CompTIA Security+ SY0-701 Flashcards: Complete Objective Review

このデッキのカード

1. カード 1

   質問

   What does an information security policy establish?

   回答

   Management's required direction, responsibilities, and high-level rules for protecting information and systems.

2. カード 2

   質問

   What is phishing?

   回答

   A deceptive message intended to make a target reveal information, open malware, or take an unsafe action.

3. カード 3

   質問

   What does a public-key certificate bind to an identity?

   回答

   A public key, together with identifying information and the issuer's signature.

4. カード 4

   質問

   What is data at rest?

   回答

   Data stored on media such as disks, databases, backups, or mobile devices.

5. カード 5

   質問

   How does policy-driven access control decide a zero-trust access request?

   回答

   Explicit policies or rules evaluate the access request and drive the allow-or-deny decision.

6. カード 6

   質問

   What does establishing a secure baseline produce?

   回答

   An approved, documented configuration that defines the required secure state for a class of computing resource.

7. カード 7

   質問

   What is hashing used to verify?

   回答

   Whether data has changed by comparing fixed-length digest values.

8. カード 8

   質問

   What is impersonation in social engineering?

   回答

   Pretending to be a trusted person or organization to obtain access, data, or action.

9. カード 9

   質問

   What is virtualization?

   回答

   Abstracting physical compute so multiple isolated guest systems can share a host.

10. カード 10

    質問

    What is chain of custody?

    回答

    A documented history of who collected, handled, transferred, stored, and examined evidence.

11. カード 11

    質問

    What is quantitative risk analysis?

    回答

    Estimating risk with numerical values such as money, frequency, or probability.

12. カード 12

    質問

    What is a phishing awareness campaign?

    回答

    A planned series of guidance, exercises, and reminders that builds recognition and safe reporting behavior.

13. カード 13

    質問

    What is high availability?

    回答

    Designing a service to remain accessible despite expected component failures.

14. カード 14

    質問

    What is a network security zone?

    回答

    A group of systems with similar trust, function, or control requirements.

15. カード 15

    質問

    What is risk transfer?

    回答

    Shifting some financial or operational consequence to another party, such as through insurance or contract.

16. カード 16

    質問

    What is media sanitization?

    回答

    Making stored data infeasible to recover for the intended level of protection.

17. カード 17

    質問

    What does CVSS provide?

    回答

    A standardized way to describe a vulnerability's technical severity characteristics.

18. カード 18

    質問

    What does security alerting do?

    回答

    It turns matched events or behavior into a notification that the right responder can review.

19. カード 19

    質問

    What does a firewall rule enforce?

    回答

    A permit, deny, or inspect decision for traffic that matches defined source, destination, service, protocol, direction, and state conditions.

20. カード 20

    質問

    What is deprovisioning?

    回答

    Disabling or removing accounts, credentials, sessions, and access when they are no longer needed.

21. カード 21

    質問

    How does inline placement differ from a tap or monitor port?

    回答

    Inline traffic passes through the control; a tap or monitor receives a copy for observation.

22. カード 22

    質問

    What is asymmetric encryption?

    回答

    Encryption that uses a mathematically related public and private key pair.

23. カード 23

    質問

    What does SPF authorize?

    回答

    Which mail servers may send mail for a domain in the SMTP envelope.

24. カード 24

    質問

    What is a possession factor?

    回答

    Something the claimant has, such as a cryptographic authenticator.

25. カード 25

    質問

    What does ordinary TLS usually protect and authenticate?

    回答

    It provides encryption and integrity protection, plus server authentication in the usual deployment. Client authentication is added when mutual TLS is configured.

26. カード 26

    質問

    What is single loss expectancy?

    回答

    The estimated loss from one occurrence of a risk event.

27. カード 27

    質問

    What does a certificate authority do?

    回答

    It validates certificate requests and signs certificates so relying parties can verify the binding between an identity and a public key.

28. カード 28

    質問

    What is a detective control meant to do?

    回答

    Identify that an unwanted event has happened or is happening.

29. カード 29

    質問

    What is the security purpose of change-control approval?

    回答

    Ensure authorized reviewers assess risk before the production change occurs.

30. カード 30

    質問

    What is shadow IT?

    回答

    Technology used for organizational work without required approval or oversight.

31. カード 31

    質問

    What is a buffer overflow vulnerability?

    回答

    A bounds-checking failure that lets input overwrite memory outside its intended buffer.

32. カード 32

    質問

    What is ransomware?

    回答

    Malware or an intrusion outcome that denies access to data or systems to extort the victim.

33. カード 33

    質問

    How does network segmentation limit an incident?

    回答

    It restricts communication paths and reduces lateral movement between zones.

34. カード 34

    質問

    How do load balancing and clustering support availability differently?

    回答

    Load balancing distributes requests across healthy instances; clustering makes systems cooperate as one service and tolerate member failure.

35. カード 35

    質問

    What is vendor due diligence?

    回答

    Evaluating a provider's security, capability, stability, and fit before commitment.

36. カード 36

    質問

    Who is a data subject?

    回答

    The person whose personal data is collected or processed.

37. カード 37

    質問

    What is attestation?

    回答

    A formal assertion or report about a subject matter, often supported by an independent examination.

38. カード 38

    質問

    What is a replay attack?

    回答

    Valid captured data is retransmitted to repeat an authenticated or authorized action.

39. カード 39

    質問

    What does a wireless site survey establish?

    回答

    Coverage, interference, channel use, access-point placement, and unauthorized radio sources in the real environment.

40. カード 40

    質問

    What is the time-of-check stage of a race-condition vulnerability?

    回答

    The application verifies a condition or resource state before acting on it.

41. カード 41

    質問

    What is a penetration test?

    回答

    An authorized attempt to exploit weaknesses and demonstrate practical impact.

42. カード 42

    質問

    What is a cold recovery site?

    回答

    A facility with basic space and utilities but little preinstalled technology or current data.

43. カード 43

    質問

    What is data in transit?

    回答

    Data moving between systems or across a network.

44. カード 44

    質問

    What is a vendor security questionnaire?

    回答

    A structured request for information about a provider's controls and practices.

45. カード 45

    質問

    How does an internal actor's starting position differ from an external actor's?

    回答

    An internal actor begins with some trusted access or proximity; an external actor must first cross the perimeter or obtain access.

46. カード 46

    質問

    What can unexpected account lockouts indicate?

    回答

    Password guessing, credential stuffing, user error, or a broken client.

47. カード 47

    質問

    How do permissions enforce access control?

    回答

    They specify which actions a subject may perform on a particular resource.

48. カード 48

    質問

    What is log aggregation?

    回答

    Central collection of logs from multiple sources for search, correlation, and retention.

49. カード 49

    質問

    Why plan a service restart as part of a change?

    回答

    The restart can interrupt dependent users or processes, so the plan needs timing, validation, and rollback steps.

50. カード 50

    質問

    What is infrastructure as code?

    回答

    Managing infrastructure through versioned, machine-readable definitions rather than manual configuration.

51. カード 51

    質問

    What should security-awareness program development start with?

    回答

    The audience's roles, risks, policies, incident lessons, desired behavior, and measurable outcomes.

52. カード 52

    質問

    What is a voice-based social-engineering attack called?

    回答

    Vishing.

53. カード 53

    質問

    What happens during incident-response preparation?

    回答

    Teams establish people, tools, access, communications, training, and procedures before an incident.

54. カード 54

    質問

    What does an offensive penetration-testing team do?

    回答

    It emulates authorized attacker behavior to discover and demonstrate exploitable paths.

55. カード 55

    質問

    What is federation?

    回答

    One security domain relies on identity assertions from another trusted domain.

56. カード 56

    質問

    What is asset classification?

    回答

    Grouping an asset by sensitivity, criticality, or required handling.

57. カード 57

    質問

    What is cross-site scripting?

    回答

    Injection of script-capable content that a browser executes in another site's security context.

58. カード 58

    質問

    What can IDS or IPS trends reveal?

    回答

    Changes in the frequency, source, target, or type of detected activity that one isolated event may not show.

59. カード 59

    質問

    What can unexpected resource inaccessibility indicate?

    回答

    Denial of service, destructive activity, ransomware, permission changes, or an ordinary outage.

60. カード 60

    質問

    What is a corrective control meant to do?

    回答

    Limit damage and restore a secure state after an event.

61. カード 61

    質問

    How do containers differ from virtual machines?

    回答

    Containers share the host kernel; virtual machines normally run separate guest operating systems.

62. カード 62

    質問

    How does an active security device differ from a passive one?

    回答

    An active device can alter or block traffic; a passive device observes and reports without changing the flow.

63. カード 63

    質問

    Why is unsupported software a persistent attack surface?

    回答

    Known weaknesses may remain reachable because supported fixes and vendor help are no longer available.

64. カード 64

    質問

    What is annualized rate of occurrence?

    回答

    The estimated number of times a risk event occurs per year.

65. カード 65

    質問

    What is an inherence factor?

    回答

    A biometric characteristic of the claimant.

66. カード 66

    質問

    What do a threat actor's sophistication and capability describe?

    回答

    The technical skill, tools, knowledge, resources, and operational discipline the actor can apply.

67. カード 67

    質問

    What is a SIEM?

    回答

    A platform that centralizes security data and supports search, correlation, alerting, and investigation.

68. カード 68

    質問

    What is sideloading?

    回答

    Installing software from outside the platform's approved distribution path.

69. カード 69

    質問

    What does an IDS or IPS signature match?

    回答

    A known pattern in traffic or behavior associated with a threat, exploit, or policy violation.

70. カード 70

    質問

    Why are embedded systems often difficult to patch?

    回答

    They may have long lifecycles, specialized firmware, limited downtime, or weak vendor support.

71. カード 71

    質問

    What is a virtual private network?

    回答

    An encrypted logical connection that carries private traffic across an untrusted or shared network.

72. カード 72

    質問

    What should an initial security-awareness report establish?

    回答

    The starting participation, knowledge, behavior, incident, and reporting measures against which later results will be compared.

73. カード 73

    質問

    What is symmetric encryption?

    回答

    Encryption that uses the same secret key to encrypt and decrypt data.

74. カード 74

    質問

    What happens during incident detection?

    回答

    Monitoring or a report identifies activity that may meet the organization's incident criteria.

75. カード 75

    質問

    What is recovery time objective?

    回答

    The target maximum time to restore a function after disruption.

76. カード 76

    質問

    Why prioritize password length?

    回答

    Longer passwords expand the guessing space and support memorable passphrases without predictable substitutions.

77. カード 77

    質問

    What must sanitization accomplish before an asset leaves organizational control?

    回答

    It must make the retained data infeasible to recover with the method appropriate to the media and risk.

78. カード 78

    質問

    What is a real-time operating system designed to provide?

    回答

    Predictable response timing for tasks with strict deadlines.

79. カード 79

    質問

    What does fail-open behavior do when a control fails?

    回答

    It permits traffic or access to preserve availability.

80. カード 80

    質問

    What is jailbreaking or rooting a mobile device?

    回答

    Removing platform restrictions to gain privileged control over the operating system.

81. カード 81

    質問

    What does network access control enforce?

    回答

    Identity, device posture, and access policy at network connection time and during a session.

82. カード 82

    質問

    What does data loss prevention do?

    回答

    Detects and may block sensitive data use or transfer that violates policy.

83. カード 83

    質問

    What security property does a blockchain provide?

    回答

    A chained, tamper-evident record in which changing an earlier entry invalidates later cryptographic links.

84. カード 84

    質問

    What is recovery point objective?

    回答

    The target maximum acceptable data loss measured backward in time.

85. カード 85

    質問

    How do ICS and SCADA relate?

    回答

    An industrial control system controls physical processes; SCADA provides supervisory monitoring and control across distributed industrial equipment.

86. カード 86

    質問

    What does fail-closed behavior do when a control fails?

    回答

    It denies traffic or access to preserve security.

87. カード 87

    質問

    Which keys create and verify a typical digital signature?

    回答

    The signer creates it with a private key, and others verify it with the corresponding public key.

88. カード 88

    質問

    What is SQL injection?

    回答

    Input that alters the structure or meaning of a database query because code and data were not safely separated.

89. カード 89

    質問

    What does DKIM verify?

    回答

    That selected message content was signed by a domain and was not altered after signing.

90. カード 90

    質問

    What is post-incident activity?

    回答

    Learning from the event and improving controls, plans, and recovery based on evidence.

91. カード 91

    質問

    What characterizes an expansionary risk appetite?

    回答

    A greater willingness to accept uncertainty and exposure in pursuit of growth, return, or strategic opportunity.

92. カード 92

    質問

    How do centralized and decentralized architectures differ?

    回答

    Centralized architecture concentrates key services or decisions; decentralized architecture distributes them across independent components or locations.

93. カード 93

    質問

    What does a certificate revocation list publish?

    回答

    Certificate serial numbers that the issuer has invalidated before their scheduled expiration.

94. カード 94

    質問

    What is a legal hold?

    回答

    A directive to preserve potentially relevant information by suspending normal deletion or disposal.

95. カード 95

    質問

    What is exposure factor in quantitative risk analysis?

    回答

    The estimated percentage of an asset's value lost in one event.

96. カード 96

    質問

    What is decentralized architecture?

    回答

    Control or service responsibility is distributed across multiple independent components or locations.

97. カード 97

    質問

    What is tokenization?

    回答

    Replacing sensitive data with a non-sensitive token whose mapping is held separately.

98. カード 98

    質問

    How can automation act as a workforce multiplier?

    回答

    It handles repeatable work consistently so people can focus on judgment, exceptions, investigation, and improvement.

99. カード 99

    質問

    What can endpoint process logs reveal?

    回答

    Which programs ran, their parent-child relationships, users, timing, and command details when captured.

100. カード 100

     質問

     What does the CIA triad protect?

     回答

     Confidentiality protects against unauthorized disclosure, integrity protects accuracy and completeness, and availability protects reliable, timely access.

101. カード 101

     質問

     How does data masking protect information?

     回答

     It hides selected values or characters while preserving a usable representation.

102. カード 102

     質問

     How can a national requirement affect security governance?

     回答

     It can impose country-level duties that policies, controls, records, and oversight must satisfy.

103. カード 103

     質問

     What do integrations and APIs provide to security orchestration?

     回答

     Defined interfaces for exchanging data and triggering actions across tools without manual handoffs.

104. カード 104

     質問

     What makes a compliance report external?

     回答

     It is prepared for a regulator, customer, auditor, partner, or other party outside the organization.

105. カード 105

     質問

     What does a cryptographic algorithm define?

     回答

     The mathematical procedure used to encrypt, decrypt, hash, sign, or otherwise transform protected data.

106. カード 106

     質問

     Why compare systems with a secure baseline regularly?

     回答

     To detect drift, unauthorized changes, and missing hardening.

107. カード 107

     質問

     What does integrity protect?

     回答

     The accuracy and completeness of data and systems against unauthorized change.

108. カード 108

     質問

     What does vulnerability classification organize?

     回答

     Findings into meaningful types or categories so teams can route, compare, and remediate them consistently.

109. カード 109

     質問

     What does a password standard define?

     回答

     Mandatory, measurable requirements for creating, storing, using, and changing passwords.

110. カード 110

     質問

     What technology capacity must a recovery design plan for?

     回答

     The compute, storage, software, licenses, and supporting services needed to meet recovery demand.

111. カード 111

     質問

     What does a confidential data classification indicate?

     回答

     Disclosure is limited to authorized people because exposure could harm the organization or affected parties.

112. カード 112

     質問

     What makes a vendor assessment independent?

     回答

     The assessor is free from responsibility for the vendor activity being evaluated and reports evidence against defined criteria.

113. カード 113

     質問

     What lets a worm spread without attaching itself to another file?

     回答

     It is a standalone program that replicates across reachable systems or services.

114. カード 114

     質問

     What is microsegmentation?

     回答

     Fine-grained isolation of individual workloads or small groups with explicit communication policy.

115. カード 115

     質問

     What can application logs reveal?

     回答

     Transactions, errors, user actions, and application-specific security events.

116. カード 116

     質問

     What does deploying a secure baseline require?

     回答

     Applying the approved settings consistently to the intended resources and verifying the realized configuration.

117. カード 117

     質問

     How can resource-provisioning automation improve security?

     回答

     It creates infrastructure from approved templates with consistent ownership, logging, and baseline controls.

118. カード 118

     質問

     What does availability protect?

     回答

     Reliable, timely access to systems and data when authorized users need them.

119. カード 119

     質問

     Why must a change request describe business impact?

     回答

     So approvers can weigh the benefit, risk, outage, and affected users before authorizing it.

120. カード 120

     質問

     What does an authenticated vulnerability scan add?

     回答

     Credentialed inspection of local versions, settings, and missing patches that a remote scan may miss.

121. カード 121

     質問

     What does a change-management procedure specify?

     回答

     The required steps, roles, evidence, approvals, testing, implementation, validation, and rollback for a change.

122. カード 122

     質問

     What is a sanction for noncompliance?

     回答

     A formal penalty or restriction imposed by an authority for failing to meet a requirement.

123. カード 123

     質問

     How can email deliver a security attack?

     回答

     It can carry a malicious link, attachment, request, or embedded content designed to exploit software or manipulate a recipient.

124. カード 124

     質問

     What is an internal compliance audit?

     回答

     An organization-led examination of whether selected operations and controls meet defined requirements.

125. カード 125

     質問

     What is a Trojan?

     回答

     Malware disguised as legitimate or desirable software.

126. カード 126

     質問

     What is clustering?

     回答

     Multiple systems work together to provide a service and tolerate member failure.

127. カード 127

     質問

     What makes data regulated?

     回答

     A law or regulation imposes specific collection, handling, retention, protection, or disclosure duties.

128. カード 128

     質問

     What does a wireless heat map show?

     回答

     Measured or modeled signal strength and coverage across a physical area.

129. カード 129

     質問

     How should vendor criticality affect due diligence?

     回答

     Higher access, concentration, data sensitivity, or operational dependence warrants deeper evidence and stronger approval.

130. カード 130

     質問

     How can a digital signature support non-repudiation?

     回答

     It provides evidence that the holder of a private key signed specific data.

131. カード 131

     質問

     What should vulnerability prioritization consider beyond severity?

     回答

     Exploitability, exposure, asset importance, environmental context, business impact, and available mitigations.

132. カード 132

     質問

     What is a security guideline?

     回答

     Recommended practice that allows judgment unless adopted as a requirement.

133. カード 133

     質問

     What usually distinguishes a nation-state threat actor?

     回答

     Strategic objectives, substantial resources, patience, and advanced operational capability.

134. カード 134

     質問

     What is spyware?

     回答

     Software that secretly collects information about a user or system.

135. カード 135

     質問

     Why maintain an allow list for applications?

     回答

     Only explicitly approved software is permitted to execute.

136. カード 136

     質問

     How can an image become an attack vector?

     回答

     It may exploit a decoder flaw, hide malicious data, or direct a user through an embedded code.

137. カード 137

     質問

     What makes a security control technical?

     回答

     It is enforced mainly by technology, such as a firewall rule or endpoint policy.

138. カード 138

     質問

     What is identity proofing?

     回答

     Establishing that a person is who they claim to be before issuing an account or credential.

139. カード 139

     質問

     What is an automated security guardrail?

     回答

     A policy control that prevents, flags, or corrects unsafe configuration, such as an overexposed security group.

140. カード 140

     質問

     Why assign an owner to a planned change?

     回答

     To make one party accountable for coordination, execution, and follow-through.

141. カード 141

     質問

     How can national privacy law affect data handling?

     回答

     It can set country-level duties for collection, use, access, retention, transfer, security, and individual rights.

142. カード 142

     質問

     What is continuity of operations?

     回答

     Maintaining essential functions during disruption and restoring supporting capabilities in a planned order.

143. カード 143

     質問

     What security tradeoff comes with BYOD?

     回答

     The organization gains flexibility but has less control over personally owned device configuration, privacy, and lifecycle.

144. カード 144

     質問

     How should policies and handbooks support security training?

     回答

     They provide accessible, current rules and reporting steps that training can apply to real situations.

145. カード 145

     質問

     What is a keylogger?

     回答

     A tool that records keystrokes to capture data such as credentials.

146. カード 146

     質問

     What makes information a trade secret?

     回答

     It provides business value because it is not generally known and is protected through reasonable secrecy measures.

147. カード 147

     質問

     What does authentication establish?

     回答

     It verifies a presented authenticator or credential bound to the claimed identity. Identity proofing establishes the real-world identity behind the claim.

148. カード 148

     質問

     What risk comes from an untrusted file attachment?

     回答

     Opening or parsing it can execute malicious code or expose data.

149. カード 149

     質問

     How does risk tolerance affect vulnerability remediation?

     回答

     It sets how much residual exposure the organization will accept and how quickly a finding must be treated.

150. カード 150

     質問

     How can a global requirement affect security governance?

     回答

     It can require a common control and oversight approach across multiple countries while local obligations still apply.

151. カード 151

     質問

     Why should questionnaire answers be supported by evidence?

     回答

     Self-assertions alone may not prove that controls are designed or operating effectively.

152. カード 152

     質問

     What is an independent third-party audit?

     回答

     An external party with suitable independence examines evidence against defined criteria.

153. カード 153

     質問

     What do account provisioning and deprovisioning do?

     回答

     Provisioning creates an identity and approved access; deprovisioning disables or removes accounts, credentials, sessions, and access when no longer needed.

154. カード 154

     質問

     What is an unskilled attacker commonly called?

     回答

     A script kiddie: someone who relies on tools or instructions created by others.

155. カード 155

     質問

     What is a rootkit?

     回答

     Software designed to maintain privileged, concealed access by altering or subverting the system.

156. カード 156

     質問

     What does an access control list enforce?

     回答

     Explicit permit or deny rules for subjects, traffic, or actions on a protected resource.

157. カード 157

     質問

     What should system security monitoring observe?

     回答

     Host state and behavior such as processes, authentication, configuration, resource use, and security events.

158. カード 158

     質問

     What can operating-system security logs reveal?

     回答

     Authentication, privilege use, policy changes, services, and other host security events.

159. カード 159

     質問

     Why isolate operational technology from general business networks?

     回答

     To limit attack paths into safety- and availability-critical processes.

160. カード 160

     質問

     What is the COPE mobile deployment model?

     回答

     The organization owns the device but permits defined personal use while retaining management control.

161. カード 161

     質問

     What security work belongs in asset acquisition and procurement?

     回答

     Define security requirements before purchase, evaluate the product and vendor against them, and obtain approval before acquisition or deployment.

162. カード 162

     質問

     How can user-provisioning automation improve security?

     回答

     It creates, changes, and removes access from authoritative identity events with consistent approvals and logging.

163. カード 163

     質問

     What people capacity must a continuity plan account for?

     回答

     Enough trained staff, coverage, authority, and specialist knowledge to operate and recover essential services.

164. カード 164

     質問

     What do authorization models define?

     回答

     How permissions are assigned to authenticated subjects and evaluated for requested actions.

165. カード 165

     質問

     Why are removable devices an attack vector?

     回答

     They can introduce malware or remove data while bypassing network controls.

166. カード 166

     質問

     What should predeployment change-test results show?

     回答

     Whether the change meets its acceptance criteria without unacceptable functional, security, or operational effects.

167. カード 167

     質問

     What is the time-of-use stage of a race-condition vulnerability?

     回答

     The application acts on a resource after the check, creating a gap in which another process may change the resource.

168. カード 168

     質問

     What is data in use?

     回答

     Data actively processed in memory or by an application.

169. カード 169

     質問

     What does open-source vulnerability intelligence contribute?

     回答

     Public advisories, exploit reporting, research, and observable activity that help identify and prioritize exposure.

170. カード 170

     質問

     What can file-integrity monitoring detect?

     回答

     Unexpected changes to protected files, directories, or configuration.

171. カード 171

     質問

     Why should deprovisioning be prompt?

     回答

     Former users or roles should not retain usable access.

172. カード 172

     質問

     What is an acceptable use policy?

     回答

     Rules for permitted and prohibited use of organizational systems, accounts, and data.

173. カード 173

     質問

     What makes a compliance report internal?

     回答

     It is prepared for the organization's owners, operators, management, or governance bodies to track compliance and action.

174. カード 174

     質問

     What is a logic bomb?

     回答

     Malicious code that activates when a specified condition or time is reached.

175. カード 175

     質問

     What does a right-to-audit clause provide?

     回答

     Contractual authority to inspect or obtain evidence about agreed controls.

176. カード 176

     質問

     Where should a forward proxy sit in an enterprise traffic path?

     回答

     Between clients and external services so outbound requests pass through policy and logging before reaching destinations.

177. カード 177

     質問

     Which cues should make a message look suspicious?

     回答

     Unexpected context, mismatched identity or links, unusual attachments, urgency, secrecy, and requests for credentials or payment.

178. カード 178

     質問

     What makes a security control managerial?

     回答

     It directs risk and governance through decisions such as policies, assessments, and oversight.

179. カード 179

     質問

     What is the CYOD mobile deployment model?

     回答

     The user selects from organization-approved device options that remain subject to corporate security requirements.

180. カード 180

     質問

     How does client-based vulnerable software differ from an agentless exposure?

     回答

     Client-based exposure depends on installed endpoint software, while an agentless service can be reached and assessed without a local agent.

181. カード 181

     質問

     What makes a risk assessment recurring?

     回答

     It is repeated on a defined schedule so changes in threats, assets, controls, and impact are reevaluated.

182. カード 182

     質問

     What does a defensive penetration-testing team practice?

     回答

     Detection, investigation, containment, and improvement while authorized offensive activity tests the environment.

183. カード 183

     質問

     In a zero-trust data plane, what can the subject or system represent?

     回答

     The user, device, workload, or service requesting access to a protected resource.

184. カード 184

     質問

     What primarily motivates a hacktivist?

     回答

     A political, social, or ideological cause.

185. カード 185

     質問

     What is bloatware?

     回答

     Unnecessary preinstalled software that consumes resources and can expand the attack surface.

186. カード 186

     質問

     Why keep endpoint-protection signatures and engines current?

     回答

     They need current detection logic to recognize newly identified malware and exploit behavior.

187. カード 187

     質問

     What should application security monitoring observe?

     回答

     Application errors, authentication, requests, transactions, dependencies, and behavior that may indicate misuse or compromise.

188. カード 188

     質問

     What is role-based access control?

     回答

     Permissions are assigned to roles, and identities receive access through their roles.

189. カード 189

     質問

     What is geographic dispersal?

     回答

     Placing redundant resources in separate locations so one regional event does not affect all copies.

190. カード 190

     質問

     What is a malicious update?

     回答

     An update that has been intentionally altered or distributed to install harmful code through a trusted update path.

191. カード 191

     質問

     What does static application analysis inspect?

     回答

     Source code, bytecode, or compiled code without executing the application.

192. カード 192

     質問

     What does a firewall access list define?

     回答

     An ordered set of traffic-matching conditions and the action applied when a condition matches.

193. カード 193

     質問

     What does a disaster recovery policy establish?

     回答

     Management expectations for restoring technology and data after a disruptive event.

194. カード 194

     質問

     How does logical segmentation separate workloads that share physical infrastructure?

     回答

     It uses enforced network, identity, or virtualization boundaries to restrict communication without requiring separate hardware.

195. カード 195

     質問

     How should IDS and IPS placement differ?

     回答

     An IDS can monitor copied traffic out of band; an IPS must sit inline to block traffic.

196. カード 196

     質問

     What should automated ticket creation capture?

     回答

     The triggering evidence, affected resource, severity, owner, required action, and a traceable link to the source event.

197. カード 197

     質問

     What makes information intellectual property?

     回答

     It is a protected creation or intangible asset, such as copyrighted work, a patentable invention, a trademark, or a trade secret.

198. カード 198

     質問

     What is a backout plan?

     回答

     Predefined steps for safely reversing a failed or harmful change.

199. カード 199

     質問

     Why is an unsecure wireless network an attack vector?

     回答

     Nearby attackers may intercept traffic, impersonate access points, or reach exposed services when encryption and authentication are weak.

200. カード 200

     質問

     What is physical brute force?

     回答

     Using force to defeat a lock, barrier, enclosure, or other physical control.

201. カード 201

     質問

     What is application sandboxing?

     回答

     Running code in a constrained environment with limited access to the host and data.

202. カード 202

     質問

     Why assign an asset owner?

     回答

     One accountable party must decide its use, protection, and lifecycle.

203. カード 203

     質問

     What happens during risk identification?

     回答

     Teams identify assets, objectives, threats, vulnerabilities, events, and dependencies that could create uncertainty or harm.

204. カード 204

     質問

     What should an SLA state about breach notification?

     回答

     The triggering conditions, notification deadline, required content, contacts, update cadence, and cooperation duties.

205. カード 205

     質問

     How do due diligence and due care differ in compliance?

     回答

     Due diligence investigates and monitors obligations or risk; due care takes the reasonable actions those findings require.

206. カード 206

     質問

     What is attribute-based access control?

     回答

     Policy evaluates attributes of the subject, resource, action, and environment.

207. カード 207

     質問

     What does a zero-trust policy engine do?

     回答

     It evaluates policy and signals to decide whether access should be allowed.

208. カード 208

     質問

     How does a cloud responsibility matrix allocate security duties?

     回答

     It maps each security task to the provider, the customer, or both, according to the service model and agreement.

209. カード 209

     質問

     Where should a load balancer sit in a service path?

     回答

     In front of service instances so it can route requests to healthy backends.

210. カード 210

     質問

     What should the security team do with a reported suspicious message?

     回答

     Triage it, protect other recipients, preserve useful evidence, and tell the reporter what action to take.

211. カード 211

     質問

     What makes an operating-system vulnerability high impact?

     回答

     It can affect every application and security control that relies on the compromised OS.

212. カード 212

     質問

     What does dynamic application analysis inspect?

     回答

     The behavior and externally visible weaknesses of a running application.

213. カード 213

     質問

     How can false-positive trends affect IDS or IPS tuning?

     回答

     Repeated false positives reveal signatures, thresholds, or contexts that need adjustment; IPS errors also risk blocking legitimate traffic.

214. カード 214

     質問

     What does a business continuity policy establish?

     回答

     Management expectations for sustaining and restoring critical business functions.

215. カード 215

     質問

     What is a hot recovery site?

     回答

     A ready, synchronized environment intended to take over quickly.

216. カード 216

     質問

     What makes an insider threat distinct?

     回答

     The actor has legitimate access or organizational knowledge that can be misused.

217. カード 217

     質問

     What is RFID cloning?

     回答

     Copying an RFID credential's data so another token can impersonate it when the system lacks stronger protections.

218. カード 218

     質問

     Why apply vendor security updates promptly?

     回答

     They remove known weaknesses before attackers can exploit the unpatched exposure.

219. カード 219

     質問

     What should infrastructure security monitoring observe?

     回答

     Network, cloud, identity, facility, and platform signals that reveal availability, configuration, or attack activity.

220. カード 220

     質問

     What can firewall logs reveal?

     回答

     Allowed or denied network connections across controlled boundaries.

221. カード 221

     質問

     Why minimize open service ports?

     回答

     Each reachable service adds code, configuration, and authentication paths an attacker can probe.

222. カード 222

     質問

     What is threat hunting?

     回答

     A proactive search for evidence of malicious activity that existing detections have not confirmed.

223. カード 223

     質問

     What triggers an ad hoc risk assessment?

     回答

     A specific change, incident, finding, or decision that requires evaluation outside the regular schedule.

224. カード 224

     質問

     What makes an assessment external?

     回答

     A party outside the organization evaluates a defined scope against stated criteria and reports its conclusions.

225. カード 225

     質問

     What is data sovereignty?

     回答

     The principle that data is subject to laws and governance of the jurisdiction where it is located or controlled.

226. カード 226

     質問

     What security boundary does a cellular connection create for a mobile device?

     回答

     It uses the carrier network instead of local Wi-Fi, but still requires trusted applications, encrypted traffic, and managed device policy.

227. カード 227

     質問

     What makes a security control operational?

     回答

     It is carried out mainly by people and processes, such as security-awareness training or incident-response procedures.

228. カード 228

     質問

     What is discretionary access control?

     回答

     A resource owner can decide who receives access, within system policy.

229. カード 229

     質問

     How can careful automation support employee retention?

     回答

     It reduces repetitive toil and alert handling while leaving meaningful judgment and improvement work with people.

230. カード 230

     質問

     Why does ease of deployment matter in an architecture decision?

     回答

     A design that can be deployed consistently and safely reduces configuration error, rollout time, and operational burden.

231. カード 231

     質問

     What tradeoff comes with placing an NGFW inline?

     回答

     It can block application-aware threats, but failure or overload can interrupt traffic unless availability and fail-mode behavior are designed.

232. カード 232

     質問

     What does a zero-trust policy administrator do?

     回答

     It carries out the policy engine's decision, such as creating or ending a session.

233. カード 233

     質問

     What should a master service agreement define for data return and deletion?

     回答

     The format, timing, verification, retained copies, exceptions, and responsibilities when the service or contract ends.

234. カード 234

     質問

     What is an environmental physical attack?

     回答

     Causing harmful conditions such as heat, water, fire, or power loss to disrupt equipment or facilities.

235. カード 235

     質問

     When should a maintenance window be chosen?

     回答

     When disruption and rollback can be managed with the least business impact.

236. カード 236

     質問

     What is memory injection?

     回答

     Placing malicious code or data into another process's memory so it executes in that process's context.

237. カード 237

     質問

     What does software composition analysis find?

     回答

     Known risks and license information in third-party dependencies.

238. カード 238

     質問

     What is DNS filtering?

     回答

     Blocking or redirecting DNS lookups for domains that policy considers malicious or inappropriate.

239. カード 239

     質問

     What should an incident response policy establish?

     回答

     Authority, scope, reporting duties, and organizational commitment for incident handling.

240. カード 240

     質問

     How can noncompliance cause reputational damage?

     回答

     Customers, partners, employees, or the public may lose trust when the organization fails a stated or required duty.

241. カード 241

     質問

     What does full-disk encryption protect?

     回答

     All data stored on the disk while the device is powered off or the disk is removed, subject to proper key protection.

242. カード 242

     質問

     Why are default credentials dangerous?

     回答

     They are widely known or easily discovered and often remain unchanged.

243. カード 243

     質問

     What makes a risk assessment one-time?

     回答

     It evaluates a defined decision or scope once without an established repeating cadence.

244. カード 244

     質問

     What is a warm recovery site?

     回答

     A partially equipped environment that needs some data restoration or configuration before use.

245. カード 245

     質問

     What does application input validation do?

     回答

     It checks that input matches the expected type, length, range, and format before use.

246. カード 246

     質問

     What should an asset inventory record besides a device name?

     回答

     Identifiers, owner, location, status, classification, dependencies, and supported version as applicable.

247. カード 247

     質問

     What is mandatory access control?

     回答

     A central authority enforces access through labels and rules that ordinary owners cannot override.

248. カード 248

     質問

     What security benefit does infrastructure as code provide?

     回答

     Repeatable, reviewable deployments that reduce undocumented configuration drift.

249. カード 249

     質問

     When should a public service control fail closed?

     回答

     When allowing unchecked traffic would create greater harm than an outage, the failed control should block the path.

250. カード 250

     質問

     What should users do with a suspicious message?

     回答

     Report it through the approved channel without interacting with its links or attachments.

251. カード 251

     質問

     What usually motivates organized cybercrime?

     回答

     Financial gain through scalable or repeatable criminal activity.

252. カード 252

     質問

     How can malicious code support a network attack?

     回答

     It can establish control, scan reachable systems, move laterally, or disrupt networked services after execution.

253. カード 253

     質問

     When is virtual patching useful?

     回答

     When a network or application control can block exploit traffic before the underlying system can be patched.

254. カード 254

     質問

     What does security-monitoring reporting provide?

     回答

     A summarized, audience-appropriate view of findings, trends, risk, and response status.

255. カード 255

     質問

     What does data geolocation identify?

     回答

     The physical or legal location where data is stored, processed, or transmitted.

256. カード 256

     質問

     What does a zero-trust policy enforcement point do?

     回答

     It enables, monitors, and terminates the connection between a subject and a resource.

257. カード 257

     質問

     What is cryptographic key exchange?

     回答

     A method for parties to establish shared key material over an untrusted channel.

258. カード 258

     質問

     How can a vendor become a supply-chain attack vector?

     回答

     An attacker can compromise the vendor's product, update, credentials, or support channel to reach the vendor's customers.

259. カード 259

     質問

     Why can legacy hardware remain vulnerable?

     回答

     It may lack current security features, supported firmware, replacement parts, or compatibility with modern controls.

260. カード 260

     質問

     What can proprietary vulnerability intelligence add beyond open sources?

     回答

     Curated analysis, customer-specific context, private telemetry, or earlier reporting available under a commercial or trusted relationship.

261. カード 261

     質問

     How does a centralized proxy apply web filtering?

     回答

     It receives client web requests at a shared enforcement point and applies policy before forwarding allowed traffic.

262. カード 262

     質問

     How can continuous integration and testing improve security automation?

     回答

     Changes receive repeatable checks before deployment instead of reaching production unvalidated.

263. カード 263

     質問

     What is containment?

     回答

     Limiting an incident's spread or damage while preserving necessary operations and evidence.

264. カード 264

     質問

     What is a software development lifecycle policy meant to ensure?

     回答

     Security requirements and checks are integrated throughout design, development, release, and maintenance.

265. カード 265

     質問

     What makes risk assessment continuous?

     回答

     Relevant signals and changes update the risk view as they occur instead of waiting for a scheduled review.

266. カード 266

     質問

     What is a memorandum of agreement?

     回答

     A document that records agreed responsibilities and commitments between parties; its legal effect depends on its terms and jurisdiction.

267. カード 267

     質問

     What makes a penetration test integrated?

     回答

     Offensive and defensive teams coordinate the exercise to test both attack paths and detection or response.

268. カード 268

     質問

     How does a DNS amplification attack magnify traffic?

     回答

     It sends small spoofed queries that trigger larger replies toward the victim.

269. カード 269

     質問

     Why does ease of recovery matter in an architecture decision?

     回答

     The design should let operators restore service and trusted state without fragile, slow, or undocumented steps.

270. カード 270

     質問

     What does 802.1X control before a device receives normal network access?

     回答

     Port-based admission; the device or user must authenticate through the access device before ordinary traffic is allowed.

271. カード 271

     質問

     What is rule-based access control?

     回答

     System-wide rules grant or deny access based on conditions such as network, time, or action.

272. カード 272

     質問

     What is mobile device management?

     回答

     Central enrollment, configuration, monitoring, and enforcement for managed mobile devices.

273. カード 273

     質問

     What tradeoff comes with a cold recovery site?

     回答

     It costs less to maintain, but recovery takes longer because systems, data, and connectivity must be prepared after activation.

274. カード 274

     質問

     Why identify stakeholders before approving a security-sensitive change?

     回答

     They can identify operational impact, dependencies, and acceptance criteria that the implementer may otherwise miss.

275. カード 275

     質問

     How do attestation and acknowledgement differ?

     回答

     Attestation asserts that a condition or control is true; acknowledgement confirms receipt or understanding of a requirement.

276. カード 276

     質問

     What does zero-trust adaptive identity mean?

     回答

     Access decisions adjust to current risk signals rather than relying only on a static login.

277. カード 277

     質問

     What makes a security control physical?

     回答

     It protects facilities or equipment through a tangible barrier or mechanism.

278. カード 278

     質問

     What is geo-fencing for data?

     回答

     Enforcing location-based boundaries on where data or services may be accessed or operated.

279. カード 279

     質問

     What does a Trusted Platform Module protect?

     回答

     Hardware-backed keys and measurements used for device identity, disk protection, and boot-state attestation.

280. カード 280

     質問

     Why can a managed service provider amplify risk?

     回答

     Its privileged access and shared tooling can provide a path into many customers.

281. カード 281

     質問

     What does probability express in risk analysis?

     回答

     A quantified chance that a defined event will occur within stated conditions or time.

282. カード 282

     質問

     Why can shadow IT create a threat?

     回答

     It bypasses security review, inventory, monitoring, and supported configuration.

283. カード 283

     質問

     What is on-path interception?

     回答

     An attacker positions between communicating parties to observe or alter traffic.

284. カード 284

     質問

     Why include encryption in a system-hardening baseline?

     回答

     It limits data exposure if storage, traffic, or a protected secret is accessed outside the intended trust boundary.

285. カード 285

     質問

     Why tune security alerts?

     回答

     To keep useful detections while reducing noise that wastes analyst attention.

286. カード 286

     質問

     What can IPS or IDS logs contribute to an investigation?

     回答

     The matched rule or signature, source and destination, timestamp, action, and traffic context around detected activity.

287. カード 287

     質問

     What is VM escape?

     回答

     A vulnerability that lets code break out of a virtual machine and affect the host or another guest.

288. カード 288

     質問

     How can segmentation reduce vulnerability exposure before a patch is available?

     回答

     It limits which systems and users can reach the vulnerable service and restricts paths for lateral movement.

289. カード 289

     質問

     Why should firewall policy name the required ports and protocols explicitly?

     回答

     Explicit scope permits only the intended service traffic and avoids exposing unnecessary network paths.

290. カード 290

     質問

     What is a change management policy meant to control?

     回答

     How changes are requested, assessed, approved, tested, implemented, and reviewed.

291. カード 291

     質問

     What is a hybrid-cloud architecture?

     回答

     An environment that integrates private or on-premises resources with public cloud services.

292. カード 292

     質問

     How do AH and ESP differ in the security services they can provide?

     回答

     AH provides integrity and data-origin authentication without confidentiality. ESP can provide confidentiality and may also provide integrity and data-origin authentication. Actual services depend on AH or ESP, mode, algorithms, and policy/configuration.

293. カード 293

     質問

     What makes user behavior risky?

     回答

     It creates avoidable exposure, such as bypassing controls, mishandling data, or using unapproved access paths.

294. カード 294

     質問

     What is least privilege?

     回答

     Granting only the access needed for the required task and no more.

295. カード 295

     質問

     What do Secure, HttpOnly, and SameSite cookie attributes restrict?

     回答

     Transmission to HTTPS, script access, and cross-site sending, respectively.

296. カード 296

     質問

     Why discover unmanaged assets?

     回答

     Unknown systems cannot be patched, monitored, or governed reliably.

297. カード 297

     質問

     What is a service-level agreement?

     回答

     Measurable service commitments and remedies, such as availability or response targets.

298. カード 298

     質問

     What should govern automated security escalation?

     回答

     Clear severity criteria, ownership, evidence, rate limits, and a fallback path when the automation cannot decide safely.

299. カード 299

     質問

     What is platform diversity as a resilience strategy?

     回答

     Using different implementations so one common flaw or failure is less likely to affect every copy.

300. カード 300

     質問

     How can replayed session material affect an application?

     回答

     It can let an attacker reuse a captured token or request to impersonate a valid session or repeat an authorized action.

301. カード 301

     質問

     What is an implicit trust zone in zero trust?

     回答

     A boundary where access was previously trusted by location alone and must instead receive explicit policy enforcement.

302. カード 302

     質問

     What does salting a password hash accomplish?

     回答

     It makes identical passwords hash differently and defeats precomputed hash tables.

303. カード 303

     質問

     What is spear phishing?

     回答

     Phishing tailored to a specific person, role, or organization.

304. カード 304

     質問

     What is eradication?

     回答

     Removing the attacker's access, malicious artifacts, and exploited conditions.

305. カード 305

     質問

     Who is a risk owner?

     回答

     The person accountable for deciding and monitoring how a specific risk is handled.

306. カード 306

     質問

     What does a partially known penetration-test environment provide?

     回答

     The tester receives limited information or access, modeling an attacker with some insider knowledge or initial foothold.

307. カード 307

     質問

     What is a microservices architecture?

     回答

     An application is split into small independently deployable services with explicit interfaces and distributed trust boundaries.

308. カード 308

     質問

     What is a jump server?

     回答

     A hardened intermediary used to reach systems in a restricted management network.

309. カード 309

     質問

     What can happen when a configuration change is made without dependency analysis?

     回答

     A downstream service can fail even when the changed component works.

310. カード 310

     質問

     What is resource reuse exposure?

     回答

     Sensitive data from a previous use remains accessible when storage or memory is reassigned.

311. カード 311

     質問

     Why does financial information require explicit protection?

     回答

     It can expose accounts, transactions, forecasts, or reporting and may create fraud, legal, or business risk if altered or disclosed.

312. カード 312

     質問

     What does CVE provide?

     回答

     A common identifier for a publicly disclosed vulnerability.

313. カード 313

     質問

     Where can DLP controls operate?

     回答

     On endpoints, networks, email, and cloud services, depending on the product and visibility.

314. カード 314

     質問

     What does privileged password vaulting protect?

     回答

     It stores and controls use of privileged secrets so users or automation do not need to know or retain the underlying password.

315. カード 315

     質問

     What does an access-control standard define?

     回答

     Mandatory, measurable requirements for identity, authentication, authorization, review, and removal of access.

316. カード 316

     質問

     How can automation support compliance monitoring?

     回答

     It can collect evidence, test controls, flag exceptions, and produce repeatable reports, with human review of context.

317. カード 317

     質問

     What does static code analysis examine?

     回答

     Source or compiled code for weakness patterns without executing the application.

318. カード 318

     質問

     What actor attribute describes funding, time, and personnel?

     回答

     Resources.

319. カード 319

     質問

     What is DNS poisoning?

     回答

     Introducing false DNS data so names resolve to attacker-chosen destinations.

320. カード 320

     質問

     Why change default credentials during hardening?

     回答

     Default secrets are predictable and commonly targeted.

321. カード 321

     質問

     What does quarantine do after a security alert?

     回答

     It restricts a suspected asset or object while analysts validate and remediate the risk.

322. カード 322

     質問

     What does key stretching do for stored passwords?

     回答

     It deliberately makes each password guess more computationally expensive.

323. カード 323

     質問

     What is smishing?

     回答

     Phishing delivered through SMS or another text-messaging service.

324. カード 324

     質問

     What is qualitative risk analysis?

     回答

     Using descriptive scales such as low, medium, and high to compare likelihood and impact.

325. カード 325

     質問

     What is a master service agreement?

     回答

     An umbrella contract establishing general legal and commercial terms for ongoing work.

326. カード 326

     質問

     What is threat scope reduction?

     回答

     Narrowing the systems, privileges, or paths an attacker can reach.

327. カード 327

     質問

     Why use a third-party cloud service instead of building locally?

     回答

     It can provide faster deployment, elasticity, and managed capabilities, with added dependency and governance risk.

328. カード 328

     質問

     What should determine security-device placement?

     回答

     The traffic or resource to observe or enforce, the trust boundary, failure behavior, reachability, and resilience needs.

329. カード 329

     質問

     What does situational awareness mean for a user?

     回答

     Notice the people, devices, requests, location, and context around a task before acting.

330. カード 330

     質問

     What does a failover test validate?

     回答

     That the service can transfer to the alternate component or site within the required recovery targets under the tested conditions.

331. カード 331

     質問

     What is a preventive control meant to do?

     回答

     Stop an unwanted event before it succeeds.

332. カード 332

     質問

     What is just-in-time privileged access?

     回答

     Elevated access is granted only when needed and expires after a short approved period.

333. カード 333

     質問

     What safeguard should security-group automation enforce?

     回答

     Least-privileged rules tied to an approved resource, owner, purpose, and review or expiration point.

334. カード 334

     質問

     How does a reflected DDoS attack hide and multiply sources?

     回答

     The attacker spoofs the victim's address so many third-party services send their replies to the victim.

335. カード 335

     質問

     What is a security misconfiguration?

     回答

     An unsafe setting, such as public storage, default access, or excessive permissions, that exposes a resource.

336. カード 336

     質問

     Why can the same vulnerability have different organizational impact?

     回答

     Industry obligations, business processes, safety needs, data sensitivity, and asset criticality change the consequence of exploitation.

337. カード 337

     質問

     What does URL scanning evaluate before a user opens a web destination?

     回答

     The address, redirect chain, reputation, category, and known threat indicators associated with the destination.

338. カード 338

     質問

     What is the board's security governance role?

     回答

     Provide oversight, set risk direction, and hold executives accountable.

339. カード 339

     質問

     What does code signing establish?

     回答

     That code came from the holder of the signing key and has not changed since signing.

340. カード 340

     質問

     How should an asset's classification affect security operations?

     回答

     It should drive handling, access, monitoring, recovery, and disposal controls that match the asset's sensitivity and impact.

341. カード 341

     質問

     How does encryption protect data?

     回答

     It uses a cryptographic key to transform plaintext into ciphertext, which authorized parties can decrypt with the required key while unauthorized readers cannot feasibly recover the original data.

342. カード 342

     質問

     What is a secure enclave?

     回答

     A hardware-isolated execution area intended to protect selected code and data from the rest of the system.

343. カード 343

     質問

     What is business email compromise?

     回答

     Impersonation or takeover of a business identity to induce a fraudulent action, often a payment or data release.

344. カード 344

     質問

     What is recovery in incident response?

     回答

     Restoring services safely, monitoring them, and returning to normal operations.

345. カード 345

     質問

     How is single loss expectancy commonly estimated?

     回答

     Asset value multiplied by the exposure factor.

346. カード 346

     質問

     What does an unknown penetration-test environment provide?

     回答

     The tester begins with little or no internal information, modeling an external attacker's discovery process.

347. カード 347

     質問

     What security boundary does a hypervisor provide?

     回答

     It isolates virtual machines while controlling their access to shared hardware.

348. カード 348

     質問

     Why does a TLS tunnel not protect a compromised endpoint?

     回答

     TLS protects data between endpoints; malware or misuse at either endpoint can access the data before encryption or after decryption.

349. カード 349

     質問

     Why update diagrams after an infrastructure change?

     回答

     Operations and incident responders need the documentation to match the deployed environment.

350. カード 350

     質問

     What does privacy ownership assign?

     回答

     An accountable role for privacy decisions, obligations, data inventory, and corrective action.

351. カード 351

     質問

     What does a security control gap analysis compare?

     回答

     The controls required for the target state with the controls currently in place.

352. カード 352

     質問

     Someone outside the organization steals an employee's VPN credentials and logs in. Is the actor internal or external?

     回答

     External. Stolen internal credentials provide access but do not change the outsider's relationship to the organization.

353. カード 353

     質問

     What is application privilege escalation?

     回答

     Exploiting a flaw or misconfiguration to gain permissions beyond those originally granted.

354. カード 354

     質問

     What risk remains when unnecessary software is left installed?

     回答

     Its code, services, dependencies, and privileges add attack surface even when users do not need it.

355. カード 355

     質問

     What does SCAP standardize?

     回答

     Formats and identifiers for expressing, checking, and scoring security configuration and vulnerability information.

356. カード 356

     質問

     What can packet capture reveal?

     回答

     Protocol-level conversation details and payloads when traffic is not encrypted and collection is authorized.

357. カード 357

     質問

     What makes a privileged credential ephemeral?

     回答

     It is created for a limited task or session and expires or is destroyed automatically after that use.

358. カード 358

     質問

     How do a statement of work and a work order differ?

     回答

     A statement of work defines scope, deliverables, schedule, and responsibilities; a work order authorizes a defined unit of work under an agreement.

359. カード 359

     質問

     Why might multi-cloud improve resilience?

     回答

     A provider-wide failure need not stop workloads that can run independently elsewhere.

360. カード 360

     質問

     How can a service provider introduce a supply-chain vulnerability?

     回答

     Its privileged access, hosted service, or compromised integration can expose customers that depend on it.

361. カード 361

     質問

     What is a false positive in vulnerability scanning?

     回答

     A reported weakness that is not actually present or exploitable in the assessed context.

362. カード 362

     質問

     How do EDR and XDR differ?

     回答

     EDR focuses on endpoint telemetry and response; XDR correlates detection and response across endpoints and other security domains.

363. カード 363

     質問

     What should onboarding and offboarding procedures coordinate?

     回答

     Identity, access, equipment, data, training, approvals, and ownership changes at the start or end of a relationship.

364. カード 364

     質問

     How should an organization harden managed mobile devices?

     回答

     Enforce an MDM baseline with timely updates, screen lock and encryption, least privilege, approved apps, and remote lock or wipe.

365. カード 365

     質問

     What is a certificate signing request?

     回答

     A request containing a public key and subject information for a certificate authority to sign.

366. カード 366

     質問

     What is pretexting?

     回答

     Using a fabricated role or situation to make a request seem legitimate.

367. カード 367

     質問

     How is annualized loss expectancy commonly estimated?

     回答

     Single loss expectancy multiplied by annualized rate of occurrence.

368. カード 368

     質問

     What security consequence follows from containers sharing a kernel?

     回答

     A host-kernel compromise can affect multiple containers, so kernel and runtime hardening matter.

369. カード 369

     質問

     Where does 802.1X enforce a network admission decision?

     回答

     At the controlled switch port or wireless access point before normal network access is granted.

370. カード 370

     質問

     What should insider-threat awareness teach?

     回答

     Recognize misuse or concerning behavior without profiling people, and report evidence through approved channels.

371. カード 371

     質問

     What access action is suitable for careful automation?

     回答

     Enabling or disabling a defined service or account from an approved lifecycle or incident event.

372. カード 372

     質問

     What is an evil twin?

     回答

     A rogue wireless network made to resemble a legitimate one so users connect to it.

     

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373. カード 373

     質問

     Does non-human-readable data need less protection?

     回答

     No. Encoded or machine-readable data can carry the same sensitive meaning and impact.

374. カード 374

     質問

     What does authenticating a system establish?

     回答

     It verifies a presented authenticator or credential bound to the claimed device, workload, or service identity. Identity proofing or enrollment establishes what real-world entity that identity represents.

375. カード 375

     質問

     What does LDAP provide in identity systems?

     回答

     A standard protocol for querying and modifying directory entries such as users, groups, and attributes.

376. カード 376

     質問

     What is a deterrent control meant to do?

     回答

     Discourage an attacker from attempting an unwanted action.

377. カード 377

     質問

     Why update procedures after changing a security control?

     回答

     Staff need accurate steps for operating, monitoring, and recovering the new control.

378. カード 378

     質問

     How does OCSP differ from a certificate revocation list?

     回答

     OCSP returns status for a specific certificate, while a revocation list distributes a signed set of revoked certificate serial numbers.

379. カード 379

     質問

     What is the goal of data exfiltration?

     回答

     Remove data from its authorized environment without permission.

380. カード 380

     質問

     What is a watering-hole attack?

     回答

     Compromising a site frequented by the intended targets so their visits expose them.

381. カード 381

     質問

     How can a hardware provider introduce a supply-chain vulnerability?

     回答

     A compromised component, firmware image, manufacturing step, or delivery path can weaken the device before deployment.

382. カード 382

     質問

     What is application forgery?

     回答

     Creating or altering a request, token, or object so the application treats it as authentic.

383. カード 383

     質問

     How does least privilege mitigate compromise?

     回答

     It limits the actions and resources available to a compromised account or process.

384. カード 384

     質問

     What is serverless computing?

     回答

     A model where the provider manages servers and the customer deploys event-driven code or functions.

385. カード 385

     質問

     What makes an infrastructure control effective for a specific risk?

     回答

     Its placement, failure behavior, visibility, enforcement scope, and operating cost match the protected path and threat.

386. カード 386

     質問

     What does parallel recovery processing test?

     回答

     Whether primary and alternate environments can run together consistently before a controlled cutover.

387. カード 387

     質問

     Which password-authentication method does WPA3-Personal use?

     回答

     Simultaneous Authentication of Equals, which replaces WPA2-Personal's PSK authentication and resists offline password guessing.

388. カード 388

     質問

     How does data retention affect asset disposal?

     回答

     Required data must be preserved for its retention period, while expired data should be sanitized before reuse or destruction.

389. カード 389

     質問

     What is a false negative in vulnerability scanning?

     回答

     A real weakness that the assessment fails to report.

390. カード 390

     質問

     What does recurring security scanning add to monitoring?

     回答

     Periodic discovery of exposed services, missing fixes, weak configurations, or other detectable changes.

391. カード 391

     質問

     What should guide port selection for a secure protocol?

     回答

     Use the documented service port or an explicitly managed alternative, and expose it only on the required interfaces and paths.

392. カード 392

     質問

     What does forensic acquisition create?

     回答

     A controlled, documented copy or collection of relevant evidence while preserving its integrity and context.

393. カード 393

     質問

     How do system owners and data owners divide security accountability?

     回答

     A system owner is accountable for the system's risk, access, operation, and lifecycle; a data owner sets the data's classification, access, handling, and retention requirements.

394. カード 394

     質問

     What does likelihood express in risk analysis?

     回答

     A reasoned estimate of how plausible or frequent an event is, often stated qualitatively when precise probability is unavailable.

395. カード 395

     質問

     What is a memorandum of understanding?

     回答

     A documented understanding of intentions and responsibilities, whose legal effect depends on its terms and jurisdiction.

396. カード 396

     質問

     What does the right to be forgotten generally require?

     回答

     Deletion of qualifying personal data when the applicable law grants the right and no overriding retention duty applies.

397. カード 397

     質問

     What does an audit committee oversee?

     回答

     Audit independence, plans, significant findings, management responses, and corrective-action follow-through.

398. カード 398

     質問

     What does identity interoperability require?

     回答

     Compatible protocols, attribute meanings, trust, and lifecycle behavior across connected systems.

399. カード 399

     質問

     How does a bollard protect a facility?

     回答

     It blocks or redirects vehicles before they can reach a protected area.

400. カード 400

     質問

     How can hashing protect a downloaded file?

     回答

     A trusted digest lets the recipient detect whether the file changed.

401. カード 401

     質問

     What is a credential replay attack?

     回答

     Using captured valid credentials or tokens again without needing to discover the secret.

402. カード 402

     質問

     How can automation complexity create security risk?

     回答

     Hidden dependencies and branching behavior can make failures difficult to predict, diagnose, contain, or reverse.

403. カード 403

     質問

     What must an architecture provide when a component cannot be patched?

     回答

     Compensating isolation, restricted access, monitoring, and a replacement plan that reduce exposure until the component can be retired.

404. カード 404

     質問

     What makes remote access secure?

     回答

     Controlled, authenticated, encrypted access to a private resource from outside its local trusted network.

405. カード 405

     質問

     What should users verify before connecting removable media or a cable?

     回答

     That the device and connection are approved, expected, and handled under organizational policy.

406. カード 406

     質問

     What is a self-signed certificate?

     回答

     A certificate signed by its own private key rather than by a separate trusted issuer.

407. カード 407

     質問

     What is brand impersonation?

     回答

     Using a trusted organization's identity or look to deceive people.

408. カード 408

     質問

     What characterizes a conservative risk appetite?

     回答

     A preference for lower uncertainty and exposure, even when that limits speed, return, or opportunity.

409. カード 409

     質問

     What should a managed mobile device verify before using Wi-Fi?

     回答

     The expected network identity, strong encryption, trusted authentication, and policy compliance before sending sensitive traffic.

410. カード 410

     質問

     What is a zero-day vulnerability?

     回答

     A flaw previously unknown to the vendor or defenders, or one without an available fix when discovered. A zero-day exploit is code or a technique that attacks such a flaw.

411. カード 411

     質問

     What does verification confirm after vulnerability remediation?

     回答

     Retesting confirms that the remediation removed or reduced the finding as intended within the tested scope.

412. カード 412

     質問

     What is user and entity behavior analytics?

     回答

     Analysis that identifies deviations from expected behavior for users, accounts, hosts, or services.

413. カード 413

     質問

     What does a physical security policy establish?

     回答

     Required protection for facilities, people, equipment, entry, monitoring, and response to physical events.

414. カード 414

     質問

     What does a UPS provide?

     回答

     Immediate short-term power and power conditioning while systems shut down or alternate power starts.

415. カード 415

     質問

     What is a nondisclosure agreement?

     回答

     A contract restricting use and disclosure of defined confidential information.

416. カード 416

     質問

     What should be checked before assigning a user permission?

     回答

     The user's approved duties, the resource and action allowed, separation-of-duties conflicts, and the impact if the permission is misused.

417. カード 417

     質問

     How does espionage differ from ordinary theft?

     回答

     It seeks confidential intelligence for strategic advantage, often while remaining hidden.

418. カード 418

     質問

     What is password spraying?

     回答

     Trying a small set of common passwords across many accounts to avoid lockouts.

419. カード 419

     質問

     What is the purpose of system isolation during an incident?

     回答

     Stop harmful communication while preserving the system for response and investigation.

420. カード 420

     質問

     What is a security benchmark?

     回答

     A documented set of recommended configuration checks for a platform or product.

421. カード 421

     質問

     Which metadata fields give a log record investigative context?

     回答

     Fields such as timestamp and time zone, source system, user or process identity, event ID or type, severity, and correlation ID.

422. カード 422

     質問

     What does an access-control vestibule prevent?

     回答

     It limits tailgating by allowing controlled passage through one door at a time.

423. カード 423

     質問

     What is version control's security value for configuration?

     回答

     It preserves attributable history and enables review or rollback of changes.

424. カード 424

     質問

     Why use both internal and external compliance monitoring?

     回答

     Internal monitoring supports continuous correction; external review adds independent or regulatory scrutiny.

425. カード 425

     質問

     What distinguishes on-premises architecture?

     回答

     The organization operates the infrastructure in facilities it controls and retains the associated physical and platform duties.

426. カード 426

     質問

     What risk can split tunneling add to a VPN?

     回答

     The endpoint can reach the protected network and an untrusted network at the same time, creating a path around centralized inspection.

427. カード 427

     質問

     What is a certificate root of trust?

     回答

     A trusted root certificate or key from which a client validates a certificate chain.

428. カード 428

     質問

     What is typosquatting?

     回答

     Registering a look-alike domain based on common typing errors or visual similarity.

429. カード 429

     質問

     What is root-cause analysis?

     回答

     Identifying the underlying conditions that allowed an incident, not just its visible symptoms.

430. カード 430

     質問

     What is risk tolerance?

     回答

     The acceptable variation or boundary around a specific objective or risk area.

431. カード 431

     質問

     What is a security self-assessment?

     回答

     A structured internal evaluation in which the organization measures its own controls against selected criteria.

432. カード 432

     質問

     What does data masking change?

     回答

     It replaces sensitive values with altered but usable representations, often preserving format for testing or display.

433. カード 433

     質問

     How do wireless authentication protocols let clients prove identity securely?

     回答

     They define how a client proves control of a credential, such as a password-derived secret or a certificate's private key; stronger choices also validate the server and protect the exchange.

434. カード 434

     質問

     Why reconcile inventory with network discovery?

     回答

     Differences expose missing records, retired systems, or unauthorized devices.

435. カード 435

     質問

     Why does sideloading raise mobile risk?

     回答

     It can bypass store review, signing policy, and managed application controls.

436. カード 436

     質問

     What does an information-sharing organization add to vulnerability management?

     回答

     Sector or community intelligence about relevant threats, incidents, and defensive action.

437. カード 437

     質問

     What does a web-filter block rule specify?

     回答

     The URL, domain, category, reputation, content, user, or context that should prevent a web request.

438. カード 438

     質問

     How do data custodians and data stewards differ?

     回答

     Custodians implement and operate technical safeguards for data; stewards guide its definitions, quality, handling, and proper use under the owner’s direction.

439. カード 439

     質問

     What is a brute-force password attack?

     回答

     Systematically trying many candidate secrets against an account or protected value.

440. カード 440

     質問

     What is a compensating control?

     回答

     An alternative safeguard used when the preferred control is impractical or unavailable.

441. カード 441

     質問

     How can location act as an authentication factor?

     回答

     A system can evaluate where the claimant is, but location signals are usually contextual and spoofable rather than sufficient alone.

442. カード 442

     質問

     Why must security automation remain supportable?

     回答

     Owners must be able to update dependencies, understand failures, rotate credentials, and adapt the workflow as systems change.

443. カード 443

     質問

     What does a standby generator provide?

     回答

     Longer-duration power during a utility outage, after a startup delay.

444. カード 444

     質問

     What makes an architecture air-gapped?

     回答

     It has no direct network path to less-trusted networks, although removable media and maintenance workflows can still cross the boundary.

445. カード 445

     質問

     What is a software-defined WAN?

     回答

     A centrally managed overlay that selects wide-area paths by policy across underlying network links.

446. カード 446

     質問

     What password-management behavior should awareness training reinforce?

     回答

     Use unique long passwords through an approved manager and report suspected compromise promptly.

447. カード 447

     質問

     What security value does fencing provide?

     回答

     It defines and delays entry across a physical perimeter.

448. カード 448

     質問

     What is a wildcard certificate?

     回答

     A certificate that can match multiple hosts at one domain level, such as subdomains of an example domain.

449. カード 449

     質問

     How does misinformation differ from disinformation?

     回答

     Misinformation is false regardless of intent; disinformation is deliberately false or misleading.

450. カード 450

     質問

     What is a risk threshold?

     回答

     A defined level that triggers escalation, treatment, or another required response.

451. カード 451

     質問

     What does a vendor penetration test contribute to assessment?

     回答

     Authorized evidence of exploitable paths in the vendor's relevant environment under agreed scope.

452. カード 452

     質問

     What is the objective of a service-disruption attack?

     回答

     Make a system or business function unavailable or unreliable.

453. カード 453

     質問

     What is directory traversal?

     回答

     Manipulating a file path to reach files outside the directory the application intended to expose.

454. カード 454

     質問

     Why decommission an unsupported system?

     回答

     Removing it eliminates an exposure that can no longer be patched or securely maintained.

455. カード 455

     質問

     Why archive security-monitoring data?

     回答

     To preserve evidence for investigations, trend analysis, compliance, and retention requirements beyond the live system.

456. カード 456

     質問

     What role does RADIUS commonly play in enterprise Wi-Fi?

     回答

     It centralizes authentication, authorization information, and accounting for network access.

457. カード 457

     質問

     Why separate the requester and approver of a high-risk change?

     回答

     To reduce error, fraud, and unilateral unauthorized modification.

458. カード 458

     質問

     Why can a jailbroken device violate a security baseline?

     回答

     It weakens platform isolation and allows unapproved privileged changes.

459. カード 459

     質問

     When is tokenization especially useful?

     回答

     When a system needs a surrogate value without retaining the original sensitive value in that workflow.

460. カード 460

     質問

     Why can dark-web intelligence affect vulnerability priority?

     回答

     Discussion, exploit sales, or leaked access can signal attacker interest, but the evidence must be validated.

461. カード 461

     質問

     What firewall policy should govern traffic from a screened subnet to internal systems?

     回答

     Deny it by default and allow only explicitly required flows.

462. カード 462

     質問

     What does SAML commonly carry?

     回答

     XML assertions about authentication and attributes between an identity provider and service provider; signatures commonly protect their authenticity and integrity.

463. カード 463

     質問

     What does a security governance committee do?

     回答

     It coordinates stakeholders, reviews risk and performance, and makes or recommends decisions within its charter.

464. カード 464

     質問

     How can global privacy requirements affect one data process?

     回答

     A shared process may need to satisfy overlapping duties across jurisdictions where people, systems, or data are located.

465. カード 465

     質問

     What characterizes an IoT device?

     回答

     It combines sensing or actuation with network connectivity, often under tight resource and update constraints.

466. カード 466

     質問

     What is a unified threat management appliance?

     回答

     One device combines several controls, such as firewalling, intrusion prevention, filtering, and malware inspection.

467. カード 467

     質問

     What does a hardware security module provide?

     回答

     A dedicated, tamper-resistant environment for generating, storing, and using cryptographic keys.

468. カード 468

     質問

     A remotely reachable API is fixed, but its desktop client stays vulnerable. What exposure remains?

     回答

     Client-based exposure remains because the installed endpoint software is still vulnerable; fixing the remote API does not remediate the client.

469. カード 469

     質問

     What is a tabletop exercise?

     回答

     A discussion-based walkthrough of a scenario to test decisions, roles, and procedures.

470. カード 470

     質問

     What does a risk exemption authorize?

     回答

     A documented release from a requirement for a defined scope, owner, rationale, controls, review, and expiration.

471. カード 471

     質問

     What is a regulatory examination?

     回答

     An authorized regulator reviews records, controls, and practices to determine whether the organization meets applicable requirements.

472. カード 472

     質問

     What does physical video surveillance primarily provide?

     回答

     Detection and evidence of activity in monitored areas.

473. カード 473

     質問

     What is a birthday attack against a hash?

     回答

     Using collision probability to find any two matching digests much faster than targeting one exact preimage.

474. カード 474

     質問

     Why keep backups both onsite and offsite?

     回答

     Onsite copies support fast recovery, while offsite copies survive a site-wide loss.

475. カード 475

     質問

     How does technical debt affect security automation?

     回答

     Outdated assumptions, dependencies, and workarounds make the workflow harder to change and more likely to fail unsafely.

476. カード 476

     質問

     What should switch hardening restrict first?

     回答

     Administrative access, unused ports, insecure management protocols, and unauthorized changes to switching configuration.

477. カード 477

     質問

     What should happen when an asset changes owners?

     回答

     Inventory, access, support responsibility, and data handling should be updated.

478. カード 478

     質問

     What does evidence of a vendor's internal audits contribute?

     回答

     It shows how the vendor tests its own controls, records findings, assigns remediation, and follows issues to closure.

479. カード 479

     質問

     What is identity attestation?

     回答

     Evidence that an identity, device, authenticator, or claim has been verified by a trusted process.

480. カード 480

     質問

     Why can standard enterprise patching be unsafe for an RTOS device?

     回答

     A change can disrupt timing guarantees or certified operational behavior.

481. カード 481

     質問

     What is secure access service edge?

     回答

     A cloud-delivered architecture that combines wide-area connectivity with policy-driven security services near users and resources.

482. カード 482

     質問

     What social-engineering habit should awareness training reinforce?

     回答

     Pause and independently verify unusual requests instead of trusting urgency, authority, or familiarity.

483. カード 483

     質問

     How can a software provider introduce a supply-chain vulnerability?

     回答

     A compromised package, build system, dependency, or update channel can deliver vulnerable or malicious code to customers.

484. カード 484

     質問

     Why include internet exposure in remediation priority?

     回答

     A reachable vulnerable service usually has more attack opportunity than an isolated one.

485. カード 485

     質問

     What does a mail gateway inspect?

     回答

     Inbound and outbound email for threats, policy violations, spoofing, and sensitive data.

486. カード 486

     質問

     What is a data controller?

     回答

     The entity that determines why and how personal data is processed.

487. カード 487

     質問

     How does blackmail motivate a cyberattack?

     回答

     The attacker threatens disclosure or harm unless the victim complies.

488. カード 488

     質問

     What is a downgrade attack?

     回答

     Forcing parties to use an older or weaker protocol or security mode.

489. カード 489

     質問

     How does encryption mitigate data exposure?

     回答

     It makes captured data unreadable without the required key.

490. カード 490

     質問

     How do network and web vulnerability scanners differ?

     回答

     Network scanners assess reachable hosts, services, versions, and configurations; web scanners exercise running web behavior for application weaknesses.

491. カード 491

     質問

     How can vulnerability-scan data support an investigation?

     回答

     It shows which weaknesses, versions, services, and exposures were known on the affected systems near the incident timeline.

492. カード 492

     質問

     What is key escrow?

     回答

     Controlled storage of a recoverable copy of a cryptographic key by an authorized party.

493. カード 493

     質問

     Which human vector commonly uses a fake sign-in page to harvest credentials?

     回答

     Phishing; the message sends the target to an imitation service that captures the submitted credentials.

494. カード 494

     質問

     What is risk avoidance?

     回答

     Stopping or not starting the activity that creates the risk.

495. カード 495

     質問

     What is data obfuscation?

     回答

     Making data harder to understand while preserving some utility, without necessarily providing cryptographic secrecy.

496. カード 496

     質問

     What is a directive control?

     回答

     A safeguard that tells people what behavior or action is required.

497. カード 497

     質問

     What does a security guard add that a camera cannot?

     回答

     Human judgment and an immediate physical response.

498. カード 498

     質問

     Why define restricted activities in change management?

     回答

     High-risk actions can then require extra authorization, separation of duties, or a prohibited window.

499. カード 499

     質問

     What contractual impact can noncompliance create?

     回答

     It can trigger remediation duties, service credits, indemnity, audit rights, suspension, termination, or claims for breach.

500. カード 500

     質問

     What should determine backup frequency?

     回答

     The recovery point objective, data-change rate, business impact, and available replication or storage capacity.

501. カード 501

     質問

     What should router hardening protect?

     回答

     Administrative access, routing configuration, exposed services, and the integrity of traffic-control policy.

502. カード 502

     質問

     What problem does OAuth 2.0 address?

     回答

     Delegated authorization: a client obtains limited access to a resource without receiving the user's password.

503. カード 503

     質問

     What does SCADA do?

     回答

     It provides supervisory monitoring and control across distributed industrial equipment.

504. カード 504

     質問

     How does a Layer 3/4 firewall rule differ from a Layer 7 rule?

     回答

     Layer 3/4 evaluates IP addresses plus transport protocols and ports; Layer 7 evaluates application content or actions.

505. カード 505

     質問

     What distinguishes a computer virus?

     回答

     It attaches to a host file or program and spreads when that infected host executes or is shared.

506. カード 506

     質問

     What does a key management system coordinate?

     回答

     Secure key creation, storage, access, rotation, revocation, recovery, and destruction.

507. カード 507

     質問

     How can an unsecure wired network expose traffic?

     回答

     An unauthorized device on the network may observe, redirect, or inject traffic when access control and link protections are weak.

508. カード 508

     質問

     Why is vulnerable device firmware hard to remediate?

     回答

     Firmware updates may be rare, vendor-dependent, or impossible after support ends.

509. カード 509

     質問

     What does patching change in vulnerability remediation?

     回答

     It installs the vendor's corrected code or configuration to remove the underlying software weakness.

510. カード 510

     質問

     What does DMARC add to SPF and DKIM?

     回答

     Domain alignment, receiver policy, and reporting for messages claiming the visible From domain.

511. カード 511

     質問

     How does automation improve security efficiency?

     回答

     It performs repeatable actions quickly and consistently while reducing manual handoffs and rework.

512. カード 512

     質問

     What is a simulation exercise?

     回答

     A more realistic practice in which participants respond to injected events using operational processes.

513. カード 513

     質問

     What is a data processor?

     回答

     An entity that processes personal data on behalf of a controller.

514. カード 514

     質問

     What is risk mitigation?

     回答

     Reducing likelihood, impact, or both through controls or process changes.

515. カード 515

     質問

     Why monitor a vendor after onboarding?

     回答

     Security posture, ownership, services, incidents, and dependencies can change.

516. カード 516

     質問

     What does a physical penetration test assess?

     回答

     Whether authorized testers can bypass facility, personnel, and physical access controls under agreed rules.

517. カード 517

     質問

     Why use access badges at a facility?

     回答

     To associate entry attempts with authorized identities and enforce access rules.

518. カード 518

     質問

     How does permission restriction protect data?

     回答

     Only authorized identities receive the actions and scope their roles require.

519. カード 519

     質問

     What is the usual objective of ransomware extortion?

     回答

     Force payment by denying access, threatening disclosure, or both.

520. カード 520

     質問

     What does impossible travel indicate?

     回答

     One identity appears to authenticate from distant locations too quickly for legitimate travel.

521. カード 521

     質問

     What is configuration enforcement?

     回答

     Continuously applying or restoring approved settings so systems do not remain in an insecure state.

522. カード 522

     質問

     What does a web vulnerability scanner inspect?

     回答

     Running web behavior for issues such as unsafe input handling and insecure configuration.

523. カード 523

     質問

     How does cost affect an architecture choice?

     回答

     It constrains acquisition, operation, staffing, resilience, and recovery options across the system's life.

524. カード 524

     質問

     What does EAP provide with 802.1X?

     回答

     A framework for carrying an authentication method between the supplicant and authentication infrastructure.

525. カード 525

     質問

     What should operational-security training help users protect?

     回答

     Sensitive routines, capabilities, locations, relationships, and small details that an observer could combine into useful intelligence.

526. カード 526

     質問

     What does a time-of-day access rule do?

     回答

     Allows or denies a requested action according to an approved schedule.

527. カード 527

     質問

     What should cloud infrastructure hardening establish?

     回答

     Secure identities, network boundaries, logging, encryption, approved configurations, and continuous checks for drift.

528. カード 528

     質問

     What should an asset owner ensure during offboarding?

     回答

     Assigned assets, access, data, and custody records are returned, transferred, or disposed of under the approved process.

529. カード 529

     質問

     Why encrypt backups?

     回答

     Backup media and transfers can expose the same sensitive data as production systems.

530. カード 530

     質問

     What is steganography?

     回答

     Hiding the existence of data inside another medium rather than merely encrypting its contents.

531. カード 531

     質問

     Which human vector uses a fabricated authority role to justify a sensitive request?

     回答

     Pretexting; the attacker invents a credible role and situation to make the request seem legitimate.

532. カード 532

     質問

     Why does risk transfer not remove accountability?

     回答

     The organization can retain legal, reputational, operational, and oversight consequences.

533. カード 533

     質問

     Why validate a change after deployment?

     回答

     To confirm the intended result occurred without introducing unacceptable side effects.

534. カード 534

     質問

     What makes end-of-life hardware a security vulnerability?

     回答

     The vendor no longer supplies fixes or support, so known weaknesses can persist without a reliable remediation path.

535. カード 535

     質問

     What does an audit add to remediation validation?

     回答

     Independent evidence that the approved fix, process, and documentation were completed and remain effective.

536. カード 536

     質問

     Why can SPF pass while a message still impersonates a brand?

     回答

     SPF checks the envelope domain, which may differ from the visible From domain.

537. カード 537

     質問

     What role can a government entity have in security governance?

     回答

     It can establish, enforce, or oversee legal and regulatory requirements within its authority.

538. カード 538

     質問

     How do data inventory and retention support privacy governance?

     回答

     The inventory records what data is processed and where; retention rules define how long it is kept and when it is deleted or anonymized.

539. カード 539

     質問

     What can concurrent sessions from distant regions indicate?

     回答

     A stolen account or shared credential, subject to VPN and proxy context.

540. カード 540

     質問

     What does supply-chain analysis examine?

     回答

     Upstream providers, components, dependencies, concentration, and compromise paths that can affect the purchased service.

541. カード 541

     質問

     What is the purpose of facility lighting as a control?

     回答

     Deter covert activity and improve observation of people and areas.

542. カード 542

     質問

     What architecture quality keeps a service usable during component failure?

     回答

     Availability.

543. カード 543

     質問

     When is fail-open behavior preferable to fail-closed behavior?

     回答

     When preserving availability during control failure is more important than blocking uninspected traffic, based on the system's risk decision.

544. カード 544

     質問

     Which control function does a login-failure alert provide?

     回答

     Detection; it reveals suspicious authentication activity.

545. カード 545

     質問

     What does a biometric MFA implementation verify?

     回答

     A measured physical or behavioral characteristic presented by the user, matched against an enrolled template.

546. カード 546

     質問

     How can automation enforce a security baseline?

     回答

     It compares realized settings with the approved state and reports or corrects unauthorized drift.

547. カード 547

     質問

     How do wireless cryptographic protocols protect network traffic?

     回答

     They encrypt frames over the air and add integrity protection, reducing eavesdropping and tampering when a secure protocol and configuration are used.

548. カード 548

     質問

     Why segment sensitive data stores?

     回答

     It limits reachable paths and separates them from lower-trust workloads.

549. カード 549

     質問

     What must remain secret in an asymmetric key pair?

     回答

     The private key; disclosure lets another party impersonate the owner or decrypt data intended for that key, depending on its use.

550. カード 550

     質問

     How can a supplier become a supply-chain attack vector?

     回答

     A compromised material, component, credential, or delivery process can weaken products before they reach the organization.

551. カード 551

     質問

     What is e-discovery?

     回答

     Identifying, preserving, collecting, reviewing, and producing electronically stored information for a legal matter.

552. カード 552

     質問

     What characterizes a neutral risk appetite?

     回答

     A balanced willingness to accept uncertainty when expected value and controls justify the exposure.

553. カード 553

     質問

     What is passive reconnaissance?

     回答

     Gathering information without directly interacting with the target's systems.

554. カード 554

     質問

     What does a philosophical motive mean for a threat actor?

     回答

     The actor acts to advance a belief or moral position rather than primarily for money.

555. カード 555

     質問

     What does unexpected resource consumption indicate?

     回答

     Possible malware, denial of service, cryptomining, or a malfunction that needs investigation.

556. カード 556

     質問

     What does a host-based intrusion prevention system do?

     回答

     It monitors activity on one host and can block behavior that matches exploit or attack rules.

557. カード 557

     質問

     How does agent-based monitoring differ from agentless monitoring?

     回答

     An agent collects local detail on the host; agentless monitoring uses remote interfaces and may have less visibility.

558. カード 558

     質問

     What can network logs contribute to an investigation?

     回答

     Connection timing, endpoints, protocols, routing, name resolution, and other evidence of communication across the environment.

559. カード 559

     質問

     What is the purpose of a backup restore test?

     回答

     Demonstrate under tested conditions that required data and systems can be recovered within expectations.

560. カード 560

     質問

     Why can obsolete hardware become a security risk?

     回答

     It may lack supported firmware, modern protections, or replacement parts.

561. カード 561

     質問

     What does rescanning confirm after remediation?

     回答

     Whether the scanner can still detect the original finding on the affected asset.

562. カード 562

     質問

     What should a secure transport method provide?

     回答

     Authenticated endpoints where required, confidentiality, integrity, replay resistance, and supported cryptography for the traffic.

563. カード 563

     質問

     How can law affect security governance?

     回答

     It can impose mandatory duties based on jurisdiction, data, industry, or activity.

564. カード 564

     質問

     What does resilience mean for a security architecture?

     回答

     The ability to withstand disruption, adapt, and recover while preserving essential functions.

565. カード 565

     質問

     Why minimize an infrastructure's attack surface?

     回答

     Fewer exposed services and paths leave fewer opportunities for exploitation.

566. カード 566

     質問

     What does executing a security-awareness program require?

     回答

     Delivering the approved content to the intended audiences, tracking participation, handling exceptions, and measuring outcomes.

567. カード 567

     質問

     What does an infrared security sensor detect?

     回答

     A change in infrared energy, often the heat pattern created by a person moving through its field of view.

568. カード 568

     質問

     What is a knowledge factor?

     回答

     Something the claimant knows, such as a password.

569. カード 569

     質問

     Why review allow-list and deny-list impact before a change?

     回答

     Adding or removing an entry can unexpectedly grant access, block users, or interrupt dependencies.

570. カード 570

     質問

     What does partition-level encryption protect?

     回答

     One selected disk partition, leaving other partitions outside that encryption boundary.

571. カード 571

     質問

     How can instant messaging deliver a security attack?

     回答

     It can deliver a malicious link, file, request, or impersonated conversation through a fast, trusted-looking channel.

572. カード 572

     質問

     What can repeated blocked-content events indicate?

     回答

     Malware, policy bypass, a misconfigured application, or a user repeatedly reaching prohibited resources.

573. カード 573

     質問

     What should a server-hardening baseline reduce?

     回答

     Unnecessary services, exposed administration, weak identity controls, insecure defaults, and unmonitored configuration change.

574. カード 574

     質問

     When is physical media destruction appropriate?

     回答

     When reuse is unnecessary or sanitization cannot provide adequate assurance.

575. カード 575

     質問

     What is mean time to repair?

     回答

     The average time required to restore a failed component or service.

576. カード 576

     質問

     Why disclose conflicts of interest during vendor selection?

     回答

     A personal or financial relationship can bias evaluation away from the organization's requirements.

577. カード 577

     質問

     What is a fine for noncompliance?

     回答

     A monetary penalty imposed for failing to meet a legal, regulatory, or contractual requirement.

578. カード 578

     質問

     What does a public data classification authorize?

     回答

     Approved disclosure without confidentiality restrictions, while integrity and availability requirements may still apply.

579. カード 579

     質問

     What security benefit comes from standard infrastructure configurations?

     回答

     They reduce variation, make review repeatable, and let the same approved controls be applied across resources.

580. カード 580

     質問

     How does horizontal scaling increase capacity?

     回答

     It adds more service instances and distributes work among them.

581. カード 581

     質問

     Why can added connectivity weaken segmentation?

     回答

     Each allowed path can become a route for lateral movement or data escape.

582. カード 582

     質問

     What coding practice is central to preventing SQL injection?

     回答

     Use parameterized queries so untrusted values remain data rather than executable query syntax.

583. カード 583

     質問

     When is a compensating control appropriate for a vulnerability?

     回答

     When timely removal or patching is infeasible and another control can reduce the risk.

584. カード 584

     質問

     How does agent-based web filtering enforce policy?

     回答

     Software on the endpoint evaluates or redirects web traffic, including traffic that does not pass through a central network proxy.

585. カード 585

     質問

     How can regulation differ from an internal policy?

     回答

     Regulation is externally enforceable; internal policy is an organizational rule that may implement external duties.

586. カード 586

     質問

     What is a storage snapshot?

     回答

     A point-in-time representation of data or system state, whose independence depends on how it is stored.

587. カード 587

     質問

     What does password age measure?

     回答

     How long the current password has existed, which policy may use to prevent immediate reuse or trigger a risk-based change.

588. カード 588

     質問

     What does an ethical motive mean in vulnerability research?

     回答

     The researcher intends to improve security, typically through authorized testing and responsible disclosure.

589. カード 589

     質問

     What can missing security logs indicate?

     回答

     Logging failure, tampering, retention misconfiguration, or an inactive source.

590. カード 590

     質問

     Why disable unused ports and protocols?

     回答

     They expose unnecessary communication paths and code that attackers can reach.

591. カード 591

     質問

     What does antivirus contribute to monitoring?

     回答

     It scans files, memory, or behavior and reports suspected malicious code.

592. カード 592

     質問

     What is a honeypot?

     回答

     A decoy system or service designed to attract and observe malicious activity.

593. カード 593

     質問

     What does file-level encryption protect?

     回答

     Selected files independently of whether the rest of the disk or volume is encrypted.

594. カード 594

     質問

     How can SMS deliver a security attack?

     回答

     A text message can carry a malicious link or urgent request that exploits the recipient's trust in the phone channel.

595. カード 595

     質問

     What happens during incident analysis?

     回答

     Responders validate the event, determine scope and impact, build a timeline, and identify the systems, accounts, and data involved.

596. カード 596

     質問

     What is mean time between failures?

     回答

     The average operating time between repairable failures.

597. カード 597

     質問

     What is active reconnaissance?

     回答

     Probing or interacting with target systems to discover services and behavior.

598. カード 598

     質問

     What constraint should guide ICS or SCADA hardening?

     回答

     Safety and process availability must be preserved while access, services, network paths, and changes are tightly controlled.

599. カード 599

     質問

     Which control function does restoring a clean system image provide?

     回答

     Correction; it returns the system to a known-good state.

600. カード 600

     質問

     What does responsiveness mean in an architecture decision?

     回答

     How quickly the system and its operators can adapt to demand, failure, or attack.

601. カード 601

     質問

     How does out-of-band access strengthen remote administration?

     回答

     It uses a management path separate from production traffic, preserving controlled access during an outage or compromise.

602. カード 602

     質問

     What makes user behavior unexpected?

     回答

     It differs materially from the person's normal role, timing, location, resource use, or established work pattern.

603. カード 603

     質問

     What is a work order?

     回答

     A document authorizing a defined unit of work under an existing agreement.

604. カード 604

     質問

     What can out-of-cycle logging indicate?

     回答

     Unexpected activity outside a system's normal schedule, including misuse, compromise, or an unplanned job.

605. カード 605

     質問

     Why update a standard operating procedure after a change?

     回答

     It keeps routine work aligned with the new approved state and reduces inconsistent or unsafe execution.

606. カード 606

     質問

     What coding practice limits cross-site scripting?

     回答

     Context-appropriate output encoding, supported by safe templating and input handling.

607. カード 607

     質問

     What does a restricted data classification indicate?

     回答

     Access is tightly limited because unauthorized disclosure, alteration, or loss would create serious harm.

608. カード 608

     質問

     How does a bug bounty support responsible disclosure?

     回答

     It defines eligible systems, rules, reporting, and possible rewards for external researchers.

609. カード 609

     質問

     What does web-filter content categorization provide?

     回答

     A policy label for a site or page based on its subject, function, or risk so access rules can treat categories consistently.

610. カード 610

     質問

     How do hard and soft authentication tokens differ?

     回答

     A hard token is a separate physical device; a soft token is implemented in software on a general-purpose device.

611. カード 611

     質問

     How can industry requirements affect security governance?

     回答

     Industry standards, shared practices, assurance expectations, and sector-specific risks can shape required policies and controls.

612. カード 612

     質問

     How can noncompliance cause loss of a license?

     回答

     An authority may suspend or revoke the permission needed to operate, sell, or perform regulated work.

613. カード 613

     質問

     What does volume-level encryption protect?

     回答

     All data within a selected logical storage volume.

614. カード 614

     質問

     How can impersonation exploit familiarity?

     回答

     The attacker imitates a known person or routine communication style so the request receives less scrutiny.

615. カード 615

     質問

     How does RTO guide recovery design?

     回答

     It sets the target maximum time to restore the function, driving recovery automation, staffing, capacity, and site choices.

616. カード 616

     質問

     What is a honeynet?

     回答

     A network of decoy systems used to study or divert attackers.

617. カード 617

     質問

     What does backup replication provide?

     回答

     Additional synchronized or copied recovery data in another system or location.

618. カード 618

     質問

     What lets automation scale securely?

     回答

     Bounded permissions, validated inputs, rate controls, audit records, and consistent policy at every new resource.

619. カード 619

     質問

     Why monitor a hardened computing resource continuously?

     回答

     New drift, failures, attacks, and unsupported changes can appear after a secure baseline is deployed.

620. カード 620

     質問

     Why keep a certificate of destruction?

     回答

     It documents that a disposal provider handled specified media under the agreed process.

621. カード 621

     質問

     Why consider patch availability before selecting a platform?

     回答

     Unsupported or difficult-to-update components accumulate known exposure.

622. カード 622

     質問

     Why should remote administration use an encrypted, authenticated protocol?

     回答

     It keeps credentials and commands confidential in transit. When correctly configured with integrity protection, the protocol also detects tampering and authenticates the intended endpoint.

623. カード 623

     質問

     How can revenge motivate an insider incident?

     回答

     A disgruntled person may damage systems or disclose data to punish the organization.

624. カード 624

     質問

     What is a published or documented indicator of malicious activity?

     回答

     A malicious observable or behavior—such as a hash, domain, IP address, or TTP—shared through threat intelligence, an advisory, or an incident report to help identify related malicious activity.

625. カード 625

     質問

     Why monitor a system more closely when a mitigation exception is accepted?

     回答

     Monitoring can reveal exploitation or control failure while the documented exception remains open.

626. カード 626

     質問

     What is an SNMP trap?

     回答

     An unsolicited device notification sent to a management system when a configured event occurs.

627. カード 627

     質問

     How can an automated report support an investigation?

     回答

     It assembles repeatable findings, trends, or control results that investigators can correlate with the incident timeline.

628. カード 628

     質問

     What is a security key?

     回答

     A hardware authenticator that uses cryptographic proof, often bound to the legitimate service origin.

629. カード 629

     質問

     What does database-level encryption protect?

     回答

     A database or selected database structures through controls managed at the database layer.

630. カード 630

     質問

     How does brand impersonation exploit trust?

     回答

     It copies a familiar organization's identity so a fraudulent message, site, or account appears legitimate.

631. カード 631

     質問

     What browser-side impact can a cross-site scripting vulnerability create?

     回答

     It can run attacker-controlled script in a trusted site's origin and access data or actions available to the victim's session.

632. カード 632

     質問

     How can a system or process audit identify vulnerabilities?

     回答

     It compares evidence with required configuration and procedure to reveal control gaps.

633. カード 633

     質問

     What security role can Group Policy provide?

     回答

     Centralized Windows configuration of account, application, audit, and system security settings.

634. カード 634

     質問

     What should incident-response training prepare people to do?

     回答

     Recognize their role, use the communication and escalation paths, preserve evidence, and perform approved response actions.

635. カード 635

     質問

     Why must governance track local or regional requirements?

     回答

     They may impose location-specific duties that differ from national, global, industry, or contractual rules.

636. カード 636

     質問

     How can a dependency become a useful key risk indicator?

     回答

     A measurable change in its availability, capacity, control state, or concentration can warn that exposure is increasing.

637. カード 637

     質問

     What is a business partners agreement?

     回答

     An agreement defining how business partners will work together, including responsibilities and security or data-handling terms.

638. カード 638

     質問

     What makes an audit regulatory?

     回答

     It evaluates compliance with requirements established or enforced by a government or delegated authority.

639. カード 639

     質問

     What is a honeyfile?

     回答

     A decoy file whose access can reveal unauthorized activity.

640. カード 640

     質問

     Why does legal information require explicit protection?

     回答

     It may contain privileged advice, case strategy, evidence, or regulated records whose disclosure or alteration creates legal risk.

641. カード 641

     質問

     Which indicator can mass file renaming and encryption produce?

     回答

     Resource inaccessibility; users may be unable to open files after an attacker encrypts or renames them.

642. カード 642

     質問

     What remains with an organization after transferring architecture risk?

     回答

     Oversight and residual risk remain, even when a provider or insurer accepts defined responsibility or financial consequences.

643. カード 643

     質問

     When does local console placement provide useful administrative access?

     回答

     When network management is unavailable or unsafe, a physically controlled console offers a direct recovery path.

644. カード 644

     質問

     What makes a harmful user action unintentional?

     回答

     The user causes exposure or policy violation through error or misunderstanding rather than deliberate misuse.

645. カード 645

     質問

     How should an organization harden workstations?

     回答

     Apply a managed secure baseline: patch the OS and applications, remove unnecessary software and services, enforce least privilege, and enable endpoint protection and a host firewall.

646. カード 646

     質問

     What is journaling in recovery?

     回答

     Recording ordered changes so data can be replayed or restored to a consistent point.

647. カード 647

     質問

     What downtime must a change plan account for?

     回答

     The period when the affected service will be unavailable or degraded, including the impact on users and dependent systems.

648. カード 648

     質問

     Why must a privacy program map local or regional law to data flows?

     回答

     The applicable duties can change with the location of the person, organization, processing, or stored data.

649. カード 649

     質問

     Why combine independent preventive controls at different layers?

     回答

     A failure at one layer does not automatically let the same attack succeed at the next layer.

650. カード 650

     質問

     What is passwordless authentication?

     回答

     A flow that does not require the user to enter a memorized password, often using public-key credentials.

651. カード 651

     質問

     How can automation improve security reaction time?

     回答

     It can collect context and perform preapproved containment or routing as soon as a reliable trigger occurs.

652. カード 652

     質問

     What does record-level encryption protect?

     回答

     Individual records or fields, allowing finer protection than encrypting the entire database.

653. カード 653

     質問

     How can business email compromise misuse urgency?

     回答

     It pressures an employee to bypass normal verification for a payment, credential, or data request.

654. カード 654

     質問

     What does impact measure in risk analysis?

     回答

     The consequence to objectives, such as financial, operational, safety, legal, or reputational harm.

655. カード 655

     質問

     What makes cyber activity part of warfare?

     回答

     It supports military or state conflict objectives such as disruption, intelligence, or influence.

656. カード 656

     質問

     Which indicator can a newly created privileged account produce outside the normal change window?

     回答

     Out-of-cycle logging; the account event appears at a time when no authorized administrative change was scheduled.

657. カード 657

     質問

     How can configuration enforcement validate a deployed mitigation?

     回答

     It compares the realized settings with the approved state and corrects or reports drift.

658. カード 658

     質問

     How does validating an alert improve alert tuning?

     回答

     The analyst can identify which conditions, thresholds, or context caused noise or missed important evidence.

659. カード 659

     質問

     What data-layer impact can a SQL injection vulnerability create?

     回答

     It can let untrusted input alter a database query, exposing or changing data and sometimes executing administrative operations.

660. カード 660

     質問

     What environmental variables can change vulnerability priority?

     回答

     Local exposure, configuration, existing controls, asset importance, and the effect on the organization's actual environment.

661. カード 661

     質問

     What security role does SELinux provide?

     回答

     Mandatory access controls that confine processes according to centrally defined policy.

662. カード 662

     質問

     Why review governance documents periodically?

     回答

     Business, technology, threats, and external obligations change.

663. カード 663

     質問

     Why evaluate power requirements for a system design?

     回答

     Power capacity and redundancy constrain availability and recovery.

664. カード 664

     質問

     When is IPsec a better tunnel choice than TLS?

     回答

     Choose IPsec when policy must protect IP traffic broadly below individual applications—for example, across a site-to-site gateway tunnel. Choose TLS for a specific service connection.

665. カード 665

     質問

     What is a honeytoken?

     回答

     A fake credential or data element that generates a high-confidence alert when used.

666. カード 666

     質問

     What should embedded-system hardening prioritize?

     回答

     Trusted firmware, restricted interfaces, secure defaults, minimal services, and a supported update path.

667. カード 667

     質問

     Why must sanitization address data remanence?

     回答

     Residual data may remain recoverable after ordinary deletion, so the sanitization method must make recovery infeasible for the media and risk.

668. カード 668

     質問

     Why require rules of engagement for vendor testing?

     回答

     Authorized scope, timing, methods, contacts, and stop conditions prevent unsafe or mistaken activity.

669. カード 669

     質問

     What does a private data classification indicate?

     回答

     The information concerns an individual or limited internal audience and should not be exposed publicly.

670. カード 670

     質問

     What does a tabletop recovery exercise test?

     回答

     Participants walk through a scenario and decisions without switching production systems, exposing plan and coordination gaps.

671. カード 671

     質問

     Why prevent password reuse?

     回答

     One compromised password should not unlock other accounts or services.

672. カード 672

     質問

     Which malicious-activity indicator is unexplained sustained CPU or memory use?

     回答

     Abnormal resource consumption, such as unusual CPU, memory, power, storage, or network-bandwidth use.

673. カード 673

     質問

     What does transport encryption protect?

     回答

     It protects data-in-transit confidentiality: captured or intercepted traffic is unreadable without the key. Encryption does not prevent interception or, by itself, provide integrity or authenticate endpoints.

674. カード 674

     質問

     How can a voice call become an attack vector?

     回答

     An attacker can use a live or synthetic voice to impersonate a trusted party and request secrets, money, or unsafe actions.

675. カード 675

     質問

     What should a digital-forensics report document?

     回答

     The question examined, methods, evidence sources, timeline, findings, limitations, and the basis for each conclusion.

676. カード 676

     質問

     What tradeoff comes with an expansionary risk appetite?

     回答

     It accepts more uncertainty and exposure to pursue growth or return, so limits and monitoring must remain explicit.

677. カード 677

     質問

     What does a known penetration-test environment provide?

     回答

     The tester receives substantial internal knowledge or access so the exercise can focus on deeper control and attack-path testing.

678. カード 678

     質問

     Why evaluate compute requirements before deployment?

     回答

     Insufficient resources can cause failure, while excessive resources increase cost and attack surface.

679. カード 679

     質問

     Why place sensors at network choke points?

     回答

     They can observe traffic crossing important trust boundaries.

680. カード 680

     質問

     What should hybrid or remote-work security training emphasize?

     回答

     Trusted networks and devices, physical privacy, secure communication, reporting, data handling, and separation of work from shared environments.

681. カード 681

     質問

     Why plan an application restart separately from a service restart?

     回答

     The application may need its own state handling, user coordination, health checks, and rollback point.

682. カード 682

     質問

     What is a cryptographic vulnerability?

     回答

     A weakness in algorithm choice, key handling, implementation, or protocol use that defeats the intended protection.

683. カード 683

     質問

     Why report findings by asset owner?

     回答

     Owners need clear accountability and a prioritized remediation queue.

684. カード 684

     質問

     What should guide selection of a secure protocol?

     回答

     The protocol must protect the required data flow, authenticate the right endpoints, use supported cryptography, and fit operational constraints.

685. カード 685

     質問

     How do centralized and decentralized governance structures differ?

     回答

     Centralized governance sets decisions from one authority; decentralized governance delegates them and needs strong coordination for consistency.

686. カード 686

     質問

     How does privacy-aware design limit data retention?

     回答

     It records a justified retention period and makes deletion or anonymization part of the normal data lifecycle.

687. カード 687

     質問

     What does a pressure security sensor detect?

     回答

     Force or weight applied to a protected surface, such as a floor mat or fence line.

688. カード 688

     質問

     What automation costs should a security team plan for?

     回答

     Development, licensing, infrastructure, monitoring, maintenance, failure recovery, and the staff needed to own the workflow.

689. カード 689

     質問

     What should RTOS hardening preserve while reducing attack surface?

     回答

     Deterministic timing and safety requirements, with only necessary services, privileges, interfaces, and validated updates enabled.

690. カード 690

     質問

     What is the goal of disruption-for-chaos activity?

     回答

     Create instability or damage itself rather than pursue a clear financial or intelligence return.

691. カード 691

     質問

     Which indicator can repeated password guessing produce?

     回答

     Unexpected account lockout; repeated failed attempts can trigger the account's lockout policy.

692. カード 692

     質問

     How does removing unnecessary software harden a system?

     回答

     It eliminates code, services, dependencies, and privileges that an attacker could otherwise target.

693. カード 693

     質問

     What does NetFlow provide?

     回答

     Metadata summarizing network conversations, such as endpoints, ports, timing, protocol, and byte counts.

694. カード 694

     質問

     How can a dashboard support an investigation?

     回答

     It brings selected current and historical signals together so investigators can spot changes, patterns, and affected scope.

695. カード 695

     質問

     When should a password be expired?

     回答

     When compromise is suspected, policy or risk requires a change, or the credential no longer meets the approved authentication standard.

696. カード 696

     質問

     Why does cryptographic key length matter?

     回答

     It affects the work required to search the key space, although security also depends on the algorithm and implementation.

697. カード 697

     質問

     How can an unsecure Bluetooth connection become an attack vector?

     回答

     Weak pairing, discoverability, or vulnerable services can let a nearby attacker connect, intercept data, or issue commands.

698. カード 698

     質問

     What is a key risk indicator?

     回答

     A metric that signals changing exposure or increasing likelihood of an adverse outcome.

699. カード 699

     質問

     What should vendor monitoring verify when a contract ends?

     回答

     Vendor accounts, credentials, connections, data access, and retained assets are removed or transferred as approved.

700. カード 700

     質問

     What does a sensitive data classification indicate?

     回答

     The information needs safeguards because unauthorized access, change, or loss could cause harm.

701. カード 701

     質問

     What does software-defined networking separate?

     回答

     The control plane that decides traffic behavior from the data plane that forwards traffic.

702. カード 702

     質問

     Where should a web application firewall be placed?

     回答

     In the path of web requests before they reach the protected application.

703. カード 703

     質問

     What does a simulated recovery exercise test?

     回答

     Participants perform realistic response actions in a controlled environment without disrupting production.

704. カード 704

     質問

     How can a team verify that a detective control is effective?

     回答

     Trigger a known test event and confirm that the control records it, alerts the right responder, and supplies useful evidence.

705. カード 705

     質問

     How should defenders apply a published or documented indicator to telemetry and validate it before escalating?

     回答

     Search relevant telemetry for matches, then confirm the indicator's relevance, context, and freshness before escalating.

706. カード 706

     質問

     What makes a vulnerability cloud-specific?

     回答

     It arises from cloud service configuration, shared responsibility, control-plane exposure, tenancy, or provider-specific behavior.

707. カード 707

     質問

     How can insurance respond to vulnerability risk?

     回答

     It may transfer defined financial consequences, but it does not remove the weakness or the organization's duties.

708. カード 708

     質問

     How does reputation improve web filtering?

     回答

     It uses prior observations about a domain, address, certificate, or hosting pattern to identify destinations with elevated risk.

709. カード 709

     質問

     What does an encryption policy establish?

     回答

     Which data and communications require encryption, approved methods, key responsibilities, exceptions, and review duties.

710. カード 710

     質問

     How does a microwave security sensor detect movement?

     回答

     It emits microwave energy and detects changes in the reflected signal caused by motion.

711. カード 711

     質問

     What should IoT-device hardening change before deployment?

     回答

     Default credentials, unnecessary services, insecure communication, unmanaged updates, and unrestricted network access.

712. カード 712

     質問

     Why track software licenses as assets?

     回答

     License ownership, permitted use, updates, and end-of-support status affect compliance and risk.

713. カード 713

     質問

     What does a password manager improve?

     回答

     It can generate and store unique long passwords so users do not memorize or reuse them.

714. カード 714

     質問

     What makes a ledger open and public?

     回答

     Anyone can inspect its recorded entries, while its consensus and integrity controls determine who can add valid entries.

715. カード 715

     質問

     What should a payment-change request trigger?

     回答

     Independent verification through a known channel before any account or payment detail is changed.

716. カード 716

     質問

     What does preserving digital evidence require?

     回答

     Protecting its integrity, context, access history, and availability from collection through final disposition.

717. カード 717

     質問

     What should a risk report tell decision-makers?

     回答

     The risk, uncertainty, business impact, owner, treatment, trend, and decision required.

718. カード 718

     質問

     What should an external assessment report provide?

     回答

     Its scope, criteria, evidence, findings, limitations, conclusions, and responsible follow-up actions.

719. カード 719

     質問

     What is a centralized design's main resilience risk?

     回答

     A central dependency can become a bottleneck or single point of failure.

720. カード 720

     質問

     What does mutual TLS add to a TLS-protected service connection?

     回答

     It adds client authentication, commonly with a client certificate, so the client and server authenticate each other.

721. カード 721

     質問

     What should recurring security-awareness reporting show?

     回答

     Changes in participation, knowledge, behavior, reporting, and incidents, with gaps assigned to owners and follow-up actions.

722. カード 722

     質問

     Why do legacy applications require extra change planning?

     回答

     They may depend on undocumented behavior, unsupported components, or fragile integrations that make failure and rollback more likely.

723. カード 723

     質問

     How do a data controller and a data processor differ?

     回答

     A controller decides why and how personal data is processed. A processor handles that data on the controller’s behalf.

724. カード 724

     質問

     How can orchestration become a single point of failure?

     回答

     Many security workflows may depend on one engine, credential path, or integration hub whose outage stops all of them.

725. カード 725

     質問

     Why should defenses account for a threat actor's sophistication and capability?

     回答

     Those attributes indicate which techniques the actor can sustain and which controls are likely to slow or expose them.

726. カード 726

     質問

     How does an injection attack make an application execute unintended instructions?

     回答

     It sends crafted input that an interpreter treats as code or commands instead of data.

727. カード 727

     質問

     What does a host-based firewall control?

     回答

     Inbound and outbound network traffic for one endpoint according to local rules.

728. カード 728

     質問

     Why revise alerting after an incident?

     回答

     The incident can reveal missing telemetry, logic, thresholds, or response paths that should produce a better future alert.

729. カード 729

     質問

     Why include security duties in procurement criteria?

     回答

     Security is easier to require before selection than to retrofit after dependency and data transfer begin.

730. カード 730

     質問

     What does a critical data classification indicate?

     回答

     The information is essential to vital operations, safety, or mission outcomes and needs the strongest availability and recovery controls.

731. カード 731

     質問

     What infrastructure capacity must support failover?

     回答

     The alternate site, network, power, cooling, and facility resources needed to carry the transferred load.

732. カード 732

     質問

     Why does shared cloud context matter when evaluating a cloud-specific vulnerability?

     回答

     The affected service model and responsibility boundary determine who can observe, patch, configure, or compensate for the weakness.

733. カード 733

     質問

     How does a remediation exemption differ from an exception?

     回答

     Terminology follows the governing policy. A common convention is that an exemption removes a requirement for an approved scope, while an exception permits a time-bounded deviation.

734. カード 734

     質問

     Why should automated EDR or XDR blocking have an exception and rollback path?

     回答

     A false positive can isolate a critical endpoint or stop a legitimate process, so operators need controlled recovery without disabling protection broadly.

735. カード 735

     質問

     What does a security playbook provide?

     回答

     A repeatable set of roles, decisions, and actions for handling a defined operational scenario.

736. カード 736

     質問

     How does an ultrasonic security sensor detect movement?

     回答

     It emits high-frequency sound and detects changes in the returning sound pattern caused by motion.

737. カード 737

     質問

     What should a managed mobile device require for Bluetooth connections?

     回答

     Intentional pairing, non-discoverable operation when unused, trusted peers, current software, and only necessary Bluetooth profiles.

738. カード 738

     質問

     How do password complexity rules differ from password length?

     回答

     Complexity rules require selected character types; length measures total characters. Current policy should prioritize sufficient length and block weak or compromised choices instead of relying on composition alone.

739. カード 739

     質問

     What makes a certificate third-party trusted?

     回答

     A certificate authority outside the subject organization signs it and chains it to a root trusted by relying systems.

740. カード 740

     質問

     Why is an out-of-band check effective against impersonation?

     回答

     It verifies the request through a separate, previously trusted communication path.

741. カード 741

     質問

     What does a risk exception authorize?

     回答

     A documented deviation from a requirement for a defined scope, rationale, controls, owner, review, and expiration.

742. カード 742

     質問

     What security challenge grows in a decentralized design?

     回答

     Consistent policy, inventory, monitoring, and patching become harder.

743. カード 743

     質問

     How should controls be selected for an unused network path?

     回答

     Choose controls that block it by default, expose only approved connectivity, and make exceptions explicit and reviewable.

744. カード 744

     質問

     How can a buffer-overflow attack affect an application?

     回答

     It writes past a buffer boundary to corrupt memory, which can crash the application or redirect execution.