data lake needs table-, column-, and row-level permissions across analytics services. Which service should govern it?
Ответ
AWS Lake Formation. It centralizes fine-grained data-lake permissions instead of relying only on broad S3 access.
Карточка 89
Вопрос
An application encrypts in one Region and must decrypt in another without a cross-Region KMS call. Which key design fits?
Ответ
Related KMS multi-Region keys. Their interoperable key material supports regional cryptographic operations, while policies and grants remain regional.
Карточка 90
Вопрос
How can an auditor detect whether delivered CloudTrail log files were changed or deleted?
Ответ
Enable CloudTrail log file integrity validation. Digest files provide a cryptographic chain that can validate delivered log-file integrity.
Карточка 91
Вопрос
A web tier must add and remove instances freely as traffic changes. What application property makes this safe?
Ответ
Keep the web tier stateless. Store sessions and durable data outside individual instances so any healthy instance can serve any request.
Карточка 92
Вопрос
Requests for /orders and /images must scale as separate target groups behind one endpoint. Which component fits?
Ответ
An Application Load Balancer with path-based rules. Layer 7 routing sends each path to its own independently scalable target group.
Карточка 93
Вопрос
A team needs a managed public API front door with authorization, throttling, and request routing. Which service fits?
Ответ
Amazon API Gateway. It provides the API layer without requiring the team to run and scale gateway servers.
Карточка 94
Вопрос
A producer spikes faster than workers can process jobs, but accepted work must not be lost. What should separate them?
Ответ
An Amazon SQS queue. The durable buffer absorbs the spike and lets consumers drain work at their own rate.
Карточка 95
Вопрос
One event must be delivered to several independent queues for parallel processing. Which messaging pattern fits?
Ответ
Publish to an Amazon SNS topic subscribed by multiple SQS queues. Each consumer gets its own durable copy and failure boundary.
Карточка 96
Вопрос
Events from many sources must reach different targets based on fields in each event. Which service fits?
Ответ
Amazon EventBridge. Event-bus rules match event patterns and route selected events to targets without point-to-point integrations.
Карточка 97
Вопрос
A business process needs branching, retries, timeouts, and visible state across several services. Which service fits?
Ответ
AWS Step Functions. A state machine makes workflow control explicit instead of burying orchestration in custom glue code.
Карточка 98
Вопрос
Short event-driven code must scale without server management and sits idle between requests. Which compute model fits?
Ответ
AWS Lambda. It provisions execution capacity on demand and charges for requests and execution instead of continuously running servers.
Карточка 99
Вопрос
A long-running container needs custom runtime dependencies, but the team does not want to manage cluster instances. Which compute option fits?
Ответ
AWS Fargate with Amazon ECS or EKS. Fargate supplies task or pod compute while the team keeps the container model.
Карточка 100
Вопрос
A relational database is healthy but read traffic overwhelms the writer. What should absorb the reads?
Ответ
One or more read replicas. Applications route read-only queries to asynchronously replicated instances, leaving writes on the source.
Карточка 101
Вопрос
Which storage type fits durable, massively scalable files accessed through APIs rather than mounted as a disk?
Ответ
Object storage with Amazon S3. Objects live in buckets and are addressed by keys, which suits static assets, backups, and data lakes.
Карточка 102
Вопрос
Many Linux instances across Availability Zones need a shared managed NFS file system. Which storage service fits?
Ответ
Amazon EFS. It provides elastic regional file storage that multiple clients can mount concurrently.
Карточка 103
Вопрос
A database on one EC2 instance needs low-latency persistent block storage. Which service fits?
Ответ
Amazon EBS. It presents durable block volumes to EC2 and supports volume types tuned for different IOPS and throughput needs.
Карточка 104
Вопрос
A team wants AWS-native container orchestration and has no Kubernetes requirement. Which managed orchestrator is simpler?
Ответ
Amazon ECS. EKS is the fit when Kubernetes APIs and ecosystem compatibility are requirements; otherwise ECS removes that control-plane complexity.
Карточка 105
Вопрос
The same database records are requested repeatedly with low-latency requirements. What layer reduces database load?
Ответ
An in-memory cache such as Amazon ElastiCache. Serving hot data from memory cuts repeated database reads when the application can tolerate cache semantics.
Карточка 106
Вопрос
Global users repeatedly download cacheable content from one regional origin. What should serve it closer to them?
Ответ
Amazon CloudFront. Edge caching reduces origin load and viewer latency for cacheable responses.
Карточка 107
Вопрос
Why split a system into independently deployable services around clear business capabilities?
Ответ
To isolate change, failure, and scaling boundaries. A service can evolve or scale without forcing the whole application to move together, provided its interface stays stable.
Карточка 108
Вопрос
What should exceed a queue worker's normal processing time so another worker does not immediately receive the same in-flight job?
Ответ
The SQS visibility timeout. It temporarily hides a received message, but the worker must still delete it after success.
Карточка 109
Вопрос
A downstream processor is slower than incoming work. Which signal should often drive worker scaling?
Ответ
Queue backlog relative to processing capacity. Scaling on depth or age of work responds to actual pressure better than producer CPU alone.
Карточка 110
Вопрос
A standard queue can deliver a message more than once. What property must the consumer have?
Ответ
Idempotency. Reprocessing the same operation identifier should not create a second business effect.
Карточка 111
Вопрос
A public API must protect a backend from sudden request floods while returning controlled errors. What should the front door enforce?
Ответ
API Gateway throttling and quotas. They bound request rates before excess traffic consumes backend capacity.
Карточка 112
Вопрос
Partners must upload files over SFTP while data lands in managed AWS storage. Which service avoids running SFTP servers?
Ответ
AWS Transfer Family. It provides managed file-transfer protocol endpoints backed by services such as Amazon S3 or EFS.
Карточка 113
Вопрос
When are containers a better fit than functions for a new service?
Ответ
When the workload needs a portable custom runtime, persistent process, or execution shape that does not fit function limits. Containers trade some simplicity for more runtime control.
Карточка 114
Вопрос
An asynchronous function invocation keeps failing after retries. Where should the failed event go for recovery?
Ответ
An on-failure destination or dead-letter target. Preserving the event outside the function makes the failure inspectable and replayable.
Карточка 115
Вопрос
Queue consumers make too many empty receive calls. Which setting reduces them?
Ответ
SQS long polling. A receive request waits briefly for a message, reducing empty responses and needless API calls.
Карточка 116
Вопрос
Several topic subscribers need only the events relevant to them. What prevents every subscriber from processing every message?
Ответ
SNS subscription filter policies. Each subscription selects messages by attributes or message-body fields before delivery.
Карточка 117
Вопрос
A team needs to reprocess past application events after deploying a corrected consumer. Which feature fits?
Ответ
EventBridge archive and replay. The archive retains matching events and can resend a chosen time range to its source event bus.
Карточка 118
Вопрос
A workflow can run for hours and needs durable, auditable execution with non-idempotent steps. Which workflow type fits?
Ответ
A Step Functions Standard Workflow. It supports long-running stateful orchestration and an exactly-once execution model unless retries are configured.
Карточка 119
Вопрос
One HTTP load balancer must route to EC2 instances, containers by IP, and Lambda targets. Which load balancer supports that model?
Ответ
An Application Load Balancer. Its target groups support multiple target types while listener rules keep routing at Layer 7.
Карточка 120
Вопрос
Many short-lived functions cause a relational database connection storm. What managed layer should pool connections?
Ответ
Amazon RDS Proxy. It shares and reuses database connections, protecting the database from bursts of client sessions.
Карточка 121
Вопрос
Existing applications use standard message-broker APIs and must decouple without a messaging rewrite. Which managed service fits?
Ответ
Amazon MQ. It runs managed ActiveMQ or RabbitMQ brokers for applications that need familiar broker protocols and APIs rather than a cloud-native queue redesign.
Карточка 122
Вопрос
A key-value workload needs managed horizontal scaling and single-digit-millisecond access without database servers. Which database fits?
Ответ
Amazon DynamoDB. Its partitioned serverless design scales key-value and document access without instance management.
Карточка 123
Вопрос
A workflow must pause until a human or external system reports completion. Which orchestration pattern fits?
Ответ
A Step Functions callback with a task token. The workflow persists its state and resumes only when the external actor returns the token.
Карточка 124
Вопрос
Why should presentation, application, and data tiers have separate scaling boundaries?
Ответ
Each tier can match its own bottleneck and failure pattern. Scaling the whole stack together wastes capacity and increases coupling.
Карточка 125
Вопрос
Jobs for each customer must stay ordered and duplicate sends should be suppressed within the queue's deduplication model. Which queue type fits?
Ответ
An SQS FIFO queue with a message group per ordering boundary. FIFO preserves order within a group and supports deduplication, with less throughput flexibility than a standard queue.
Карточка 126
Вопрос
Why prefer a purpose-built managed service over one generic database for every workload?
Ответ
Its data model and operational behavior match the access pattern. Better fit can reduce custom code, scaling friction, and failure modes.
Карточка 127
Вопрос
Traffic growth is unpredictable and downtime for resizing is unacceptable. Which scaling direction is the better default?
Ответ
Horizontal scaling. Adding replaceable instances avoids one ever-larger machine and supports elastic capacity across failure domains.
Карточка 128
Вопрос
A very high-volume, short, idempotent event workflow needs lower orchestration overhead. Which workflow type fits?
Ответ
A Step Functions Express Workflow. It is designed for high-rate, short executions and uses at-least-once semantics for asynchronous runs.
Карточка 129
Вопрос
A few malformed messages repeatedly fail and block useful retry capacity. Where should they be isolated?
Ответ
In an SQS dead-letter queue. A redrive policy moves repeatedly failing messages aside for inspection instead of cycling them forever.
Карточка 130
Вопрос
A regional web application must survive one Availability Zone failing. What baseline topology fits?
Ответ
An Application Load Balancer and Auto Scaling group spanning at least two AZs. Healthy capacity remains reachable when one AZ is unavailable.
Карточка 131
Вопрос
A relational database needs automatic failover inside one Region, not read scaling. Which deployment fits?
Ответ
An RDS Multi-AZ DB instance deployment. Its synchronous standby is for high availability and cannot serve read traffic.
Карточка 132
Вопрос
DNS must direct users to a standby endpoint only when the primary becomes unhealthy. Which routing policy fits?
Ответ
Route 53 failover routing. Health evaluation controls an active-passive DNS response between primary and secondary records.
Карточка 133
Вопрос
Which disaster-recovery pattern costs least during normal operation but usually has the longest recovery time?
Ответ
Backup and restore. Only protected data and recovery artifacts are maintained until a disaster requires rebuilding the environment.
Карточка 134
Вопрос
Which S3 class characteristic protects ordinary regional objects from a single Availability Zone loss?
Ответ
Storage across multiple Availability Zones. Regional S3 classes redundantly store data across AZs; a one-zone class deliberately trades that resilience for cost or latency goals.
Карточка 135
Вопрос
An EC2 instance fails health checks in an Auto Scaling group. What resilience behavior should follow?
Ответ
Auto Scaling replaces the unhealthy instance. Desired capacity is maintained with a new instance instead of preserving a broken server.
Карточка 136
Вопрос
A key-value application needs active-active writes in multiple Regions with managed replication. Which feature fits?
Ответ
DynamoDB global tables. Multi-Region replicas accept local reads and writes and replicate changes between participating Regions.
Карточка 137
Вопрос
Which recovery objective states the maximum acceptable time to restore service after disruption?
Ответ
Recovery Time Objective (RTO). It sets the downtime target that the recovery architecture and runbook must meet.
Карточка 138
Вопрос
A secondary Region should keep only core data and critical services ready, then scale the rest after a disaster. Which DR pattern fits?
Ответ
Pilot light. A minimal live core shortens recovery compared with backup-and-restore while keeping steady-state cost below a warm standby.
Карточка 139
Вопрос
How should a team recover consistently from a damaged server fleet without repairing instances by hand?
Ответ
Replace the fleet from versioned immutable images and infrastructure definitions. Rebuilding known-good instances is more predictable than repairing drifted servers in place.
Карточка 140
Вопрос
Users should resolve to the deployed Region that currently offers them the lowest network latency. Which DNS policy fits?
Ответ
Route 53 latency-based routing. It selects among regional endpoints using AWS latency measurements and can combine that choice with health evaluation.
Карточка 141
Вопрос
Which recovery objective states the maximum acceptable amount of data loss measured in time?
Ответ
Recovery Point Objective (RPO). It determines how current replicated or backed-up data must be at recovery.
Карточка 142
Вопрос
An Aurora cluster needs faster failover and read scaling. What should be added across Availability Zones?
Ответ
Aurora Replicas in multiple AZs. Readers serve read traffic and provide promotion targets if the writer fails.
Карточка 143
Вопрос
A smaller but fully functional copy runs in another Region and scales up during disaster. Which DR pattern is this?
Ответ
Warm standby. The secondary environment already serves the complete workload at reduced capacity, trading higher steady cost for faster recovery.
Карточка 144
Вопрос
What artifact lets a team rebuild network and compute resources consistently in a recovery Region?
Ответ
Version-controlled infrastructure as code, such as AWS CloudFormation templates. A declared environment can be recreated and reviewed instead of reconstructed from memory.
Карточка 145
Вопрос
A DNS failover record should stop returning an unhealthy external endpoint. What must inform routing?
Ответ
A Route 53 health check associated with the record. DNS failover needs endpoint health evidence rather than a static primary designation.
Карточка 146
Вопрос
How should critical backups be protected from compromise of the workload account?
Ответ
Copy them into a separately controlled backup account. Cross-account isolation reduces the chance that one compromised administrator can destroy production and recovery copies.
Карточка 147
Вопрос
Which multi-Region pattern offers the lowest failover delay but usually the highest complexity and steady cost?
Ответ
Active-active. Multiple Regions serve traffic simultaneously, so recovery avoids starting a cold stack but requires distributed data and conflict handling.
Карточка 148
Вопрос
A DR Region has infrastructure templates but insufficient service quota for recovery capacity. What is the design flaw?
Ответ
The recovery plan cannot meet its intended scale. Quotas are regional constraints and must be raised and tested before an incident.
Карточка 149
Вопрос
A service-level requirement is based on successful checkout rate, not server CPU. What should alerting monitor?
Ответ
A metric tied to successful checkouts. Business-outcome signals expose availability loss that infrastructure utilization alone can miss.
Карточка 150
Вопрос
A request crosses several services and intermittently slows down. Which service helps locate the slow segment?
Ответ
AWS X-Ray. Distributed traces connect service calls and latency so the bottleneck can be isolated across the request path.
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Карточка 151
Вопрос
A downstream dependency is failing and retries are exhausting every caller. Which application pattern limits the cascade?
Ответ
A circuit breaker. It stops repeated calls to the unhealthy dependency for a period, preserving caller resources and allowing recovery.
Карточка 152
Вопрос
A regional disaster must not remove both the primary S3 dataset and its recovery copy. Where should replication send it?
Ответ
To a bucket in another Region. Cross-Region Replication separates the copy from a regional failure boundary, subject to replication timing and configuration.
Карточка 153
Вопрос
An EBS recovery volume is needed in another Region. What must happen to its snapshot first?
Ответ
Copy the snapshot to the target Region. EBS snapshots are regional resources even though their data is stored redundantly within the Region.
Карточка 154
Вопрос
How can relational database clients reduce connection disruption during failover?
Ответ
Connect through Amazon RDS Proxy. The proxy pools connections and can redirect them to the new database instance while shielding clients from some failover handling.
Карточка 155
Вопрос
Which Aurora endpoint should an application use for writes so failover does not require a configured instance hostname change?
Ответ
The cluster writer endpoint. It follows the current primary instance as Aurora promotes a replacement writer.
Карточка 156
Вопрос
A global TCP application needs fixed anycast IP addresses and rapid routing away from unhealthy regional endpoints. Which service fits?
Ответ
AWS Global Accelerator. It routes traffic over the AWS global network to healthy endpoints while keeping stable client-facing IPs.
Карточка 157
Вопрос
A distribution should use a secondary origin when the primary returns configured failure responses. Which feature fits?
Ответ
CloudFront origin failover with an origin group. CloudFront can retry eligible requests against the secondary origin based on selected status codes.
Карточка 158
Вопрос
A global application needs one S3 access endpoint with routing across replicated buckets in multiple Regions. Which feature fits?
Ответ
An S3 Multi-Region Access Point. It provides a global endpoint and can route requests among participating regional buckets.
Карточка 159
Вопрос
A DynamoDB table must be restored to a recent second within its supported recovery window after accidental writes. Which feature fits?
Ответ
Point-in-time recovery. It provides continuous backups and restores the table to a new table at a chosen recoverable time.
Карточка 160
Вопрос
Why is a successful backup job not enough evidence for disaster readiness?
Ответ
Recovery requires tested restores. A restore exercise validates permissions, dependencies, timing, data integrity, and the runbook against the stated RTO and RPO.
Карточка 161
Вопрос
Why is deploying stateless compute in two Regions insufficient for regional recovery?
Ответ
The application's state and dependencies also need a recovery design. Data replication, secrets, configuration, DNS, and quotas determine whether the second Region can actually serve.
Карточка 162
Вопрос
How does a load balancer reduce the impact of one broken target?
Ответ
It stops routing new requests to targets that fail health checks. Redundant healthy targets must still exist in other failure domains.
Карточка 163
Вопрос
Many clients retry a throttled service at the same time. Which retry strategy avoids another synchronized surge?
Ответ
Exponential backoff with jitter. Increasing delays reduce pressure, and randomness spreads retries instead of aligning them.
Карточка 164
Вопрос
Which service assesses an application's resilience posture against defined recovery targets?
Ответ
AWS Resilience Hub. It evaluates supported application resources and recommends resilience improvements and tests.
Карточка 165
Вопрос
How does a durable queue keep a temporary consumer outage from becoming a producer outage?
Ответ
It accepts and retains work while consumers are unavailable. Producers no longer need every consumer to respond synchronously.
Карточка 166
Вопрос
What usually happens to steady-state cost as a DR design moves from backup-and-restore toward active-active?
Ответ
Cost rises as recovery capacity stays more ready. Faster RTO generally requires more live infrastructure, replication, and operational complexity before a disaster.
Карточка 167
Вопрос
A backup must remain recoverable after a regional disruption. Which copy strategy fits?
Ответ
Maintain a backup copy in another Region. Regional separation protects recovery data from sharing the production Region's failure boundary.
Карточка 168
Вопрос
A relational database needs automatic failover and readable standby capacity across three Availability Zones. Which RDS deployment fits?
Ответ
An RDS Multi-AZ DB cluster. Its writer and two readable instances span three AZs, combining high availability with read capacity unlike a Multi-AZ DB instance's non-readable standby.
Карточка 169
Вопрос
What should drive the first choice among object, file, and block storage?
Ответ
The workload's access protocol and sharing pattern. Object storage uses API-addressed objects, file storage provides a shared hierarchy, and block storage presents volumes to compute.
Карточка 170
Вопрос
A very large object must upload to S3 quickly and recover efficiently from a network interruption. Which upload method fits?
Ответ
Multipart upload. Parts transfer independently and in parallel, and only failed parts need to be retried.
Карточка 171
Вопрос
A general EC2 workload needs SSD block storage with performance provisioned independently of capacity. Which volume type fits?
Ответ
EBS gp3. It is the general-purpose SSD choice and lets IOPS and throughput be tuned without inflating volume size solely for performance.
Карточка 172
Вопрос
A shared file workload has unpredictable throughput bursts and should not manage provisioned throughput. Which EFS mode fits?
Ответ
EFS Elastic Throughput. It automatically adjusts throughput to workload activity, trading manual capacity planning for usage-based scaling.
Карточка 173
Вопрос
An HPC job needs a high-throughput parallel file system that can process data from S3. Which service fits?
Ответ
Amazon FSx for Lustre. It provides a managed parallel file system for compute-intensive workloads and integrates with S3 datasets.
Карточка 174
Вопрос
An EC2 workload needs the lowest-latency temporary scratch space and can rebuild all data after host loss. Which storage fits?
Ответ
EC2 instance store. It is physically attached ephemeral block storage, so performance is high but data does not survive every stop, termination, or host failure.
Карточка 175
Вопрос
On-premises file clients need low-latency cached access while durable objects live in S3. Which hybrid service fits?
Ответ
Amazon S3 File Gateway. It exposes file protocols locally, caches hot data, and stores files as S3 objects.
Карточка 176
Вопрос
A large active NFS dataset must move repeatedly to AWS over the network with parallel transfer and verification. Which service fits?
Ответ
AWS DataSync. It accelerates and automates online data movement between supported storage systems with integrity checks.
Карточка 177
Вопрос
Users far from one S3 bucket need faster long-distance uploads over the public internet. Which feature may help?
Ответ
S3 Transfer Acceleration. It accepts traffic at nearby edge locations and carries it over the AWS network to the bucket; measure it because benefit depends on the path.
Карточка 178
Вопрос
A latency-sensitive database needs sustained high IOPS and durability beyond general-purpose SSD. Which EBS family fits?
Ответ
Provisioned IOPS SSD, typically io2. It is designed for demanding transactional workloads that need predictable provisioned I/O performance.
Карточка 179
Вопрос
Windows applications need a managed shared file system with SMB and Active Directory integration. Which service fits?
Ответ
Amazon FSx for Windows File Server. It supplies Windows-native file semantics and managed integration instead of adapting an NFS service.
Карточка 180
Вопрос
A large sequential workload needs high-throughput HDD block storage rather than low-latency transactional IOPS. Which EBS type fits?
Ответ
Throughput Optimized HDD (st1). It targets frequently accessed, throughput-intensive sequential data such as logs and big-data workloads.
Карточка 181
Вопрос
Clients repeatedly need different portions of a very large S3 object. What request pattern avoids downloading it all?
Ответ
Parallel or selective byte-range GET requests. Fetching only required ranges can increase aggregate throughput and reduce unnecessary transfer.
Карточка 182
Вопрос
One EBS volume cannot provide enough aggregate throughput, and the application can tolerate losing the stripe if one volume fails. Which layout increases performance?
Ответ
RAID 0 across multiple EBS volumes. Striping aggregates performance but adds no redundancy, so durable recovery must come from elsewhere.
Карточка 183
Вопрос
A CPU-bound batch workload has little memory pressure. Which EC2 instance family category fits first?
Ответ
Compute optimized. Its resource balance favors processor performance instead of paying for memory or storage the workload does not need.
Карточка 184
Вопрос
An Auto Scaling group should keep average CPU near a chosen utilization as load changes. Which policy fits?
Ответ
Target tracking scaling. It adjusts desired capacity to keep the selected metric near its target, like a thermostat.
Карточка 185
Вопрос
A Lambda function is CPU-bound and needs to finish faster. Which configuration should be tested first?
Ответ
Increase the function's memory setting. Lambda allocates more CPU with more memory, so profiling several sizes reveals the best latency and cost point.
Карточка 186
Вопрос
Tightly coupled EC2 nodes need the lowest possible inter-instance network latency in one Availability Zone. Which placement strategy fits?
Ответ
A cluster placement group. It packs supported instances close together for high-throughput, low-latency networking, trading away AZ-level distribution.
Карточка 187
Вопрос
An in-memory analytics engine holds a very large working set in RAM. Which EC2 category fits?
Ответ
Memory optimized. These instances provide a higher memory-to-compute ratio for large in-memory datasets.
Карточка 188
Вопрос
One function must guarantee capacity while preventing it from consuming all account concurrency. Which setting helps?
Ответ
Reserved concurrency. It guarantees up to the reserved amount for that function and also caps its maximum concurrent executions.
Карточка 189
Вопрос
Thousands of queued container jobs need managed scheduling onto dynamically provisioned compute. Which service fits?
Ответ
AWS Batch. It queues and schedules batch jobs while managing compute environments based on job requirements.
Карточка 190
Вопрос
A group should add much more capacity for a severe alarm breach than for a small breach. Which policy fits?
Ответ
Step scaling. Different breach ranges trigger different capacity adjustments, matching response size to observed pressure.
Карточка 191
Вопрос
A machine-learning training job needs GPUs or purpose-built accelerators. Which EC2 category fits?
Ответ
Accelerated computing instances. Their attached accelerators outperform general-purpose CPUs for supported graphics, inference, and training workloads.
Карточка 192
Вопрос
A team needs managed clusters for Apache Spark and Hadoop processing over large datasets. Which service fits?
Ответ
Amazon EMR. It provisions and manages big-data frameworks while retaining control over cluster sizing and engines.
Карточка 193
Вопрос
A container service has no host-management requirement and each task needs a defined CPU and memory shape. Which launch model fits?
Ответ
AWS Fargate. Tasks receive requested serverless container capacity without choosing or maintaining EC2 hosts.
Карточка 194
Вопрос
Scale-out is slow because instances spend several minutes installing software before joining service. Which feature can reduce launch latency?
Ответ
An EC2 Auto Scaling warm pool. Pre-initialized instances wait in a reusable state so they can enter service faster during scale-out.
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Вопрос
A distributed database needs very high local I/O throughput and large instance-attached datasets. Which EC2 category fits?
Ответ
Storage optimized. These instances balance compute with high sequential or random I/O for data-intensive local storage workloads.
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Вопрос
A supported Linux workload can run on Arm and needs better price-performance. Which processor family should be benchmarked?
Ответ
AWS Graviton-based instances. Native Arm-compatible applications can gain price-performance benefits, but dependencies should be verified and measured.
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Вопрос
Users in one metropolitan area need single-digit-millisecond access to compute that still uses AWS services and APIs. Which placement may fit?
Ответ
An AWS Local Zone. It places selected resources closer to that population than the parent Region, when the required services are available there.
Карточка 198
Вопрос
A transactional application needs SQL joins, referential integrity, and a familiar relational engine. Which managed database family fits?
Ответ
Amazon RDS or Amazon Aurora. Relational services preserve SQL and transaction semantics while AWS manages common database operations.
Карточка 199
Вопрос
What key-design property prevents a high-throughput DynamoDB table from concentrating traffic on one partition?
Ответ
A high-cardinality partition key with traffic spread across values. Even distribution lets DynamoDB use partitioned capacity instead of creating a hot key.
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Вопрос
An application can tolerate stale data and wants to offload repeated relational reads. Which pattern fits?
Ответ
Cache-aside with Amazon ElastiCache. The application checks the cache first, loads misses from the database, and controls invalidation.
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Вопрос
A workload stores flexible JSON-like documents and needs MongoDB-compatible APIs on a managed service. Which database fits?
Ответ
Amazon DocumentDB (with MongoDB compatibility). Its document model suits nested semi-structured records when relational joins are not the core access pattern.
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Вопрос
A MySQL-compatible workload needs managed read scaling and fast replica promotion. Which database design fits?
Ответ
Amazon Aurora with Aurora Replicas. Readers share the cluster storage layer, serve read traffic, and act as failover targets.
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Вопрос
A DynamoDB application needs microsecond read latency for eventually consistent hot keys without application-managed cache logic. Which feature fits?
Ответ
DynamoDB Accelerator (DAX). It is an API-compatible in-memory cache for DynamoDB reads.
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Вопрос
A fraud system must traverse many relationships among accounts, devices, and transactions. Which database type fits?
Ответ
A graph database such as Amazon Neptune. Graph-native relationships and traversals avoid forcing connected data into join-heavy tables.
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Вопрос
A company needs complex SQL analytics across large structured datasets with many joins. Which service fits?
Ответ
Amazon Redshift. Its columnar data-warehouse architecture is optimized for analytical queries rather than row-by-row transactional access.
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Вопрос
Why should an application avoid routing read-after-write requests to an ordinary RDS read replica?
Ответ
Replication is asynchronous, so the replica may lag. Strongly current reads should use the writer unless the engine and design provide another consistency guarantee.
Карточка 207
Вопрос
A DynamoDB table needs an additional query pattern on a different partition key. What should be added?
Ответ
A global secondary index. It provides another partition-and-sort-key view that can be queried without scanning the base table.
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Вопрос
An application needs full-text search and near-real-time log analytics. Which managed engine fits?
Ответ
Amazon OpenSearch Service. It indexes documents for search, aggregation, and operational analytics rather than primary relational transactions.
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Вопрос
A microservice needs a durable primary database with in-memory access and Redis-compatible APIs. Which service fits?
Ответ
Amazon MemoryDB. It combines an in-memory data model with Multi-AZ durability, unlike using an ephemeral cache as the system of record.
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Вопрос
A bursty serverless application spends too much database capacity on opening relational connections. Which service fits?
Ответ
Amazon RDS Proxy. Connection pooling and reuse let many clients share fewer database connections.
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Вопрос
An application needs Cassandra-compatible wide-column storage without provisioning or operating database nodes. Which service fits?
Ответ
Amazon Keyspaces (for Apache Cassandra). It provides managed, serverless Cassandra-compatible tables that scale without cluster administration.
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Вопрос
Which Aurora endpoint distributes new read-only connections among available replicas?
Ответ
The reader endpoint. It balances connections across Aurora Replicas; it does not split individual queries from one connection.
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Вопрос
A load balancer must route HTTP requests by host name, path, and header. Which type fits?
Ответ
An Application Load Balancer. Layer 7 listener rules understand HTTP request attributes and route them to target groups.
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Вопрос
A website serves the same static objects to users worldwide. Which service lowers latency and origin traffic?
Ответ
Amazon CloudFront. Edge locations cache objects close to viewers and fetch misses from the origin.
Карточка 215
Вопрос
Dozens of VPCs and on-premises networks need transitive hub-and-spoke connectivity. Which service fits?
Ответ
AWS Transit Gateway. It replaces a growing mesh of point-to-point connections with a regional routing hub.
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Вопрос
A hybrid workload needs more consistent private network performance than internet-based VPN alone. Which connection fits?
Ответ
AWS Direct Connect. A dedicated connection provides a private path with more predictable network behavior than the public internet.
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Вопрос
A global application sends non-cacheable TCP traffic to healthy regional endpoints and needs stable anycast IPs. Which service fits?
Ответ
AWS Global Accelerator. It improves the network path to regional endpoints without caching application content.
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Вопрос
A service needs extreme TCP or UDP connection performance without HTTP-aware routing. Which load balancer fits?
Ответ
A Network Load Balancer. It operates at Layer 4 and preserves a transport-level model instead of inspecting HTTP paths.
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Вопрос
Which DNS policy chooses among regional endpoints by expected user latency?
Ответ
Route 53 latency-based routing. It answers with the Region AWS expects to provide the lowest latency for the requester.
Карточка 220
Вопрос
Two VPCs need direct private connectivity, with no requirement for transitive routing or a central hub. Which option fits?
Ответ
VPC peering. It creates direct private routes between the two VPCs, but peering relationships are not transitive.
Карточка 221
Вопрос
What placement principle reduces latency between compute and a regional data store?
Ответ
Keep dependent resources in the same Region and, when the service model permits, avoid unnecessary AZ crossings. Data locality shortens the network path and can also reduce transfer cost.
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Вопрос
A hybrid connection is needed quickly while a dedicated circuit is being provisioned. Which option provides the faster setup?
Ответ
AWS Site-to-Site VPN. It uses internet connectivity and can serve as the initial or backup path while Direct Connect is arranged.
Карточка 223
Вопрос
Third-party virtual firewalls must scale transparently in the network path. Which load balancer fits?
Ответ
A Gateway Load Balancer. It distributes traffic across virtual network appliances while preserving an inline service-insertion model.
Карточка 224
Вопрос
Should a dynamic non-HTTP application choose a CDN cache or a global network accelerator?
Ответ
Choose the accelerator when traffic is non-cacheable and needs optimized routing; choose the CDN for cacheable HTTP content. The decisive constraint is caching and protocol behavior, not simply global users.
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Вопрос
A provider must expose one service privately to many consumer VPCs without routing entire networks together. Which service fits?
Ответ
AWS PrivateLink. Consumers use interface endpoints to reach the service privately without transitive VPC connectivity.
Карточка 226
Вопрос
A growing multi-account network needs centrally planned, non-overlapping IP address allocation. Which service fits?
Ответ
Amazon VPC IP Address Manager (IPAM). It plans, tracks, and monitors address space across accounts and Regions.
Карточка 227
Вопрос
Which service moves large datasets online between on-premises storage and S3, EFS, or FSx with scheduling and verification?
Ответ
AWS DataSync. It automates parallel transfer and integrity validation for supported storage endpoints.
Карточка 228
Вопрос
Analysts need occasional SQL queries directly over files in S3 without running a database cluster. Which service fits?
Ответ
Amazon Athena. It performs serverless SQL queries on data in place and charges by query work such as bytes scanned.
Карточка 229
Вопрос
Multiple applications need to process the same ordered stream of real-time records independently. Which service fits?
Ответ
Amazon Kinesis Data Streams. Consumers read retained stream records independently, with ordering maintained within each shard.
Карточка 230
Вопрос
A team needs serverless data discovery, a central catalog, and managed ETL jobs. Which service fits?
Ответ
AWS Glue. Crawlers and the Data Catalog describe datasets, while Glue jobs transform and load them without a persistent cluster.
Карточка 231
Вопрос
An on-premises application needs iSCSI block volumes backed by cloud storage. Which hybrid service fits?
Ответ
AWS Storage Gateway Volume Gateway. It presents local iSCSI volumes while integrating the data with AWS-managed cloud storage and snapshots.
Карточка 232
Вопрос
Business users need managed interactive dashboards over AWS data sources. Which service fits?
Ответ
Amazon Quick Sight, part of Amazon Quick. It provides managed business-intelligence analysis and published interactive dashboards rather than a data-processing engine.
Карточка 233
Вопрос
Athena queries usually filter by date, but every query scans the whole S3 dataset. What layout change helps?
Ответ
Partition the dataset by the common date filter and query those partitions. Partition pruning limits the files scanned for each request.
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Вопрос
Streaming records should land in S3 or another supported destination with managed buffering and delivery. Which service fits?
Ответ
Amazon Data Firehose. It buffers, optionally transforms, and delivers streaming data without consumer fleet management.
Карточка 235
Вопрос
A team must upload data from its own storage devices through a high-speed AWS facility instead of ordering an AWS transfer device. Which service fits?
Ответ
AWS Data Transfer Terminal. The team reserves a secure, network-ready physical location, brings its own devices, and transfers data to AWS over the facility's connection.
Карточка 236
Вопрос
A data team needs Apache Spark clusters with control over versions, instances, and tuning. Which service fits better than a simple ETL job?
Ответ
Amazon EMR. It provides managed big-data clusters when framework control and large-scale distributed processing are decisive.
Карточка 237
Вопрос
A BI team needs repeatable complex joins across a large centralized analytical warehouse. Which service fits?
Ответ
Amazon Redshift. It is built for structured warehouse analytics and high-throughput SQL reporting.
Карточка 238
Вопрос
Athena queries read only a few columns from a large S3 dataset. Which file format usually reduces scanned data?
Ответ
A compressed columnar format such as Parquet. Column pruning and compression avoid reading irrelevant row fields.
Карточка 239
Вопрос
External partners use SFTP, but files must arrive directly in S3. Which managed endpoint fits?
Ответ
AWS Transfer Family. It supports familiar managed file-transfer protocols while using AWS storage as the backend.
Карточка 240
Вопрос
An application requires Apache Kafka APIs and ecosystem compatibility without operating Kafka brokers alone. Which service fits?
Ответ
Amazon Managed Streaming for Apache Kafka (Amazon MSK). It preserves Kafka compatibility while AWS manages broker infrastructure tasks.
Карточка 241
Вопрос
S3 access patterns are unknown and change over time, but objects need millisecond access when active. Which class fits?
Ответ
S3 Intelligent-Tiering. It moves objects among access tiers based on observed use, adding a monitoring fee while avoiding retrieval fees for its automatic low-latency tiers.
Карточка 242
Вопрос
A fault-tolerant batch fleet can checkpoint and lose instances with short notice. Which purchase option offers the largest discount potential?
Ответ
EC2 Spot Instances. They use spare capacity at a discount, and the workload must handle interruption and capacity changes.
Карточка 243
Вопрос
A new DynamoDB workload has unpredictable traffic and no reliable capacity forecast. Which mode fits first?
Ответ
On-demand capacity mode. It automatically handles request volume without capacity planning, trading convenience for a higher per-request price than well-used provisioned capacity.
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Вопрос
Private instances send heavy S3 traffic through a NAT gateway. What network change removes that NAT processing path?
Ответ
Add an S3 gateway VPC endpoint and route S3 traffic through it. Gateway endpoints have no hourly or data-processing charge and keep traffic on the AWS network.
Карточка 245
Вопрос
Long-lived data is rarely read, must survive an Availability Zone loss, and needs millisecond retrieval. Which S3 class fits?
Ответ
S3 Standard-Infrequent Access. It stores data across multiple AZs with lower storage cost, balanced by retrieval charges and minimum-duration rules.
Карточка 246
Вопрос
Compute usage is steady, but the team wants flexibility across eligible instance families, Regions, and EC2, Lambda, or Fargate. Which discount model fits?
Ответ
A Compute Savings Plan. The organization commits to an hourly spend level and receives discounted eligible compute usage with broad service and configuration flexibility.
Карточка 247
Вопрос
A DynamoDB workload has stable, predictable traffic that consistently uses reserved throughput. Which mode can cost less?
Ответ
Provisioned capacity mode with appropriate scaling. Paying for planned read and write capacity can beat on-demand pricing when utilization is predictable.
Карточка 248
Вопрос
Two chatty EC2 tiers do not need AZ separation from each other, and cross-AZ transfer dominates cost. What placement can help?
Ответ
Keep the chatty path in the same Availability Zone where resilience requirements allow. Cross-AZ architecture improves failure isolation but can add data-transfer charges.
Карточка 249
Вопрос
Infrequently accessed S3 data is recreatable and may be lost with one Availability Zone. Which class can cut cost?
Ответ
S3 One Zone-Infrequent Access. It keeps data in one AZ, so it suits replaceable data rather than the only copy of critical records.
Карточка 250
Вопрос
A stable EC2 workload needs both a billing discount and reserved capacity in one specific Availability Zone. Which Reserved Instance scope fits?
Ответ
A zonal Reserved Instance. It reserves matching capacity in the chosen AZ and provides the discount there; a regional Reserved Instance provides AZ flexibility but does not reserve capacity.
Карточка 251
Вопрос
A large DynamoDB table stores infrequently accessed historical data, and storage cost dominates request cost. Which table class may fit?
Ответ
DynamoDB Standard-Infrequent Access. It lowers storage cost while raising request cost, so it fits storage-heavy, low-access tables.
Карточка 252
Вопрос
Global users repeatedly download the same public objects from a regional origin. What can reduce origin transfer and requests?
Ответ
Cache the objects with Amazon CloudFront. A high cache-hit ratio serves viewers from edge locations and reduces repeated origin delivery.
Карточка 253
Вопрос
Archive data is read about quarterly but still needs millisecond retrieval. Which S3 class fits?
Ответ
S3 Glacier Instant Retrieval. It lowers storage cost for rarely accessed archives while preserving real-time access, with retrieval and minimum-duration charges.
Карточка 254
Вопрос
A new workload is short-lived, cannot be interrupted, and has unknown steady demand. Which EC2 purchase option avoids commitment?
Ответ
On-Demand Instances. They provide full flexibility without a term commitment, making them suitable while demand is uncertain.
Карточка 255
Вопрос
A relational workload is intermittent and must scale database capacity without manual instance changes. Which option fits?
Ответ
Aurora Serverless v2. It adjusts Aurora capacity in fine-grained steps, which suits variable demand that would leave provisioned instances idle.
Карточка 256
Вопрос
What is the main trade-off between one shared NAT gateway and one NAT gateway per Availability Zone?
Ответ
A shared gateway can cost less, while per-AZ gateways improve fault isolation and avoid cross-AZ routing for local private subnets. Choose from availability and traffic economics together.
Карточка 257
Вопрос
Archives are read roughly yearly and can wait minutes or hours for restore. Which S3 class fits?
Ответ
S3 Glacier Flexible Retrieval. It trades immediate access for lower archive storage cost and several retrieval-speed options.
Карточка 258
Вопрос
An EC2 fleet averages low CPU and memory use for months. What should happen before buying a larger commitment?
Ответ
Right-size the instances using measured utilization. Commitments discount usage, but they do not fix paying for capacity the workload never needs.
Карточка 259
Вопрос
An RDS database has a stable multi-year production baseline. Which purchase choice can discount its instance cost?
Ответ
Reserved DB instances. A term commitment discounts predictable RDS instance usage, after the database has been right-sized.
Карточка 260
Вопрос
When can an interface VPC endpoint cost more than keeping low-volume service traffic on an existing NAT path?
Ответ
When endpoint hourly and data-processing charges exceed the avoided NAT and transfer cost. Private routing is valuable, but endpoint count and traffic volume still matter.
Карточка 261
Вопрос
Compliance archives are almost never read and can tolerate the longest restore time. Which S3 class minimizes storage cost?
Ответ
S3 Glacier Deep Archive. It is the lowest-cost S3 archive tier for very rare access, with long minimum duration and hours-scale retrieval.
Карточка 262
Вопрос
Traffic varies through the day and idle EC2 instances dominate cost. Which capacity strategy fits?
Ответ
Auto Scaling with sensible minimum and maximum capacity. Matching instance count to demand removes idle capacity while preserving required headroom.
Карточка 263
Вопрос
An RDS instance has consistently low CPU, memory, and I/O demand. What should reduce cost before changing engines?
Ответ
Right-size the DB instance and storage to measured needs. A smaller supported configuration removes idle capacity with less migration risk than an engine redesign.
Карточка 264
Вопрос
When can a dedicated hybrid link become economical compared with internet VPN?
Ответ
When sustained data volume, required consistency, or private connectivity justifies its port and provider costs. VPN usually has a lower entry cost for modest or temporary traffic.
Карточка 265
Вопрос
Objects become cold predictably after 30 days and expire after a policy period. What should automate the change?
Ответ
An S3 Lifecycle rule. It transitions eligible objects to cheaper classes and expires them on a schedule without manual jobs.
Карточка 266
Вопрос
A small event handler runs for seconds a few times per hour. Which compute model avoids paying for an idle server?
Ответ
AWS Lambda. Request-based execution suits intermittent work when the function limits and event model fit.
Карточка 267
Вопрос
When is a cache more cost-effective than adding another relational read replica?
Ответ
When many requests reuse the same hot data and can tolerate cache freshness rules. A cache can remove repeated reads; a replica is better for broad SQL read scaling.
Карточка 268
Вопрос
A small branch sends modest traffic to AWS and does not need a dedicated circuit. Which connection is the lower-entry-cost fit?
Ответ
AWS Site-to-Site VPN. It uses the internet and avoids dedicated-link provisioning, with less predictable performance than Direct Connect.
Карточка 269
Вопрос
A general SSD volume is overprovisioned only because its older type ties performance to size. Which EBS type can decouple them?
Ответ
EBS gp3. Capacity, IOPS, and throughput can be tuned independently, which avoids buying unused storage just to reach performance targets.
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Вопрос
A small container workload has irregular demand and the team cannot keep EC2 hosts well utilized. Which launch model may cost less operationally?
Ответ
AWS Fargate. Per-task capacity avoids an idle host fleet, though steady high utilization should be compared with optimized EC2 capacity.
Карточка 271
Вопрос
Automated database backups are kept far longer than the business recovery policy requires. What should change?
Ответ
Align backup retention with the validated recovery requirement. Extra retention adds storage cost without value when legal, audit, and recovery needs do not require it.
Карточка 272
Вопрос
When does Transit Gateway usually justify its attachment and processing charges over many peerings?
Ответ
When centralized, transitive connectivity replaces a complex VPC and hybrid mesh. The operational simplicity can outweigh service charges at larger network scale.
Карточка 273
Вопрос
Which EBS type is cost-effective for large, frequently accessed sequential workloads that need throughput rather than transactional IOPS?
Ответ
Throughput Optimized HDD (st1). It fits big sequential scans such as logs or data processing, not boot volumes or small random I/O.
Карточка 274
Вопрос
A Linux application and its dependencies support Arm. What compute change should be benchmarked for price-performance?
Ответ
Move to Graviton-based instances or runtimes. AWS-designed Arm processors can improve price-performance when the software stack is compatible.
Карточка 275
Вопрос
A relational database is write-bound, while read replicas sit mostly idle. What does that imply?
Ответ
Read replicas do not address the actual bottleneck and may be removable. They scale reads; write capacity needs another design or database choice.
Карточка 276
Вопрос
Three VPCs need a few direct, non-transitive private links. Which connectivity can avoid a paid routing hub?
Ответ
VPC peering. A small set of direct relationships can be simpler and cheaper, but the design becomes hard to manage as the mesh grows.
Карточка 277
Вопрос
Most files in an EFS file system go untouched after a few weeks. What should reduce storage cost automatically?
Ответ
EFS lifecycle management. It moves inactive files to lower-cost EFS storage classes according to the configured policy.
Карточка 278
Вопрос
Capacity demand rises at the same known time every weekday. Which scaling method can add capacity before the rise?
Ответ
Scheduled scaling. A recurring action changes desired or boundary capacity at the known time instead of waiting for utilization to climb.
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Вопрос
Which managed service moves database data with ongoing replication to reduce migration downtime?
Ответ
AWS Database Migration Service (AWS DMS). It copies data and can keep source and target synchronized during a migration.
Карточка 280
Вопрос
Private workloads reach DynamoDB through a NAT gateway. Which endpoint can remove that path without hourly endpoint charges?
Ответ
A DynamoDB gateway VPC endpoint. Route-table entries keep supported traffic private and avoid NAT processing for that service.
Карточка 281
Вопрос
Old EBS snapshots accumulate after every backup cycle. What policy prevents indefinite spend?
Ответ
An automated retention policy that expires unneeded snapshots. Recovery requirements should set how many copies and ages remain, rather than keeping every snapshot.
Карточка 282
Вопрос
Demand follows a recurring pattern but its required capacity changes over time. Which scaling method forecasts it?
Ответ
Predictive scaling. It analyzes historical load and schedules capacity ahead of forecast demand, while dynamic scaling can handle deviations.
Карточка 283
Вопрос
A database migration changes from one engine family to another and the schema is incompatible. What tool handles much of the conversion?
Ответ
AWS DMS Schema Conversion. It converts schema objects and much database code for a heterogeneous migration; AWS DMS then moves and replicates the data.
Карточка 284
Вопрос
What is the first architecture question when network transfer becomes a major AWS bill item?
Ответ
Why is the data crossing a Region, Availability Zone, or internet boundary? Removing unnecessary movement often beats negotiating around the same inefficient path.
Карточка 285
Вопрос
A data publisher wants approved external users to pay request and download charges for a shared S3 dataset. Which feature fits?
Ответ
S3 Requester Pays. Authenticated requesters identify themselves as the payer, while the bucket owner still pays storage charges.
Карточка 286
Вопрос
Development instances sit unused every night and weekend. What is the simplest cost control?
Ответ
Stop or scale them down on a schedule. Non-production availability requirements rarely justify paying for full capacity when nobody uses it.
Карточка 287
Вопрос
Expired session records should leave a DynamoDB table automatically without a cleanup fleet. Which feature fits?
Ответ
DynamoDB Time to Live (TTL). An expiry attribute marks items for background deletion without consuming application write capacity for each cleanup.
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Вопрос
Millions of tiny payloads create high request overhead and poor network efficiency. What transport change can help?
Ответ
Batch and compress data where latency requirements allow. Fewer larger transfers reduce per-request overhead and bytes moved.
Карточка 289
Вопрос
What decides between DataSync and Data Transfer Terminal for a large migration using customer-owned storage devices?
Ответ
Whether the source network can meet the deadline and cost target. Use DataSync remotely over a suitable network; use Data Transfer Terminal when bringing the devices to a high-speed AWS facility is the better transfer path.
Карточка 290
Вопрос
How should a Spot fleet reduce the chance that one capacity pool interrupts all workers?
Ответ
Diversify across instance types and Availability Zones. More eligible pools improve the fleet's chance of finding spare capacity and surviving a constrained pool.
Карточка 291
Вопрос
How can choosing a purpose-built database reduce total cost even when its unit price is not the lowest?
Ответ
It removes mismatched infrastructure and custom workaround code. The right data model can need fewer resources and less operations work for the required access pattern.
Карточка 292
Вопрос
A metered downstream API can process a fixed rate, but clients create expensive bursts. What control protects cost and capacity?
Ответ
Throttle requests and buffer acceptable asynchronous work. A rate boundary prevents uncontrolled consumption while a queue preserves work that need not finish immediately.
Карточка 293
Вопрос
A provisioned file system has far more capacity and throughput than monitoring shows it uses. What is the first cost action?
Ответ
Right-size it against measured demand and headroom. Paying for unused provisioned capacity is avoidable when a smaller setting still meets performance and growth requirements.
Карточка 294
Вопрос
Which service recommends rightsizing for supported compute resources from utilization data?
Ответ
AWS Compute Optimizer. It analyzes metrics and recommends configurations, which should still be checked against workload constraints.
Карточка 295
Вопрос
An RDS database grows unpredictably, and permanently overallocating storage wastes money. Which feature helps?
Ответ
RDS storage autoscaling. It increases allocated storage when needed within a configured maximum, reducing the need for a large speculative allocation.
Карточка 296
Вопрос
A dedicated connection is provisioned far above observed peak throughput. What should happen before renewal?
Ответ
Right-size bandwidth against measured demand and required headroom. Excess fixed capacity adds cost without improving an unconstrained workload.
Карточка 297
Вопрос
Which service feature gives organization-wide S3 usage and activity metrics to find cost and protection opportunities?
Ответ
S3 Storage Lens. Its aggregated metrics and recommendations expose storage patterns that can guide lifecycle, cleanup, and protection changes.
Карточка 298
Вопрос
A large in-memory application needs long idle periods but expensive startup from scratch. Which EC2 state may balance cost and restart time?
Ответ
EC2 hibernation. It saves RAM state to the encrypted root EBS volume and stops instance compute billing, subject to hibernation requirements and storage cost.
Карточка 299
Вопрос
What evidence should drive a database cost change: list price alone or workload metrics plus access patterns?
Ответ
Workload metrics plus access patterns. Capacity, consistency, latency, availability, and operational needs determine whether a cheaper-looking engine is actually cheaper to run.
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Вопрос
How can a company identify which applications drive shared network and transfer spend?
Ответ
Use consistent cost allocation tags and detailed billing data. Ownership metadata lets Cost Explorer or the Cost and Usage Report attribute spend before teams optimize it.

Blue geometric architecture hub linked to a shield, layered blocks, a speed gauge, and a bar chart.

300 карточек