CompTIA Security+ SY0-701 Flashcards: Complete Objective Review
Study every current SY0-701 exam domain with original, concise flashcards for security concepts, threats, architecture, operations, and governance.
关于这套卡组
Build reliable recall across all five current Security+ SY0-701 domains with 744 original, open-response cards. The deck follows the newest official objectives for the current exam series: Version 6.0, accessed on August 25, 2026.
What this deck covers
- General security concepts: control functions, core principles, zero trust, change management, cryptography, certificates, and PKI.
- Threats, vulnerabilities, and mitigations: threat actors, attack vectors, social engineering, platform and application weaknesses, malicious activity, indicators, and defensive choices.
- Security architecture: cloud and virtualization models, secure infrastructure, data protection, availability, backups, and recovery design.
- Security operations: hardening, asset and vulnerability management, monitoring, security tooling, identity and access, automation, incident response, and evidence sources.
- Program management and oversight: governance, risk, third-party security, compliance, privacy, audits, and awareness.
Prompts include concept-to-purpose recall, scenario-to-control or threat identification, and operational comparisons. Reverse prompts appear only when choosing a control, evidence source, or response is useful in practice. Prerequisites come before dependent ideas, while related variants are spaced apart.
The deck excludes multiple-choice practice, copied exam material, dumps, raw objective wording, vague term-only prompts, vendor trivia, and mechanically reversed duplicates. Use it after a course or primary study guide, then add hands-on labs and legitimate practice questions to test application.
Scope was reconciled against CompTIA Security+ SY0-701 Certification Exam: Exam Objectives Version 6.0. Current certification requirements and exam-series status are on the official CompTIA Security+ page.
This is an unofficial educational deck by Flashcards Open Source App. It is not affiliated with, endorsed by, or produced by CompTIA. All card wording and cover artwork are original; no exam questions, answer dumps, objective prose, logos, or trade dress were copied.
这套卡组中的卡片
卡片 1
问题
What does an information security policy establish?
答案
Management's required direction, responsibilities, and high-level rules for protecting information and systems.
卡片 2
问题
What is phishing?
答案
A deceptive message intended to make a target reveal information, open malware, or take an unsafe action.
卡片 3
问题
What does a public-key certificate bind to an identity?
答案
A public key, together with identifying information and the issuer's signature.
卡片 4
问题
What is data at rest?
答案
Data stored on media such as disks, databases, backups, or mobile devices.
卡片 5
问题
How does policy-driven access control decide a zero-trust access request?
答案
Explicit policies or rules evaluate the access request and drive the allow-or-deny decision.
卡片 6
问题
What does establishing a secure baseline produce?
答案
An approved, documented configuration that defines the required secure state for a class of computing resource.
卡片 7
问题
What is hashing used to verify?
答案
Whether data has changed by comparing fixed-length digest values.
卡片 8
问题
What is impersonation in social engineering?
答案
Pretending to be a trusted person or organization to obtain access, data, or action.
卡片 9
问题
What is virtualization?
答案
Abstracting physical compute so multiple isolated guest systems can share a host.
卡片 10
问题
What is chain of custody?
答案
A documented history of who collected, handled, transferred, stored, and examined evidence.
卡片 11
问题
What is quantitative risk analysis?
答案
Estimating risk with numerical values such as money, frequency, or probability.
卡片 12
问题
What is a phishing awareness campaign?
答案
A planned series of guidance, exercises, and reminders that builds recognition and safe reporting behavior.
卡片 13
问题
What is high availability?
答案
Designing a service to remain accessible despite expected component failures.
卡片 14
问题
What is a network security zone?
答案
A group of systems with similar trust, function, or control requirements.
卡片 15
问题
What is risk transfer?
答案
Shifting some financial or operational consequence to another party, such as through insurance or contract.
卡片 16
问题
What is media sanitization?
答案
Making stored data infeasible to recover for the intended level of protection.
卡片 17
问题
What does CVSS provide?
答案
A standardized way to describe a vulnerability's technical severity characteristics.
卡片 18
问题
What does security alerting do?
答案
It turns matched events or behavior into a notification that the right responder can review.
卡片 19
问题
What does a firewall rule enforce?
答案
A permit, deny, or inspect decision for traffic that matches defined source, destination, service, protocol, direction, and state conditions.
卡片 20
问题
What is deprovisioning?
答案
Disabling or removing accounts, credentials, sessions, and access when they are no longer needed.
卡片 21
问题
How does inline placement differ from a tap or monitor port?
答案
Inline traffic passes through the control; a tap or monitor receives a copy for observation.
卡片 22
问题
What is asymmetric encryption?
答案
Encryption that uses a mathematically related public and private key pair.
卡片 23
问题
What does SPF authorize?
答案
Which mail servers may send mail for a domain in the SMTP envelope.
卡片 24
问题
What is a possession factor?
答案
Something the claimant has, such as a cryptographic authenticator.
卡片 25
问题
What does ordinary TLS usually protect and authenticate?
答案
It provides encryption and integrity protection, plus server authentication in the usual deployment. Client authentication is added when mutual TLS is configured.
卡片 26
问题
What is single loss expectancy?
答案
The estimated loss from one occurrence of a risk event.
卡片 27
问题
What does a certificate authority do?
答案
It validates certificate requests and signs certificates so relying parties can verify the binding between an identity and a public key.
卡片 28
问题
What is a detective control meant to do?
答案
Identify that an unwanted event has happened or is happening.
卡片 29
问题
What is the security purpose of change-control approval?
答案
Ensure authorized reviewers assess risk before the production change occurs.
卡片 30
问题
What is shadow IT?
答案
Technology used for organizational work without required approval or oversight.
卡片 31
问题
What is a buffer overflow vulnerability?
答案
A bounds-checking failure that lets input overwrite memory outside its intended buffer.
卡片 32
问题
What is ransomware?
答案
Malware or an intrusion outcome that denies access to data or systems to extort the victim.
卡片 33
问题
How does network segmentation limit an incident?
答案
It restricts communication paths and reduces lateral movement between zones.
卡片 34
问题
How do load balancing and clustering support availability differently?
答案
Load balancing distributes requests across healthy instances; clustering makes systems cooperate as one service and tolerate member failure.
卡片 35
问题
What is vendor due diligence?
答案
Evaluating a provider's security, capability, stability, and fit before commitment.
卡片 36
问题
Who is a data subject?
答案
The person whose personal data is collected or processed.
卡片 37
问题
What is attestation?
答案
A formal assertion or report about a subject matter, often supported by an independent examination.
卡片 38
问题
What is a replay attack?
答案
Valid captured data is retransmitted to repeat an authenticated or authorized action.
卡片 39
问题
What does a wireless site survey establish?
答案
Coverage, interference, channel use, access-point placement, and unauthorized radio sources in the real environment.
卡片 40
问题
What is the time-of-check stage of a race-condition vulnerability?
答案
The application verifies a condition or resource state before acting on it.
卡片 41
问题
What is a penetration test?
答案
An authorized attempt to exploit weaknesses and demonstrate practical impact.
卡片 42
问题
What is a cold recovery site?
答案
A facility with basic space and utilities but little preinstalled technology or current data.
卡片 43
问题
What is data in transit?
答案
Data moving between systems or across a network.
卡片 44
问题
What is a vendor security questionnaire?
答案
A structured request for information about a provider's controls and practices.
卡片 45
问题
How does an internal actor's starting position differ from an external actor's?
答案
An internal actor begins with some trusted access or proximity; an external actor must first cross the perimeter or obtain access.
卡片 46
问题
What can unexpected account lockouts indicate?
答案
Password guessing, credential stuffing, user error, or a broken client.
卡片 47
问题
How do permissions enforce access control?
答案
They specify which actions a subject may perform on a particular resource.
卡片 48
问题
What is log aggregation?
答案
Central collection of logs from multiple sources for search, correlation, and retention.
卡片 49
问题
Why plan a service restart as part of a change?
答案
The restart can interrupt dependent users or processes, so the plan needs timing, validation, and rollback steps.
卡片 50
问题
What is infrastructure as code?
答案
Managing infrastructure through versioned, machine-readable definitions rather than manual configuration.
卡片 51
问题
What should security-awareness program development start with?
答案
The audience's roles, risks, policies, incident lessons, desired behavior, and measurable outcomes.
卡片 52
问题
What is a voice-based social-engineering attack called?
答案
Vishing.
卡片 53
问题
What happens during incident-response preparation?
答案
Teams establish people, tools, access, communications, training, and procedures before an incident.
卡片 54
问题
What does an offensive penetration-testing team do?
答案
It emulates authorized attacker behavior to discover and demonstrate exploitable paths.
卡片 55
问题
What is federation?
答案
One security domain relies on identity assertions from another trusted domain.
卡片 56
问题
What is asset classification?
答案
Grouping an asset by sensitivity, criticality, or required handling.
卡片 57
问题
What is cross-site scripting?
答案
Injection of script-capable content that a browser executes in another site's security context.
卡片 58
问题
What can IDS or IPS trends reveal?
答案
Changes in the frequency, source, target, or type of detected activity that one isolated event may not show.
卡片 59
问题
What can unexpected resource inaccessibility indicate?
答案
Denial of service, destructive activity, ransomware, permission changes, or an ordinary outage.
卡片 60
问题
What is a corrective control meant to do?
答案
Limit damage and restore a secure state after an event.
卡片 61
问题
How do containers differ from virtual machines?
答案
Containers share the host kernel; virtual machines normally run separate guest operating systems.
卡片 62
问题
How does an active security device differ from a passive one?
答案
An active device can alter or block traffic; a passive device observes and reports without changing the flow.
卡片 63
问题
Why is unsupported software a persistent attack surface?
答案
Known weaknesses may remain reachable because supported fixes and vendor help are no longer available.
卡片 64
问题
What is annualized rate of occurrence?
答案
The estimated number of times a risk event occurs per year.
卡片 65
问题
What is an inherence factor?
答案
A biometric characteristic of the claimant.
卡片 66
问题
What do a threat actor's sophistication and capability describe?
答案
The technical skill, tools, knowledge, resources, and operational discipline the actor can apply.
卡片 67
问题
What is a SIEM?
答案
A platform that centralizes security data and supports search, correlation, alerting, and investigation.
卡片 68
问题
What is sideloading?
答案
Installing software from outside the platform's approved distribution path.
卡片 69
问题
What does an IDS or IPS signature match?
答案
A known pattern in traffic or behavior associated with a threat, exploit, or policy violation.
卡片 70
问题
Why are embedded systems often difficult to patch?
答案
They may have long lifecycles, specialized firmware, limited downtime, or weak vendor support.
卡片 71
问题
What is a virtual private network?
答案
An encrypted logical connection that carries private traffic across an untrusted or shared network.
卡片 72
问题
What should an initial security-awareness report establish?
答案
The starting participation, knowledge, behavior, incident, and reporting measures against which later results will be compared.
卡片 73
问题
What is symmetric encryption?
答案
Encryption that uses the same secret key to encrypt and decrypt data.
卡片 74
问题
What happens during incident detection?
答案
Monitoring or a report identifies activity that may meet the organization's incident criteria.
卡片 75
问题
What is recovery time objective?
答案
The target maximum time to restore a function after disruption.
卡片 76
问题
Why prioritize password length?
答案
Longer passwords expand the guessing space and support memorable passphrases without predictable substitutions.
卡片 77
问题
What must sanitization accomplish before an asset leaves organizational control?
答案
It must make the retained data infeasible to recover with the method appropriate to the media and risk.
卡片 78
问题
What is a real-time operating system designed to provide?
答案
Predictable response timing for tasks with strict deadlines.
卡片 79
问题
What does fail-open behavior do when a control fails?
答案
It permits traffic or access to preserve availability.
卡片 80
问题
What is jailbreaking or rooting a mobile device?
答案
Removing platform restrictions to gain privileged control over the operating system.
卡片 81
问题
What does network access control enforce?
答案
Identity, device posture, and access policy at network connection time and during a session.
卡片 82
问题
What does data loss prevention do?
答案
Detects and may block sensitive data use or transfer that violates policy.
卡片 83
问题
What security property does a blockchain provide?
答案
A chained, tamper-evident record in which changing an earlier entry invalidates later cryptographic links.
卡片 84
问题
What is recovery point objective?
答案
The target maximum acceptable data loss measured backward in time.
卡片 85
问题
How do ICS and SCADA relate?
答案
An industrial control system controls physical processes; SCADA provides supervisory monitoring and control across distributed industrial equipment.
卡片 86
问题
What does fail-closed behavior do when a control fails?
答案
It denies traffic or access to preserve security.
卡片 87
问题
Which keys create and verify a typical digital signature?
答案
The signer creates it with a private key, and others verify it with the corresponding public key.
卡片 88
问题
What is SQL injection?
答案
Input that alters the structure or meaning of a database query because code and data were not safely separated.
卡片 89
问题
What does DKIM verify?
答案
That selected message content was signed by a domain and was not altered after signing.
卡片 90
问题
What is post-incident activity?
答案
Learning from the event and improving controls, plans, and recovery based on evidence.
卡片 91
问题
What characterizes an expansionary risk appetite?
答案
A greater willingness to accept uncertainty and exposure in pursuit of growth, return, or strategic opportunity.
卡片 92
问题
How do centralized and decentralized architectures differ?
答案
Centralized architecture concentrates key services or decisions; decentralized architecture distributes them across independent components or locations.
卡片 93
问题
What does a certificate revocation list publish?
答案
Certificate serial numbers that the issuer has invalidated before their scheduled expiration.
卡片 94
问题
What is a legal hold?
答案
A directive to preserve potentially relevant information by suspending normal deletion or disposal.
卡片 95
问题
What is exposure factor in quantitative risk analysis?
答案
The estimated percentage of an asset's value lost in one event.
卡片 96
问题
What is decentralized architecture?
答案
Control or service responsibility is distributed across multiple independent components or locations.
卡片 97
问题
What is tokenization?
答案
Replacing sensitive data with a non-sensitive token whose mapping is held separately.
卡片 98
问题
How can automation act as a workforce multiplier?
答案
It handles repeatable work consistently so people can focus on judgment, exceptions, investigation, and improvement.
卡片 99
问题
What can endpoint process logs reveal?
答案
Which programs ran, their parent-child relationships, users, timing, and command details when captured.
卡片 100
问题
What does the CIA triad protect?
答案
Confidentiality protects against unauthorized disclosure, integrity protects accuracy and completeness, and availability protects reliable, timely access.
卡片 101
问题
How does data masking protect information?
答案
It hides selected values or characters while preserving a usable representation.
卡片 102
问题
How can a national requirement affect security governance?
答案
It can impose country-level duties that policies, controls, records, and oversight must satisfy.
卡片 103
问题
What do integrations and APIs provide to security orchestration?
答案
Defined interfaces for exchanging data and triggering actions across tools without manual handoffs.
卡片 104
问题
What makes a compliance report external?
答案
It is prepared for a regulator, customer, auditor, partner, or other party outside the organization.
卡片 105
问题
What does a cryptographic algorithm define?
答案
The mathematical procedure used to encrypt, decrypt, hash, sign, or otherwise transform protected data.
卡片 106
问题
Why compare systems with a secure baseline regularly?
答案
To detect drift, unauthorized changes, and missing hardening.
卡片 107
问题
What does integrity protect?
答案
The accuracy and completeness of data and systems against unauthorized change.
卡片 108
问题
What does vulnerability classification organize?
答案
Findings into meaningful types or categories so teams can route, compare, and remediate them consistently.
卡片 109
问题
What does a password standard define?
答案
Mandatory, measurable requirements for creating, storing, using, and changing passwords.
卡片 110
问题
What technology capacity must a recovery design plan for?
答案
The compute, storage, software, licenses, and supporting services needed to meet recovery demand.
卡片 111
问题
What does a confidential data classification indicate?
答案
Disclosure is limited to authorized people because exposure could harm the organization or affected parties.
卡片 112
问题
What makes a vendor assessment independent?
答案
The assessor is free from responsibility for the vendor activity being evaluated and reports evidence against defined criteria.
卡片 113
问题
What lets a worm spread without attaching itself to another file?
答案
It is a standalone program that replicates across reachable systems or services.
卡片 114
问题
What is microsegmentation?
答案
Fine-grained isolation of individual workloads or small groups with explicit communication policy.
卡片 115
问题
What can application logs reveal?
答案
Transactions, errors, user actions, and application-specific security events.
卡片 116
问题
What does deploying a secure baseline require?
答案
Applying the approved settings consistently to the intended resources and verifying the realized configuration.
卡片 117
问题
How can resource-provisioning automation improve security?
答案
It creates infrastructure from approved templates with consistent ownership, logging, and baseline controls.
卡片 118
问题
What does availability protect?
答案
Reliable, timely access to systems and data when authorized users need them.
卡片 119
问题
Why must a change request describe business impact?
答案
So approvers can weigh the benefit, risk, outage, and affected users before authorizing it.
卡片 120
问题
What does an authenticated vulnerability scan add?
答案
Credentialed inspection of local versions, settings, and missing patches that a remote scan may miss.
卡片 121
问题
What does a change-management procedure specify?
答案
The required steps, roles, evidence, approvals, testing, implementation, validation, and rollback for a change.
卡片 122
问题
What is a sanction for noncompliance?
答案
A formal penalty or restriction imposed by an authority for failing to meet a requirement.
卡片 123
问题
How can email deliver a security attack?
答案
It can carry a malicious link, attachment, request, or embedded content designed to exploit software or manipulate a recipient.
卡片 124
问题
What is an internal compliance audit?
答案
An organization-led examination of whether selected operations and controls meet defined requirements.
卡片 125
问题
What is a Trojan?
答案
Malware disguised as legitimate or desirable software.
卡片 126
问题
What is clustering?
答案
Multiple systems work together to provide a service and tolerate member failure.
卡片 127
问题
What makes data regulated?
答案
A law or regulation imposes specific collection, handling, retention, protection, or disclosure duties.
卡片 128
问题
What does a wireless heat map show?
答案
Measured or modeled signal strength and coverage across a physical area.
卡片 129
问题
How should vendor criticality affect due diligence?
答案
Higher access, concentration, data sensitivity, or operational dependence warrants deeper evidence and stronger approval.
卡片 130
问题
How can a digital signature support non-repudiation?
答案
It provides evidence that the holder of a private key signed specific data.
卡片 131
问题
What should vulnerability prioritization consider beyond severity?
答案
Exploitability, exposure, asset importance, environmental context, business impact, and available mitigations.
卡片 132
问题
What is a security guideline?
答案
Recommended practice that allows judgment unless adopted as a requirement.
卡片 133
问题
What usually distinguishes a nation-state threat actor?
答案
Strategic objectives, substantial resources, patience, and advanced operational capability.
卡片 134
问题
What is spyware?
答案
Software that secretly collects information about a user or system.
卡片 135
问题
Why maintain an allow list for applications?
答案
Only explicitly approved software is permitted to execute.
卡片 136
问题
How can an image become an attack vector?
答案
It may exploit a decoder flaw, hide malicious data, or direct a user through an embedded code.
卡片 137
问题
What makes a security control technical?
答案
It is enforced mainly by technology, such as a firewall rule or endpoint policy.
卡片 138
问题
What is identity proofing?
答案
Establishing that a person is who they claim to be before issuing an account or credential.
卡片 139
问题
What is an automated security guardrail?
答案
A policy control that prevents, flags, or corrects unsafe configuration, such as an overexposed security group.
卡片 140
问题
Why assign an owner to a planned change?
答案
To make one party accountable for coordination, execution, and follow-through.
卡片 141
问题
How can national privacy law affect data handling?
答案
It can set country-level duties for collection, use, access, retention, transfer, security, and individual rights.
卡片 142
问题
What is continuity of operations?
答案
Maintaining essential functions during disruption and restoring supporting capabilities in a planned order.
卡片 143
问题
What security tradeoff comes with BYOD?
答案
The organization gains flexibility but has less control over personally owned device configuration, privacy, and lifecycle.
卡片 144
问题
How should policies and handbooks support security training?
答案
They provide accessible, current rules and reporting steps that training can apply to real situations.
卡片 145
问题
What is a keylogger?
答案
A tool that records keystrokes to capture data such as credentials.
卡片 146
问题
What makes information a trade secret?
答案
It provides business value because it is not generally known and is protected through reasonable secrecy measures.
卡片 147
问题
What does authentication establish?
答案
It verifies a presented authenticator or credential bound to the claimed identity. Identity proofing establishes the real-world identity behind the claim.
卡片 148
问题
What risk comes from an untrusted file attachment?
答案
Opening or parsing it can execute malicious code or expose data.
卡片 149
问题
How does risk tolerance affect vulnerability remediation?
答案
It sets how much residual exposure the organization will accept and how quickly a finding must be treated.
卡片 150
问题
How can a global requirement affect security governance?
答案
It can require a common control and oversight approach across multiple countries while local obligations still apply.
卡片 151
问题
Why should questionnaire answers be supported by evidence?
答案
Self-assertions alone may not prove that controls are designed or operating effectively.
卡片 152
问题
What is an independent third-party audit?
答案
An external party with suitable independence examines evidence against defined criteria.
卡片 153
问题
What do account provisioning and deprovisioning do?
答案
Provisioning creates an identity and approved access; deprovisioning disables or removes accounts, credentials, sessions, and access when no longer needed.
卡片 154
问题
What is an unskilled attacker commonly called?
答案
A script kiddie: someone who relies on tools or instructions created by others.
卡片 155
问题
What is a rootkit?
答案
Software designed to maintain privileged, concealed access by altering or subverting the system.
卡片 156
问题
What does an access control list enforce?
答案
Explicit permit or deny rules for subjects, traffic, or actions on a protected resource.
卡片 157
问题
What should system security monitoring observe?
答案
Host state and behavior such as processes, authentication, configuration, resource use, and security events.
卡片 158
问题
What can operating-system security logs reveal?
答案
Authentication, privilege use, policy changes, services, and other host security events.
卡片 159
问题
Why isolate operational technology from general business networks?
答案
To limit attack paths into safety- and availability-critical processes.
卡片 160
问题
What is the COPE mobile deployment model?
答案
The organization owns the device but permits defined personal use while retaining management control.
卡片 161
问题
What security work belongs in asset acquisition and procurement?
答案
Define security requirements before purchase, evaluate the product and vendor against them, and obtain approval before acquisition or deployment.
卡片 162
问题
How can user-provisioning automation improve security?
答案
It creates, changes, and removes access from authoritative identity events with consistent approvals and logging.
卡片 163
问题
What people capacity must a continuity plan account for?
答案
Enough trained staff, coverage, authority, and specialist knowledge to operate and recover essential services.
卡片 164
问题
What do authorization models define?
答案
How permissions are assigned to authenticated subjects and evaluated for requested actions.
卡片 165
问题
Why are removable devices an attack vector?
答案
They can introduce malware or remove data while bypassing network controls.
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问题
What should predeployment change-test results show?
答案
Whether the change meets its acceptance criteria without unacceptable functional, security, or operational effects.
卡片 167
问题
What is the time-of-use stage of a race-condition vulnerability?
答案
The application acts on a resource after the check, creating a gap in which another process may change the resource.
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问题
What is data in use?
答案
Data actively processed in memory or by an application.
卡片 169
问题
What does open-source vulnerability intelligence contribute?
答案
Public advisories, exploit reporting, research, and observable activity that help identify and prioritize exposure.
卡片 170
问题
What can file-integrity monitoring detect?
答案
Unexpected changes to protected files, directories, or configuration.
卡片 171
问题
Why should deprovisioning be prompt?
答案
Former users or roles should not retain usable access.
卡片 172
问题
What is an acceptable use policy?
答案
Rules for permitted and prohibited use of organizational systems, accounts, and data.
卡片 173
问题
What makes a compliance report internal?
答案
It is prepared for the organization's owners, operators, management, or governance bodies to track compliance and action.
卡片 174
问题
What is a logic bomb?
答案
Malicious code that activates when a specified condition or time is reached.
卡片 175
问题
What does a right-to-audit clause provide?
答案
Contractual authority to inspect or obtain evidence about agreed controls.
卡片 176
问题
Where should a forward proxy sit in an enterprise traffic path?
答案
Between clients and external services so outbound requests pass through policy and logging before reaching destinations.
卡片 177
问题
Which cues should make a message look suspicious?
答案
Unexpected context, mismatched identity or links, unusual attachments, urgency, secrecy, and requests for credentials or payment.
卡片 178
问题
What makes a security control managerial?
答案
It directs risk and governance through decisions such as policies, assessments, and oversight.
卡片 179
问题
What is the CYOD mobile deployment model?
答案
The user selects from organization-approved device options that remain subject to corporate security requirements.
卡片 180
问题
How does client-based vulnerable software differ from an agentless exposure?
答案
Client-based exposure depends on installed endpoint software, while an agentless service can be reached and assessed without a local agent.
卡片 181
问题
What makes a risk assessment recurring?
答案
It is repeated on a defined schedule so changes in threats, assets, controls, and impact are reevaluated.
卡片 182
问题
What does a defensive penetration-testing team practice?
答案
Detection, investigation, containment, and improvement while authorized offensive activity tests the environment.
卡片 183
问题
In a zero-trust data plane, what can the subject or system represent?
答案
The user, device, workload, or service requesting access to a protected resource.
卡片 184
问题
What primarily motivates a hacktivist?
答案
A political, social, or ideological cause.
卡片 185
问题
What is bloatware?
答案
Unnecessary preinstalled software that consumes resources and can expand the attack surface.
卡片 186
问题
Why keep endpoint-protection signatures and engines current?
答案
They need current detection logic to recognize newly identified malware and exploit behavior.
卡片 187
问题
What should application security monitoring observe?
答案
Application errors, authentication, requests, transactions, dependencies, and behavior that may indicate misuse or compromise.
卡片 188
问题
What is role-based access control?
答案
Permissions are assigned to roles, and identities receive access through their roles.
卡片 189
问题
What is geographic dispersal?
答案
Placing redundant resources in separate locations so one regional event does not affect all copies.
卡片 190
问题
What is a malicious update?
答案
An update that has been intentionally altered or distributed to install harmful code through a trusted update path.
卡片 191
问题
What does static application analysis inspect?
答案
Source code, bytecode, or compiled code without executing the application.
卡片 192
问题
What does a firewall access list define?
答案
An ordered set of traffic-matching conditions and the action applied when a condition matches.
卡片 193
问题
What does a disaster recovery policy establish?
答案
Management expectations for restoring technology and data after a disruptive event.
卡片 194
问题
How does logical segmentation separate workloads that share physical infrastructure?
答案
It uses enforced network, identity, or virtualization boundaries to restrict communication without requiring separate hardware.
卡片 195
问题
How should IDS and IPS placement differ?
答案
An IDS can monitor copied traffic out of band; an IPS must sit inline to block traffic.
卡片 196
问题
What should automated ticket creation capture?
答案
The triggering evidence, affected resource, severity, owner, required action, and a traceable link to the source event.
卡片 197
问题
What makes information intellectual property?
答案
It is a protected creation or intangible asset, such as copyrighted work, a patentable invention, a trademark, or a trade secret.
卡片 198
问题
What is a backout plan?
答案
Predefined steps for safely reversing a failed or harmful change.
卡片 199
问题
Why is an unsecure wireless network an attack vector?
答案
Nearby attackers may intercept traffic, impersonate access points, or reach exposed services when encryption and authentication are weak.
卡片 200
问题
What is physical brute force?
答案
Using force to defeat a lock, barrier, enclosure, or other physical control.
卡片 201
问题
What is application sandboxing?
答案
Running code in a constrained environment with limited access to the host and data.
卡片 202
问题
Why assign an asset owner?
答案
One accountable party must decide its use, protection, and lifecycle.
卡片 203
问题
What happens during risk identification?
答案
Teams identify assets, objectives, threats, vulnerabilities, events, and dependencies that could create uncertainty or harm.
卡片 204
问题
What should an SLA state about breach notification?
答案
The triggering conditions, notification deadline, required content, contacts, update cadence, and cooperation duties.
卡片 205
问题
How do due diligence and due care differ in compliance?
答案
Due diligence investigates and monitors obligations or risk; due care takes the reasonable actions those findings require.
卡片 206
问题
What is attribute-based access control?
答案
Policy evaluates attributes of the subject, resource, action, and environment.
卡片 207
问题
What does a zero-trust policy engine do?
答案
It evaluates policy and signals to decide whether access should be allowed.
卡片 208
问题
How does a cloud responsibility matrix allocate security duties?
答案
It maps each security task to the provider, the customer, or both, according to the service model and agreement.
卡片 209
问题
Where should a load balancer sit in a service path?
答案
In front of service instances so it can route requests to healthy backends.
卡片 210
问题
What should the security team do with a reported suspicious message?
答案
Triage it, protect other recipients, preserve useful evidence, and tell the reporter what action to take.
卡片 211
问题
What makes an operating-system vulnerability high impact?
答案
It can affect every application and security control that relies on the compromised OS.
卡片 212
问题
What does dynamic application analysis inspect?
答案
The behavior and externally visible weaknesses of a running application.
卡片 213
问题
How can false-positive trends affect IDS or IPS tuning?
答案
Repeated false positives reveal signatures, thresholds, or contexts that need adjustment; IPS errors also risk blocking legitimate traffic.
卡片 214
问题
What does a business continuity policy establish?
答案
Management expectations for sustaining and restoring critical business functions.
卡片 215
问题
What is a hot recovery site?
答案
A ready, synchronized environment intended to take over quickly.
卡片 216
问题
What makes an insider threat distinct?
答案
The actor has legitimate access or organizational knowledge that can be misused.
卡片 217
问题
What is RFID cloning?
答案
Copying an RFID credential's data so another token can impersonate it when the system lacks stronger protections.
卡片 218
问题
Why apply vendor security updates promptly?
答案
They remove known weaknesses before attackers can exploit the unpatched exposure.
卡片 219
问题
What should infrastructure security monitoring observe?
答案
Network, cloud, identity, facility, and platform signals that reveal availability, configuration, or attack activity.
卡片 220
问题
What can firewall logs reveal?
答案
Allowed or denied network connections across controlled boundaries.
卡片 221
问题
Why minimize open service ports?
答案
Each reachable service adds code, configuration, and authentication paths an attacker can probe.
卡片 222
问题
What is threat hunting?
答案
A proactive search for evidence of malicious activity that existing detections have not confirmed.
卡片 223
问题
What triggers an ad hoc risk assessment?
答案
A specific change, incident, finding, or decision that requires evaluation outside the regular schedule.
卡片 224
问题
What makes an assessment external?
答案
A party outside the organization evaluates a defined scope against stated criteria and reports its conclusions.
卡片 225
问题
What is data sovereignty?
答案
The principle that data is subject to laws and governance of the jurisdiction where it is located or controlled.
卡片 226
问题
What security boundary does a cellular connection create for a mobile device?
答案
It uses the carrier network instead of local Wi-Fi, but still requires trusted applications, encrypted traffic, and managed device policy.
卡片 227
问题
What makes a security control operational?
答案
It is carried out mainly by people and processes, such as security-awareness training or incident-response procedures.
卡片 228
问题
What is discretionary access control?
答案
A resource owner can decide who receives access, within system policy.
卡片 229
问题
How can careful automation support employee retention?
答案
It reduces repetitive toil and alert handling while leaving meaningful judgment and improvement work with people.
卡片 230
问题
Why does ease of deployment matter in an architecture decision?
答案
A design that can be deployed consistently and safely reduces configuration error, rollout time, and operational burden.
卡片 231
问题
What tradeoff comes with placing an NGFW inline?
答案
It can block application-aware threats, but failure or overload can interrupt traffic unless availability and fail-mode behavior are designed.
卡片 232
问题
What does a zero-trust policy administrator do?
答案
It carries out the policy engine's decision, such as creating or ending a session.
卡片 233
问题
What should a master service agreement define for data return and deletion?
答案
The format, timing, verification, retained copies, exceptions, and responsibilities when the service or contract ends.
卡片 234
问题
What is an environmental physical attack?
答案
Causing harmful conditions such as heat, water, fire, or power loss to disrupt equipment or facilities.
卡片 235
问题
When should a maintenance window be chosen?
答案
When disruption and rollback can be managed with the least business impact.
卡片 236
问题
What is memory injection?
答案
Placing malicious code or data into another process's memory so it executes in that process's context.
卡片 237
问题
What does software composition analysis find?
答案
Known risks and license information in third-party dependencies.
卡片 238
问题
What is DNS filtering?
答案
Blocking or redirecting DNS lookups for domains that policy considers malicious or inappropriate.
卡片 239
问题
What should an incident response policy establish?
答案
Authority, scope, reporting duties, and organizational commitment for incident handling.
卡片 240
问题
How can noncompliance cause reputational damage?
答案
Customers, partners, employees, or the public may lose trust when the organization fails a stated or required duty.
卡片 241
问题
What does full-disk encryption protect?
答案
All data stored on the disk while the device is powered off or the disk is removed, subject to proper key protection.
卡片 242
问题
Why are default credentials dangerous?
答案
They are widely known or easily discovered and often remain unchanged.
卡片 243
问题
What makes a risk assessment one-time?
答案
It evaluates a defined decision or scope once without an established repeating cadence.
卡片 244
问题
What is a warm recovery site?
答案
A partially equipped environment that needs some data restoration or configuration before use.
卡片 245
问题
What does application input validation do?
答案
It checks that input matches the expected type, length, range, and format before use.
卡片 246
问题
What should an asset inventory record besides a device name?
答案
Identifiers, owner, location, status, classification, dependencies, and supported version as applicable.
卡片 247
问题
What is mandatory access control?
答案
A central authority enforces access through labels and rules that ordinary owners cannot override.
卡片 248
问题
What security benefit does infrastructure as code provide?
答案
Repeatable, reviewable deployments that reduce undocumented configuration drift.
卡片 249
问题
When should a public service control fail closed?
答案
When allowing unchecked traffic would create greater harm than an outage, the failed control should block the path.
卡片 250
问题
What should users do with a suspicious message?
答案
Report it through the approved channel without interacting with its links or attachments.
卡片 251
问题
What usually motivates organized cybercrime?
答案
Financial gain through scalable or repeatable criminal activity.
卡片 252
问题
How can malicious code support a network attack?
答案
It can establish control, scan reachable systems, move laterally, or disrupt networked services after execution.
卡片 253
问题
When is virtual patching useful?
答案
When a network or application control can block exploit traffic before the underlying system can be patched.
卡片 254
问题
What does security-monitoring reporting provide?
答案
A summarized, audience-appropriate view of findings, trends, risk, and response status.
卡片 255
问题
What does data geolocation identify?
答案
The physical or legal location where data is stored, processed, or transmitted.
卡片 256
问题
What does a zero-trust policy enforcement point do?
答案
It enables, monitors, and terminates the connection between a subject and a resource.
卡片 257
问题
What is cryptographic key exchange?
答案
A method for parties to establish shared key material over an untrusted channel.
卡片 258
问题
How can a vendor become a supply-chain attack vector?
答案
An attacker can compromise the vendor's product, update, credentials, or support channel to reach the vendor's customers.
卡片 259
问题
Why can legacy hardware remain vulnerable?
答案
It may lack current security features, supported firmware, replacement parts, or compatibility with modern controls.
卡片 260
问题
What can proprietary vulnerability intelligence add beyond open sources?
答案
Curated analysis, customer-specific context, private telemetry, or earlier reporting available under a commercial or trusted relationship.
卡片 261
问题
How does a centralized proxy apply web filtering?
答案
It receives client web requests at a shared enforcement point and applies policy before forwarding allowed traffic.
卡片 262
问题
How can continuous integration and testing improve security automation?
答案
Changes receive repeatable checks before deployment instead of reaching production unvalidated.
卡片 263
问题
What is containment?
答案
Limiting an incident's spread or damage while preserving necessary operations and evidence.
卡片 264
问题
What is a software development lifecycle policy meant to ensure?
答案
Security requirements and checks are integrated throughout design, development, release, and maintenance.
卡片 265
问题
What makes risk assessment continuous?
答案
Relevant signals and changes update the risk view as they occur instead of waiting for a scheduled review.
卡片 266
问题
What is a memorandum of agreement?
答案
A document that records agreed responsibilities and commitments between parties; its legal effect depends on its terms and jurisdiction.
卡片 267
问题
What makes a penetration test integrated?
答案
Offensive and defensive teams coordinate the exercise to test both attack paths and detection or response.
卡片 268
问题
How does a DNS amplification attack magnify traffic?
答案
It sends small spoofed queries that trigger larger replies toward the victim.
卡片 269
问题
Why does ease of recovery matter in an architecture decision?
答案
The design should let operators restore service and trusted state without fragile, slow, or undocumented steps.
卡片 270
问题
What does 802.1X control before a device receives normal network access?
答案
Port-based admission; the device or user must authenticate through the access device before ordinary traffic is allowed.
卡片 271
问题
What is rule-based access control?
答案
System-wide rules grant or deny access based on conditions such as network, time, or action.
卡片 272
问题
What is mobile device management?
答案
Central enrollment, configuration, monitoring, and enforcement for managed mobile devices.
卡片 273
问题
What tradeoff comes with a cold recovery site?
答案
It costs less to maintain, but recovery takes longer because systems, data, and connectivity must be prepared after activation.
卡片 274
问题
Why identify stakeholders before approving a security-sensitive change?
答案
They can identify operational impact, dependencies, and acceptance criteria that the implementer may otherwise miss.
卡片 275
问题
How do attestation and acknowledgement differ?
答案
Attestation asserts that a condition or control is true; acknowledgement confirms receipt or understanding of a requirement.
卡片 276
问题
What does zero-trust adaptive identity mean?
答案
Access decisions adjust to current risk signals rather than relying only on a static login.
卡片 277
问题
What makes a security control physical?
答案
It protects facilities or equipment through a tangible barrier or mechanism.
卡片 278
问题
What is geo-fencing for data?
答案
Enforcing location-based boundaries on where data or services may be accessed or operated.
卡片 279
问题
What does a Trusted Platform Module protect?
答案
Hardware-backed keys and measurements used for device identity, disk protection, and boot-state attestation.
卡片 280
问题
Why can a managed service provider amplify risk?
答案
Its privileged access and shared tooling can provide a path into many customers.
卡片 281
问题
What does probability express in risk analysis?
答案
A quantified chance that a defined event will occur within stated conditions or time.
卡片 282
问题
Why can shadow IT create a threat?
答案
It bypasses security review, inventory, monitoring, and supported configuration.
卡片 283
问题
What is on-path interception?
答案
An attacker positions between communicating parties to observe or alter traffic.
卡片 284
问题
Why include encryption in a system-hardening baseline?
答案
It limits data exposure if storage, traffic, or a protected secret is accessed outside the intended trust boundary.
卡片 285
问题
Why tune security alerts?
答案
To keep useful detections while reducing noise that wastes analyst attention.
卡片 286
问题
What can IPS or IDS logs contribute to an investigation?
答案
The matched rule or signature, source and destination, timestamp, action, and traffic context around detected activity.
卡片 287
问题
What is VM escape?
答案
A vulnerability that lets code break out of a virtual machine and affect the host or another guest.
卡片 288
问题
How can segmentation reduce vulnerability exposure before a patch is available?
答案
It limits which systems and users can reach the vulnerable service and restricts paths for lateral movement.
卡片 289
问题
Why should firewall policy name the required ports and protocols explicitly?
答案
Explicit scope permits only the intended service traffic and avoids exposing unnecessary network paths.
卡片 290
问题
What is a change management policy meant to control?
答案
How changes are requested, assessed, approved, tested, implemented, and reviewed.
卡片 291
问题
What is a hybrid-cloud architecture?
答案
An environment that integrates private or on-premises resources with public cloud services.
卡片 292
问题
How do AH and ESP differ in the security services they can provide?
答案
AH provides integrity and data-origin authentication without confidentiality. ESP can provide confidentiality and may also provide integrity and data-origin authentication. Actual services depend on AH or ESP, mode, algorithms, and policy/configuration.
卡片 293
问题
What makes user behavior risky?
答案
It creates avoidable exposure, such as bypassing controls, mishandling data, or using unapproved access paths.
卡片 294
问题
What is least privilege?
答案
Granting only the access needed for the required task and no more.
卡片 295
问题
What do Secure, HttpOnly, and SameSite cookie attributes restrict?
答案
Transmission to HTTPS, script access, and cross-site sending, respectively.
卡片 296
问题
Why discover unmanaged assets?
答案
Unknown systems cannot be patched, monitored, or governed reliably.
卡片 297
问题
What is a service-level agreement?
答案
Measurable service commitments and remedies, such as availability or response targets.
卡片 298
问题
What should govern automated security escalation?
答案
Clear severity criteria, ownership, evidence, rate limits, and a fallback path when the automation cannot decide safely.
卡片 299
问题
What is platform diversity as a resilience strategy?
答案
Using different implementations so one common flaw or failure is less likely to affect every copy.
卡片 300
问题
How can replayed session material affect an application?
答案
It can let an attacker reuse a captured token or request to impersonate a valid session or repeat an authorized action.
卡片 301
问题
What is an implicit trust zone in zero trust?
答案
A boundary where access was previously trusted by location alone and must instead receive explicit policy enforcement.
卡片 302
问题
What does salting a password hash accomplish?
答案
It makes identical passwords hash differently and defeats precomputed hash tables.
卡片 303
问题
What is spear phishing?
答案
Phishing tailored to a specific person, role, or organization.
卡片 304
问题
What is eradication?
答案
Removing the attacker's access, malicious artifacts, and exploited conditions.
卡片 305
问题
Who is a risk owner?
答案
The person accountable for deciding and monitoring how a specific risk is handled.
卡片 306
问题
What does a partially known penetration-test environment provide?
答案
The tester receives limited information or access, modeling an attacker with some insider knowledge or initial foothold.
卡片 307
问题
What is a microservices architecture?
答案
An application is split into small independently deployable services with explicit interfaces and distributed trust boundaries.
卡片 308
问题
What is a jump server?
答案
A hardened intermediary used to reach systems in a restricted management network.
卡片 309
问题
What can happen when a configuration change is made without dependency analysis?
答案
A downstream service can fail even when the changed component works.
卡片 310
问题
What is resource reuse exposure?
答案
Sensitive data from a previous use remains accessible when storage or memory is reassigned.
卡片 311
问题
Why does financial information require explicit protection?
答案
It can expose accounts, transactions, forecasts, or reporting and may create fraud, legal, or business risk if altered or disclosed.
卡片 312
问题
What does CVE provide?
答案
A common identifier for a publicly disclosed vulnerability.
卡片 313
问题
Where can DLP controls operate?
答案
On endpoints, networks, email, and cloud services, depending on the product and visibility.
卡片 314
问题
What does privileged password vaulting protect?
答案
It stores and controls use of privileged secrets so users or automation do not need to know or retain the underlying password.
卡片 315
问题
What does an access-control standard define?
答案
Mandatory, measurable requirements for identity, authentication, authorization, review, and removal of access.
卡片 316
问题
How can automation support compliance monitoring?
答案
It can collect evidence, test controls, flag exceptions, and produce repeatable reports, with human review of context.
卡片 317
问题
What does static code analysis examine?
答案
Source or compiled code for weakness patterns without executing the application.
卡片 318
问题
What actor attribute describes funding, time, and personnel?
答案
Resources.
卡片 319
问题
What is DNS poisoning?
答案
Introducing false DNS data so names resolve to attacker-chosen destinations.
卡片 320
问题
Why change default credentials during hardening?
答案
Default secrets are predictable and commonly targeted.
卡片 321
问题
What does quarantine do after a security alert?
答案
It restricts a suspected asset or object while analysts validate and remediate the risk.
卡片 322
问题
What does key stretching do for stored passwords?
答案
It deliberately makes each password guess more computationally expensive.
卡片 323
问题
What is smishing?
答案
Phishing delivered through SMS or another text-messaging service.
卡片 324
问题
What is qualitative risk analysis?
答案
Using descriptive scales such as low, medium, and high to compare likelihood and impact.
卡片 325
问题
What is a master service agreement?
答案
An umbrella contract establishing general legal and commercial terms for ongoing work.
卡片 326
问题
What is threat scope reduction?
答案
Narrowing the systems, privileges, or paths an attacker can reach.
卡片 327
问题
Why use a third-party cloud service instead of building locally?
答案
It can provide faster deployment, elasticity, and managed capabilities, with added dependency and governance risk.
卡片 328
问题
What should determine security-device placement?
答案
The traffic or resource to observe or enforce, the trust boundary, failure behavior, reachability, and resilience needs.
卡片 329
问题
What does situational awareness mean for a user?
答案
Notice the people, devices, requests, location, and context around a task before acting.
卡片 330
问题
What does a failover test validate?
答案
That the service can transfer to the alternate component or site within the required recovery targets under the tested conditions.
卡片 331
问题
What is a preventive control meant to do?
答案
Stop an unwanted event before it succeeds.
卡片 332
问题
What is just-in-time privileged access?
答案
Elevated access is granted only when needed and expires after a short approved period.
卡片 333
问题
What safeguard should security-group automation enforce?
答案
Least-privileged rules tied to an approved resource, owner, purpose, and review or expiration point.
卡片 334
问题
How does a reflected DDoS attack hide and multiply sources?
答案
The attacker spoofs the victim's address so many third-party services send their replies to the victim.
卡片 335
问题
What is a security misconfiguration?
答案
An unsafe setting, such as public storage, default access, or excessive permissions, that exposes a resource.
卡片 336
问题
Why can the same vulnerability have different organizational impact?
答案
Industry obligations, business processes, safety needs, data sensitivity, and asset criticality change the consequence of exploitation.
卡片 337
问题
What does URL scanning evaluate before a user opens a web destination?
答案
The address, redirect chain, reputation, category, and known threat indicators associated with the destination.
卡片 338
问题
What is the board's security governance role?
答案
Provide oversight, set risk direction, and hold executives accountable.
卡片 339
问题
What does code signing establish?
答案
That code came from the holder of the signing key and has not changed since signing.
卡片 340
问题
How should an asset's classification affect security operations?
答案
It should drive handling, access, monitoring, recovery, and disposal controls that match the asset's sensitivity and impact.
卡片 341
问题
How does encryption protect data?
答案
It uses a cryptographic key to transform plaintext into ciphertext, which authorized parties can decrypt with the required key while unauthorized readers cannot feasibly recover the original data.
卡片 342
问题
What is a secure enclave?
答案
A hardware-isolated execution area intended to protect selected code and data from the rest of the system.
卡片 343
问题
What is business email compromise?
答案
Impersonation or takeover of a business identity to induce a fraudulent action, often a payment or data release.
卡片 344
问题
What is recovery in incident response?
答案
Restoring services safely, monitoring them, and returning to normal operations.
卡片 345
问题
How is single loss expectancy commonly estimated?
答案
Asset value multiplied by the exposure factor.
卡片 346
问题
What does an unknown penetration-test environment provide?
答案
The tester begins with little or no internal information, modeling an external attacker's discovery process.
卡片 347
问题
What security boundary does a hypervisor provide?
答案
It isolates virtual machines while controlling their access to shared hardware.
卡片 348
问题
Why does a TLS tunnel not protect a compromised endpoint?
答案
TLS protects data between endpoints; malware or misuse at either endpoint can access the data before encryption or after decryption.
卡片 349
问题
Why update diagrams after an infrastructure change?
答案
Operations and incident responders need the documentation to match the deployed environment.
卡片 350
问题
What does privacy ownership assign?
答案
An accountable role for privacy decisions, obligations, data inventory, and corrective action.
卡片 351
问题
What does a security control gap analysis compare?
答案
The controls required for the target state with the controls currently in place.
卡片 352
问题
Someone outside the organization steals an employee's VPN credentials and logs in. Is the actor internal or external?
答案
External. Stolen internal credentials provide access but do not change the outsider's relationship to the organization.
卡片 353
问题
What is application privilege escalation?
答案
Exploiting a flaw or misconfiguration to gain permissions beyond those originally granted.
卡片 354
问题
What risk remains when unnecessary software is left installed?
答案
Its code, services, dependencies, and privileges add attack surface even when users do not need it.
卡片 355
问题
What does SCAP standardize?
答案
Formats and identifiers for expressing, checking, and scoring security configuration and vulnerability information.
卡片 356
问题
What can packet capture reveal?
答案
Protocol-level conversation details and payloads when traffic is not encrypted and collection is authorized.
卡片 357
问题
What makes a privileged credential ephemeral?
答案
It is created for a limited task or session and expires or is destroyed automatically after that use.
卡片 358
问题
How do a statement of work and a work order differ?
答案
A statement of work defines scope, deliverables, schedule, and responsibilities; a work order authorizes a defined unit of work under an agreement.
卡片 359
问题
Why might multi-cloud improve resilience?
答案
A provider-wide failure need not stop workloads that can run independently elsewhere.
卡片 360
问题
How can a service provider introduce a supply-chain vulnerability?
答案
Its privileged access, hosted service, or compromised integration can expose customers that depend on it.
卡片 361
问题
What is a false positive in vulnerability scanning?
答案
A reported weakness that is not actually present or exploitable in the assessed context.
卡片 362
问题
How do EDR and XDR differ?
答案
EDR focuses on endpoint telemetry and response; XDR correlates detection and response across endpoints and other security domains.
卡片 363
问题
What should onboarding and offboarding procedures coordinate?
答案
Identity, access, equipment, data, training, approvals, and ownership changes at the start or end of a relationship.
卡片 364
问题
How should an organization harden managed mobile devices?
答案
Enforce an MDM baseline with timely updates, screen lock and encryption, least privilege, approved apps, and remote lock or wipe.
卡片 365
问题
What is a certificate signing request?
答案
A request containing a public key and subject information for a certificate authority to sign.
卡片 366
问题
What is pretexting?
答案
Using a fabricated role or situation to make a request seem legitimate.
卡片 367
问题
How is annualized loss expectancy commonly estimated?
答案
Single loss expectancy multiplied by annualized rate of occurrence.
卡片 368
问题
What security consequence follows from containers sharing a kernel?
答案
A host-kernel compromise can affect multiple containers, so kernel and runtime hardening matter.
卡片 369
问题
Where does 802.1X enforce a network admission decision?
答案
At the controlled switch port or wireless access point before normal network access is granted.
卡片 370
问题
What should insider-threat awareness teach?
答案
Recognize misuse or concerning behavior without profiling people, and report evidence through approved channels.
卡片 371
问题
What access action is suitable for careful automation?
答案
Enabling or disabling a defined service or account from an approved lifecycle or incident event.
卡片 372
问题
What is an evil twin?
答案
A rogue wireless network made to resemble a legitimate one so users connect to it.
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卡片 373
问题
Does non-human-readable data need less protection?
答案
No. Encoded or machine-readable data can carry the same sensitive meaning and impact.
卡片 374
问题
What does authenticating a system establish?
答案
It verifies a presented authenticator or credential bound to the claimed device, workload, or service identity. Identity proofing or enrollment establishes what real-world entity that identity represents.
卡片 375
问题
What does LDAP provide in identity systems?
答案
A standard protocol for querying and modifying directory entries such as users, groups, and attributes.
卡片 376
问题
What is a deterrent control meant to do?
答案
Discourage an attacker from attempting an unwanted action.
卡片 377
问题
Why update procedures after changing a security control?
答案
Staff need accurate steps for operating, monitoring, and recovering the new control.
卡片 378
问题
How does OCSP differ from a certificate revocation list?
答案
OCSP returns status for a specific certificate, while a revocation list distributes a signed set of revoked certificate serial numbers.
卡片 379
问题
What is the goal of data exfiltration?
答案
Remove data from its authorized environment without permission.
卡片 380
问题
What is a watering-hole attack?
答案
Compromising a site frequented by the intended targets so their visits expose them.
卡片 381
问题
How can a hardware provider introduce a supply-chain vulnerability?
答案
A compromised component, firmware image, manufacturing step, or delivery path can weaken the device before deployment.
卡片 382
问题
What is application forgery?
答案
Creating or altering a request, token, or object so the application treats it as authentic.
卡片 383
问题
How does least privilege mitigate compromise?
答案
It limits the actions and resources available to a compromised account or process.
卡片 384
问题
What is serverless computing?
答案
A model where the provider manages servers and the customer deploys event-driven code or functions.
卡片 385
问题
What makes an infrastructure control effective for a specific risk?
答案
Its placement, failure behavior, visibility, enforcement scope, and operating cost match the protected path and threat.
卡片 386
问题
What does parallel recovery processing test?
答案
Whether primary and alternate environments can run together consistently before a controlled cutover.
卡片 387
问题
Which password-authentication method does WPA3-Personal use?
答案
Simultaneous Authentication of Equals, which replaces WPA2-Personal's PSK authentication and resists offline password guessing.
卡片 388
问题
How does data retention affect asset disposal?
答案
Required data must be preserved for its retention period, while expired data should be sanitized before reuse or destruction.
卡片 389
问题
What is a false negative in vulnerability scanning?
答案
A real weakness that the assessment fails to report.
卡片 390
问题
What does recurring security scanning add to monitoring?
答案
Periodic discovery of exposed services, missing fixes, weak configurations, or other detectable changes.
卡片 391
问题
What should guide port selection for a secure protocol?
答案
Use the documented service port or an explicitly managed alternative, and expose it only on the required interfaces and paths.
卡片 392
问题
What does forensic acquisition create?
答案
A controlled, documented copy or collection of relevant evidence while preserving its integrity and context.
卡片 393
问题
How do system owners and data owners divide security accountability?
答案
A system owner is accountable for the system's risk, access, operation, and lifecycle; a data owner sets the data's classification, access, handling, and retention requirements.
卡片 394
问题
What does likelihood express in risk analysis?
答案
A reasoned estimate of how plausible or frequent an event is, often stated qualitatively when precise probability is unavailable.
卡片 395
问题
What is a memorandum of understanding?
答案
A documented understanding of intentions and responsibilities, whose legal effect depends on its terms and jurisdiction.
卡片 396
问题
What does the right to be forgotten generally require?
答案
Deletion of qualifying personal data when the applicable law grants the right and no overriding retention duty applies.
卡片 397
问题
What does an audit committee oversee?
答案
Audit independence, plans, significant findings, management responses, and corrective-action follow-through.
卡片 398
问题
What does identity interoperability require?
答案
Compatible protocols, attribute meanings, trust, and lifecycle behavior across connected systems.
卡片 399
问题
How does a bollard protect a facility?
答案
It blocks or redirects vehicles before they can reach a protected area.
卡片 400
问题
How can hashing protect a downloaded file?
答案
A trusted digest lets the recipient detect whether the file changed.
卡片 401
问题
What is a credential replay attack?
答案
Using captured valid credentials or tokens again without needing to discover the secret.
卡片 402
问题
How can automation complexity create security risk?
答案
Hidden dependencies and branching behavior can make failures difficult to predict, diagnose, contain, or reverse.
卡片 403
问题
What must an architecture provide when a component cannot be patched?
答案
Compensating isolation, restricted access, monitoring, and a replacement plan that reduce exposure until the component can be retired.
卡片 404
问题
What makes remote access secure?
答案
Controlled, authenticated, encrypted access to a private resource from outside its local trusted network.
卡片 405
问题
What should users verify before connecting removable media or a cable?
答案
That the device and connection are approved, expected, and handled under organizational policy.
卡片 406
问题
What is a self-signed certificate?
答案
A certificate signed by its own private key rather than by a separate trusted issuer.
卡片 407
问题
What is brand impersonation?
答案
Using a trusted organization's identity or look to deceive people.
卡片 408
问题
What characterizes a conservative risk appetite?
答案
A preference for lower uncertainty and exposure, even when that limits speed, return, or opportunity.
卡片 409
问题
What should a managed mobile device verify before using Wi-Fi?
答案
The expected network identity, strong encryption, trusted authentication, and policy compliance before sending sensitive traffic.
卡片 410
问题
What is a zero-day vulnerability?
答案
A flaw previously unknown to the vendor or defenders, or one without an available fix when discovered. A zero-day exploit is code or a technique that attacks such a flaw.
卡片 411
问题
What does verification confirm after vulnerability remediation?
答案
Retesting confirms that the remediation removed or reduced the finding as intended within the tested scope.
卡片 412
问题
What is user and entity behavior analytics?
答案
Analysis that identifies deviations from expected behavior for users, accounts, hosts, or services.
卡片 413
问题
What does a physical security policy establish?
答案
Required protection for facilities, people, equipment, entry, monitoring, and response to physical events.
卡片 414
问题
What does a UPS provide?
答案
Immediate short-term power and power conditioning while systems shut down or alternate power starts.
卡片 415
问题
What is a nondisclosure agreement?
答案
A contract restricting use and disclosure of defined confidential information.
卡片 416
问题
What should be checked before assigning a user permission?
答案
The user's approved duties, the resource and action allowed, separation-of-duties conflicts, and the impact if the permission is misused.
卡片 417
问题
How does espionage differ from ordinary theft?
答案
It seeks confidential intelligence for strategic advantage, often while remaining hidden.
卡片 418
问题
What is password spraying?
答案
Trying a small set of common passwords across many accounts to avoid lockouts.
卡片 419
问题
What is the purpose of system isolation during an incident?
答案
Stop harmful communication while preserving the system for response and investigation.
卡片 420
问题
What is a security benchmark?
答案
A documented set of recommended configuration checks for a platform or product.
卡片 421
问题
Which metadata fields give a log record investigative context?
答案
Fields such as timestamp and time zone, source system, user or process identity, event ID or type, severity, and correlation ID.
卡片 422
问题
What does an access-control vestibule prevent?
答案
It limits tailgating by allowing controlled passage through one door at a time.
卡片 423
问题
What is version control's security value for configuration?
答案
It preserves attributable history and enables review or rollback of changes.
卡片 424
问题
Why use both internal and external compliance monitoring?
答案
Internal monitoring supports continuous correction; external review adds independent or regulatory scrutiny.
卡片 425
问题
What distinguishes on-premises architecture?
答案
The organization operates the infrastructure in facilities it controls and retains the associated physical and platform duties.
卡片 426
问题
What risk can split tunneling add to a VPN?
答案
The endpoint can reach the protected network and an untrusted network at the same time, creating a path around centralized inspection.
卡片 427
问题
What is a certificate root of trust?
答案
A trusted root certificate or key from which a client validates a certificate chain.
卡片 428
问题
What is typosquatting?
答案
Registering a look-alike domain based on common typing errors or visual similarity.
卡片 429
问题
What is root-cause analysis?
答案
Identifying the underlying conditions that allowed an incident, not just its visible symptoms.
卡片 430
问题
What is risk tolerance?
答案
The acceptable variation or boundary around a specific objective or risk area.
卡片 431
问题
What is a security self-assessment?
答案
A structured internal evaluation in which the organization measures its own controls against selected criteria.
卡片 432
问题
What does data masking change?
答案
It replaces sensitive values with altered but usable representations, often preserving format for testing or display.
卡片 433
问题
How do wireless authentication protocols let clients prove identity securely?
答案
They define how a client proves control of a credential, such as a password-derived secret or a certificate's private key; stronger choices also validate the server and protect the exchange.
卡片 434
问题
Why reconcile inventory with network discovery?
答案
Differences expose missing records, retired systems, or unauthorized devices.
卡片 435
问题
Why does sideloading raise mobile risk?
答案
It can bypass store review, signing policy, and managed application controls.
卡片 436
问题
What does an information-sharing organization add to vulnerability management?
答案
Sector or community intelligence about relevant threats, incidents, and defensive action.
卡片 437
问题
What does a web-filter block rule specify?
答案
The URL, domain, category, reputation, content, user, or context that should prevent a web request.
卡片 438
问题
How do data custodians and data stewards differ?
答案
Custodians implement and operate technical safeguards for data; stewards guide its definitions, quality, handling, and proper use under the owner’s direction.
卡片 439
问题
What is a brute-force password attack?
答案
Systematically trying many candidate secrets against an account or protected value.
卡片 440
问题
What is a compensating control?
答案
An alternative safeguard used when the preferred control is impractical or unavailable.
卡片 441
问题
How can location act as an authentication factor?
答案
A system can evaluate where the claimant is, but location signals are usually contextual and spoofable rather than sufficient alone.
卡片 442
问题
Why must security automation remain supportable?
答案
Owners must be able to update dependencies, understand failures, rotate credentials, and adapt the workflow as systems change.
卡片 443
问题
What does a standby generator provide?
答案
Longer-duration power during a utility outage, after a startup delay.
卡片 444
问题
What makes an architecture air-gapped?
答案
It has no direct network path to less-trusted networks, although removable media and maintenance workflows can still cross the boundary.
卡片 445
问题
What is a software-defined WAN?
答案
A centrally managed overlay that selects wide-area paths by policy across underlying network links.
卡片 446
问题
What password-management behavior should awareness training reinforce?
答案
Use unique long passwords through an approved manager and report suspected compromise promptly.
卡片 447
问题
What security value does fencing provide?
答案
It defines and delays entry across a physical perimeter.
卡片 448
问题
What is a wildcard certificate?
答案
A certificate that can match multiple hosts at one domain level, such as subdomains of an example domain.
卡片 449
问题
How does misinformation differ from disinformation?
答案
Misinformation is false regardless of intent; disinformation is deliberately false or misleading.
卡片 450
问题
What is a risk threshold?
答案
A defined level that triggers escalation, treatment, or another required response.
卡片 451
问题
What does a vendor penetration test contribute to assessment?
答案
Authorized evidence of exploitable paths in the vendor's relevant environment under agreed scope.
卡片 452
问题
What is the objective of a service-disruption attack?
答案
Make a system or business function unavailable or unreliable.
卡片 453
问题
What is directory traversal?
答案
Manipulating a file path to reach files outside the directory the application intended to expose.
卡片 454
问题
Why decommission an unsupported system?
答案
Removing it eliminates an exposure that can no longer be patched or securely maintained.
卡片 455
问题
Why archive security-monitoring data?
答案
To preserve evidence for investigations, trend analysis, compliance, and retention requirements beyond the live system.
卡片 456
问题
What role does RADIUS commonly play in enterprise Wi-Fi?
答案
It centralizes authentication, authorization information, and accounting for network access.
卡片 457
问题
Why separate the requester and approver of a high-risk change?
答案
To reduce error, fraud, and unilateral unauthorized modification.
卡片 458
问题
Why can a jailbroken device violate a security baseline?
答案
It weakens platform isolation and allows unapproved privileged changes.
卡片 459
问题
When is tokenization especially useful?
答案
When a system needs a surrogate value without retaining the original sensitive value in that workflow.
卡片 460
问题
Why can dark-web intelligence affect vulnerability priority?
答案
Discussion, exploit sales, or leaked access can signal attacker interest, but the evidence must be validated.
卡片 461
问题
What firewall policy should govern traffic from a screened subnet to internal systems?
答案
Deny it by default and allow only explicitly required flows.
卡片 462
问题
What does SAML commonly carry?
答案
XML assertions about authentication and attributes between an identity provider and service provider; signatures commonly protect their authenticity and integrity.
卡片 463
问题
What does a security governance committee do?
答案
It coordinates stakeholders, reviews risk and performance, and makes or recommends decisions within its charter.
卡片 464
问题
How can global privacy requirements affect one data process?
答案
A shared process may need to satisfy overlapping duties across jurisdictions where people, systems, or data are located.
卡片 465
问题
What characterizes an IoT device?
答案
It combines sensing or actuation with network connectivity, often under tight resource and update constraints.
卡片 466
问题
What is a unified threat management appliance?
答案
One device combines several controls, such as firewalling, intrusion prevention, filtering, and malware inspection.
卡片 467
问题
What does a hardware security module provide?
答案
A dedicated, tamper-resistant environment for generating, storing, and using cryptographic keys.
卡片 468
问题
A remotely reachable API is fixed, but its desktop client stays vulnerable. What exposure remains?
答案
Client-based exposure remains because the installed endpoint software is still vulnerable; fixing the remote API does not remediate the client.
卡片 469
问题
What is a tabletop exercise?
答案
A discussion-based walkthrough of a scenario to test decisions, roles, and procedures.
卡片 470
问题
What does a risk exemption authorize?
答案
A documented release from a requirement for a defined scope, owner, rationale, controls, review, and expiration.
卡片 471
问题
What is a regulatory examination?
答案
An authorized regulator reviews records, controls, and practices to determine whether the organization meets applicable requirements.
卡片 472
问题
What does physical video surveillance primarily provide?
答案
Detection and evidence of activity in monitored areas.
卡片 473
问题
What is a birthday attack against a hash?
答案
Using collision probability to find any two matching digests much faster than targeting one exact preimage.
卡片 474
问题
Why keep backups both onsite and offsite?
答案
Onsite copies support fast recovery, while offsite copies survive a site-wide loss.
卡片 475
问题
How does technical debt affect security automation?
答案
Outdated assumptions, dependencies, and workarounds make the workflow harder to change and more likely to fail unsafely.
卡片 476
问题
What should switch hardening restrict first?
答案
Administrative access, unused ports, insecure management protocols, and unauthorized changes to switching configuration.
卡片 477
问题
What should happen when an asset changes owners?
答案
Inventory, access, support responsibility, and data handling should be updated.
卡片 478
问题
What does evidence of a vendor's internal audits contribute?
答案
It shows how the vendor tests its own controls, records findings, assigns remediation, and follows issues to closure.
卡片 479
问题
What is identity attestation?
答案
Evidence that an identity, device, authenticator, or claim has been verified by a trusted process.
卡片 480
问题
Why can standard enterprise patching be unsafe for an RTOS device?
答案
A change can disrupt timing guarantees or certified operational behavior.
卡片 481
问题
What is secure access service edge?
答案
A cloud-delivered architecture that combines wide-area connectivity with policy-driven security services near users and resources.
卡片 482
问题
What social-engineering habit should awareness training reinforce?
答案
Pause and independently verify unusual requests instead of trusting urgency, authority, or familiarity.
卡片 483
问题
How can a software provider introduce a supply-chain vulnerability?
答案
A compromised package, build system, dependency, or update channel can deliver vulnerable or malicious code to customers.
卡片 484
问题
Why include internet exposure in remediation priority?
答案
A reachable vulnerable service usually has more attack opportunity than an isolated one.
卡片 485
问题
What does a mail gateway inspect?
答案
Inbound and outbound email for threats, policy violations, spoofing, and sensitive data.
卡片 486
问题
What is a data controller?
答案
The entity that determines why and how personal data is processed.
卡片 487
问题
How does blackmail motivate a cyberattack?
答案
The attacker threatens disclosure or harm unless the victim complies.
卡片 488
问题
What is a downgrade attack?
答案
Forcing parties to use an older or weaker protocol or security mode.
卡片 489
问题
How does encryption mitigate data exposure?
答案
It makes captured data unreadable without the required key.
卡片 490
问题
How do network and web vulnerability scanners differ?
答案
Network scanners assess reachable hosts, services, versions, and configurations; web scanners exercise running web behavior for application weaknesses.
卡片 491
问题
How can vulnerability-scan data support an investigation?
答案
It shows which weaknesses, versions, services, and exposures were known on the affected systems near the incident timeline.
卡片 492
问题
What is key escrow?
答案
Controlled storage of a recoverable copy of a cryptographic key by an authorized party.
卡片 493
问题
Which human vector commonly uses a fake sign-in page to harvest credentials?
答案
Phishing; the message sends the target to an imitation service that captures the submitted credentials.
卡片 494
问题
What is risk avoidance?
答案
Stopping or not starting the activity that creates the risk.
卡片 495
问题
What is data obfuscation?
答案
Making data harder to understand while preserving some utility, without necessarily providing cryptographic secrecy.
卡片 496
问题
What is a directive control?
答案
A safeguard that tells people what behavior or action is required.
卡片 497
问题
What does a security guard add that a camera cannot?
答案
Human judgment and an immediate physical response.
卡片 498
问题
Why define restricted activities in change management?
答案
High-risk actions can then require extra authorization, separation of duties, or a prohibited window.
卡片 499
问题
What contractual impact can noncompliance create?
答案
It can trigger remediation duties, service credits, indemnity, audit rights, suspension, termination, or claims for breach.
卡片 500
问题
What should determine backup frequency?
答案
The recovery point objective, data-change rate, business impact, and available replication or storage capacity.
卡片 501
问题
What should router hardening protect?
答案
Administrative access, routing configuration, exposed services, and the integrity of traffic-control policy.
卡片 502
问题
What problem does OAuth 2.0 address?
答案
Delegated authorization: a client obtains limited access to a resource without receiving the user's password.
卡片 503
问题
What does SCADA do?
答案
It provides supervisory monitoring and control across distributed industrial equipment.
卡片 504
问题
How does a Layer 3/4 firewall rule differ from a Layer 7 rule?
答案
Layer 3/4 evaluates IP addresses plus transport protocols and ports; Layer 7 evaluates application content or actions.
卡片 505
问题
What distinguishes a computer virus?
答案
It attaches to a host file or program and spreads when that infected host executes or is shared.
卡片 506
问题
What does a key management system coordinate?
答案
Secure key creation, storage, access, rotation, revocation, recovery, and destruction.
卡片 507
问题
How can an unsecure wired network expose traffic?
答案
An unauthorized device on the network may observe, redirect, or inject traffic when access control and link protections are weak.
卡片 508
问题
Why is vulnerable device firmware hard to remediate?
答案
Firmware updates may be rare, vendor-dependent, or impossible after support ends.
卡片 509
问题
What does patching change in vulnerability remediation?
答案
It installs the vendor's corrected code or configuration to remove the underlying software weakness.
卡片 510
问题
What does DMARC add to SPF and DKIM?
答案
Domain alignment, receiver policy, and reporting for messages claiming the visible From domain.
卡片 511
问题
How does automation improve security efficiency?
答案
It performs repeatable actions quickly and consistently while reducing manual handoffs and rework.
卡片 512
问题
What is a simulation exercise?
答案
A more realistic practice in which participants respond to injected events using operational processes.
卡片 513
问题
What is a data processor?
答案
An entity that processes personal data on behalf of a controller.
卡片 514
问题
What is risk mitigation?
答案
Reducing likelihood, impact, or both through controls or process changes.
卡片 515
问题
Why monitor a vendor after onboarding?
答案
Security posture, ownership, services, incidents, and dependencies can change.
卡片 516
问题
What does a physical penetration test assess?
答案
Whether authorized testers can bypass facility, personnel, and physical access controls under agreed rules.
卡片 517
问题
Why use access badges at a facility?
答案
To associate entry attempts with authorized identities and enforce access rules.
卡片 518
问题
How does permission restriction protect data?
答案
Only authorized identities receive the actions and scope their roles require.
卡片 519
问题
What is the usual objective of ransomware extortion?
答案
Force payment by denying access, threatening disclosure, or both.
卡片 520
问题
What does impossible travel indicate?
答案
One identity appears to authenticate from distant locations too quickly for legitimate travel.
卡片 521
问题
What is configuration enforcement?
答案
Continuously applying or restoring approved settings so systems do not remain in an insecure state.
卡片 522
问题
What does a web vulnerability scanner inspect?
答案
Running web behavior for issues such as unsafe input handling and insecure configuration.
卡片 523
问题
How does cost affect an architecture choice?
答案
It constrains acquisition, operation, staffing, resilience, and recovery options across the system's life.
卡片 524
问题
What does EAP provide with 802.1X?
答案
A framework for carrying an authentication method between the supplicant and authentication infrastructure.
卡片 525
问题
What should operational-security training help users protect?
答案
Sensitive routines, capabilities, locations, relationships, and small details that an observer could combine into useful intelligence.
卡片 526
问题
What does a time-of-day access rule do?
答案
Allows or denies a requested action according to an approved schedule.
卡片 527
问题
What should cloud infrastructure hardening establish?
答案
Secure identities, network boundaries, logging, encryption, approved configurations, and continuous checks for drift.
卡片 528
问题
What should an asset owner ensure during offboarding?
答案
Assigned assets, access, data, and custody records are returned, transferred, or disposed of under the approved process.
卡片 529
问题
Why encrypt backups?
答案
Backup media and transfers can expose the same sensitive data as production systems.
卡片 530
问题
What is steganography?
答案
Hiding the existence of data inside another medium rather than merely encrypting its contents.
卡片 531
问题
Which human vector uses a fabricated authority role to justify a sensitive request?
答案
Pretexting; the attacker invents a credible role and situation to make the request seem legitimate.
卡片 532
问题
Why does risk transfer not remove accountability?
答案
The organization can retain legal, reputational, operational, and oversight consequences.
卡片 533
问题
Why validate a change after deployment?
答案
To confirm the intended result occurred without introducing unacceptable side effects.
卡片 534
问题
What makes end-of-life hardware a security vulnerability?
答案
The vendor no longer supplies fixes or support, so known weaknesses can persist without a reliable remediation path.
卡片 535
问题
What does an audit add to remediation validation?
答案
Independent evidence that the approved fix, process, and documentation were completed and remain effective.
卡片 536
问题
Why can SPF pass while a message still impersonates a brand?
答案
SPF checks the envelope domain, which may differ from the visible From domain.
卡片 537
问题
What role can a government entity have in security governance?
答案
It can establish, enforce, or oversee legal and regulatory requirements within its authority.
卡片 538
问题
How do data inventory and retention support privacy governance?
答案
The inventory records what data is processed and where; retention rules define how long it is kept and when it is deleted or anonymized.
卡片 539
问题
What can concurrent sessions from distant regions indicate?
答案
A stolen account or shared credential, subject to VPN and proxy context.
卡片 540
问题
What does supply-chain analysis examine?
答案
Upstream providers, components, dependencies, concentration, and compromise paths that can affect the purchased service.
卡片 541
问题
What is the purpose of facility lighting as a control?
答案
Deter covert activity and improve observation of people and areas.
卡片 542
问题
What architecture quality keeps a service usable during component failure?
答案
Availability.
卡片 543
问题
When is fail-open behavior preferable to fail-closed behavior?
答案
When preserving availability during control failure is more important than blocking uninspected traffic, based on the system's risk decision.
卡片 544
问题
Which control function does a login-failure alert provide?
答案
Detection; it reveals suspicious authentication activity.
卡片 545
问题
What does a biometric MFA implementation verify?
答案
A measured physical or behavioral characteristic presented by the user, matched against an enrolled template.
卡片 546
问题
How can automation enforce a security baseline?
答案
It compares realized settings with the approved state and reports or corrects unauthorized drift.
卡片 547
问题
How do wireless cryptographic protocols protect network traffic?
答案
They encrypt frames over the air and add integrity protection, reducing eavesdropping and tampering when a secure protocol and configuration are used.
卡片 548
问题
Why segment sensitive data stores?
答案
It limits reachable paths and separates them from lower-trust workloads.
卡片 549
问题
What must remain secret in an asymmetric key pair?
答案
The private key; disclosure lets another party impersonate the owner or decrypt data intended for that key, depending on its use.
卡片 550
问题
How can a supplier become a supply-chain attack vector?
答案
A compromised material, component, credential, or delivery process can weaken products before they reach the organization.
卡片 551
问题
What is e-discovery?
答案
Identifying, preserving, collecting, reviewing, and producing electronically stored information for a legal matter.
卡片 552
问题
What characterizes a neutral risk appetite?
答案
A balanced willingness to accept uncertainty when expected value and controls justify the exposure.
卡片 553
问题
What is passive reconnaissance?
答案
Gathering information without directly interacting with the target's systems.
卡片 554
问题
What does a philosophical motive mean for a threat actor?
答案
The actor acts to advance a belief or moral position rather than primarily for money.
卡片 555
问题
What does unexpected resource consumption indicate?
答案
Possible malware, denial of service, cryptomining, or a malfunction that needs investigation.
卡片 556
问题
What does a host-based intrusion prevention system do?
答案
It monitors activity on one host and can block behavior that matches exploit or attack rules.
卡片 557
问题
How does agent-based monitoring differ from agentless monitoring?
答案
An agent collects local detail on the host; agentless monitoring uses remote interfaces and may have less visibility.
卡片 558
问题
What can network logs contribute to an investigation?
答案
Connection timing, endpoints, protocols, routing, name resolution, and other evidence of communication across the environment.
卡片 559
问题
What is the purpose of a backup restore test?
答案
Demonstrate under tested conditions that required data and systems can be recovered within expectations.
卡片 560
问题
Why can obsolete hardware become a security risk?
答案
It may lack supported firmware, modern protections, or replacement parts.
卡片 561
问题
What does rescanning confirm after remediation?
答案
Whether the scanner can still detect the original finding on the affected asset.
卡片 562
问题
What should a secure transport method provide?
答案
Authenticated endpoints where required, confidentiality, integrity, replay resistance, and supported cryptography for the traffic.
卡片 563
问题
How can law affect security governance?
答案
It can impose mandatory duties based on jurisdiction, data, industry, or activity.
卡片 564
问题
What does resilience mean for a security architecture?
答案
The ability to withstand disruption, adapt, and recover while preserving essential functions.
卡片 565
问题
Why minimize an infrastructure's attack surface?
答案
Fewer exposed services and paths leave fewer opportunities for exploitation.
卡片 566
问题
What does executing a security-awareness program require?
答案
Delivering the approved content to the intended audiences, tracking participation, handling exceptions, and measuring outcomes.
卡片 567
问题
What does an infrared security sensor detect?
答案
A change in infrared energy, often the heat pattern created by a person moving through its field of view.
卡片 568
问题
What is a knowledge factor?
答案
Something the claimant knows, such as a password.
卡片 569
问题
Why review allow-list and deny-list impact before a change?
答案
Adding or removing an entry can unexpectedly grant access, block users, or interrupt dependencies.
卡片 570
问题
What does partition-level encryption protect?
答案
One selected disk partition, leaving other partitions outside that encryption boundary.
卡片 571
问题
How can instant messaging deliver a security attack?
答案
It can deliver a malicious link, file, request, or impersonated conversation through a fast, trusted-looking channel.
卡片 572
问题
What can repeated blocked-content events indicate?
答案
Malware, policy bypass, a misconfigured application, or a user repeatedly reaching prohibited resources.
卡片 573
问题
What should a server-hardening baseline reduce?
答案
Unnecessary services, exposed administration, weak identity controls, insecure defaults, and unmonitored configuration change.
卡片 574
问题
When is physical media destruction appropriate?
答案
When reuse is unnecessary or sanitization cannot provide adequate assurance.
卡片 575
问题
What is mean time to repair?
答案
The average time required to restore a failed component or service.
卡片 576
问题
Why disclose conflicts of interest during vendor selection?
答案
A personal or financial relationship can bias evaluation away from the organization's requirements.
卡片 577
问题
What is a fine for noncompliance?
答案
A monetary penalty imposed for failing to meet a legal, regulatory, or contractual requirement.
卡片 578
问题
What does a public data classification authorize?
答案
Approved disclosure without confidentiality restrictions, while integrity and availability requirements may still apply.
卡片 579
问题
What security benefit comes from standard infrastructure configurations?
答案
They reduce variation, make review repeatable, and let the same approved controls be applied across resources.
卡片 580
问题
How does horizontal scaling increase capacity?
答案
It adds more service instances and distributes work among them.
卡片 581
问题
Why can added connectivity weaken segmentation?
答案
Each allowed path can become a route for lateral movement or data escape.
卡片 582
问题
What coding practice is central to preventing SQL injection?
答案
Use parameterized queries so untrusted values remain data rather than executable query syntax.
卡片 583
问题
When is a compensating control appropriate for a vulnerability?
答案
When timely removal or patching is infeasible and another control can reduce the risk.
卡片 584
问题
How does agent-based web filtering enforce policy?
答案
Software on the endpoint evaluates or redirects web traffic, including traffic that does not pass through a central network proxy.
卡片 585
问题
How can regulation differ from an internal policy?
答案
Regulation is externally enforceable; internal policy is an organizational rule that may implement external duties.
卡片 586
问题
What is a storage snapshot?
答案
A point-in-time representation of data or system state, whose independence depends on how it is stored.
卡片 587
问题
What does password age measure?
答案
How long the current password has existed, which policy may use to prevent immediate reuse or trigger a risk-based change.
卡片 588
问题
What does an ethical motive mean in vulnerability research?
答案
The researcher intends to improve security, typically through authorized testing and responsible disclosure.
卡片 589
问题
What can missing security logs indicate?
答案
Logging failure, tampering, retention misconfiguration, or an inactive source.
卡片 590
问题
Why disable unused ports and protocols?
答案
They expose unnecessary communication paths and code that attackers can reach.
卡片 591
问题
What does antivirus contribute to monitoring?
答案
It scans files, memory, or behavior and reports suspected malicious code.
卡片 592
问题
What is a honeypot?
答案
A decoy system or service designed to attract and observe malicious activity.
卡片 593
问题
What does file-level encryption protect?
答案
Selected files independently of whether the rest of the disk or volume is encrypted.
卡片 594
问题
How can SMS deliver a security attack?
答案
A text message can carry a malicious link or urgent request that exploits the recipient's trust in the phone channel.
卡片 595
问题
What happens during incident analysis?
答案
Responders validate the event, determine scope and impact, build a timeline, and identify the systems, accounts, and data involved.
卡片 596
问题
What is mean time between failures?
答案
The average operating time between repairable failures.
卡片 597
问题
What is active reconnaissance?
答案
Probing or interacting with target systems to discover services and behavior.
卡片 598
问题
What constraint should guide ICS or SCADA hardening?
答案
Safety and process availability must be preserved while access, services, network paths, and changes are tightly controlled.
卡片 599
问题
Which control function does restoring a clean system image provide?
答案
Correction; it returns the system to a known-good state.
卡片 600
问题
What does responsiveness mean in an architecture decision?
答案
How quickly the system and its operators can adapt to demand, failure, or attack.
卡片 601
问题
How does out-of-band access strengthen remote administration?
答案
It uses a management path separate from production traffic, preserving controlled access during an outage or compromise.
卡片 602
问题
What makes user behavior unexpected?
答案
It differs materially from the person's normal role, timing, location, resource use, or established work pattern.
卡片 603
问题
What is a work order?
答案
A document authorizing a defined unit of work under an existing agreement.
卡片 604
问题
What can out-of-cycle logging indicate?
答案
Unexpected activity outside a system's normal schedule, including misuse, compromise, or an unplanned job.
卡片 605
问题
Why update a standard operating procedure after a change?
答案
It keeps routine work aligned with the new approved state and reduces inconsistent or unsafe execution.
卡片 606
问题
What coding practice limits cross-site scripting?
答案
Context-appropriate output encoding, supported by safe templating and input handling.
卡片 607
问题
What does a restricted data classification indicate?
答案
Access is tightly limited because unauthorized disclosure, alteration, or loss would create serious harm.
卡片 608
问题
How does a bug bounty support responsible disclosure?
答案
It defines eligible systems, rules, reporting, and possible rewards for external researchers.
卡片 609
问题
What does web-filter content categorization provide?
答案
A policy label for a site or page based on its subject, function, or risk so access rules can treat categories consistently.
卡片 610
问题
How do hard and soft authentication tokens differ?
答案
A hard token is a separate physical device; a soft token is implemented in software on a general-purpose device.
卡片 611
问题
How can industry requirements affect security governance?
答案
Industry standards, shared practices, assurance expectations, and sector-specific risks can shape required policies and controls.
卡片 612
问题
How can noncompliance cause loss of a license?
答案
An authority may suspend or revoke the permission needed to operate, sell, or perform regulated work.
卡片 613
问题
What does volume-level encryption protect?
答案
All data within a selected logical storage volume.
卡片 614
问题
How can impersonation exploit familiarity?
答案
The attacker imitates a known person or routine communication style so the request receives less scrutiny.
卡片 615
问题
How does RTO guide recovery design?
答案
It sets the target maximum time to restore the function, driving recovery automation, staffing, capacity, and site choices.
卡片 616
问题
What is a honeynet?
答案
A network of decoy systems used to study or divert attackers.
卡片 617
问题
What does backup replication provide?
答案
Additional synchronized or copied recovery data in another system or location.
卡片 618
问题
What lets automation scale securely?
答案
Bounded permissions, validated inputs, rate controls, audit records, and consistent policy at every new resource.
卡片 619
问题
Why monitor a hardened computing resource continuously?
答案
New drift, failures, attacks, and unsupported changes can appear after a secure baseline is deployed.
卡片 620
问题
Why keep a certificate of destruction?
答案
It documents that a disposal provider handled specified media under the agreed process.
卡片 621
问题
Why consider patch availability before selecting a platform?
答案
Unsupported or difficult-to-update components accumulate known exposure.
卡片 622
问题
Why should remote administration use an encrypted, authenticated protocol?
答案
It keeps credentials and commands confidential in transit. When correctly configured with integrity protection, the protocol also detects tampering and authenticates the intended endpoint.
卡片 623
问题
How can revenge motivate an insider incident?
答案
A disgruntled person may damage systems or disclose data to punish the organization.
卡片 624
问题
What is a published or documented indicator of malicious activity?
答案
A malicious observable or behavior—such as a hash, domain, IP address, or TTP—shared through threat intelligence, an advisory, or an incident report to help identify related malicious activity.
卡片 625
问题
Why monitor a system more closely when a mitigation exception is accepted?
答案
Monitoring can reveal exploitation or control failure while the documented exception remains open.
卡片 626
问题
What is an SNMP trap?
答案
An unsolicited device notification sent to a management system when a configured event occurs.
卡片 627
问题
How can an automated report support an investigation?
答案
It assembles repeatable findings, trends, or control results that investigators can correlate with the incident timeline.
卡片 628
问题
What is a security key?
答案
A hardware authenticator that uses cryptographic proof, often bound to the legitimate service origin.
卡片 629
问题
What does database-level encryption protect?
答案
A database or selected database structures through controls managed at the database layer.
卡片 630
问题
How does brand impersonation exploit trust?
答案
It copies a familiar organization's identity so a fraudulent message, site, or account appears legitimate.
卡片 631
问题
What browser-side impact can a cross-site scripting vulnerability create?
答案
It can run attacker-controlled script in a trusted site's origin and access data or actions available to the victim's session.
卡片 632
问题
How can a system or process audit identify vulnerabilities?
答案
It compares evidence with required configuration and procedure to reveal control gaps.
卡片 633
问题
What security role can Group Policy provide?
答案
Centralized Windows configuration of account, application, audit, and system security settings.
卡片 634
问题
What should incident-response training prepare people to do?
答案
Recognize their role, use the communication and escalation paths, preserve evidence, and perform approved response actions.
卡片 635
问题
Why must governance track local or regional requirements?
答案
They may impose location-specific duties that differ from national, global, industry, or contractual rules.
卡片 636
问题
How can a dependency become a useful key risk indicator?
答案
A measurable change in its availability, capacity, control state, or concentration can warn that exposure is increasing.
卡片 637
问题
What is a business partners agreement?
答案
An agreement defining how business partners will work together, including responsibilities and security or data-handling terms.
卡片 638
问题
What makes an audit regulatory?
答案
It evaluates compliance with requirements established or enforced by a government or delegated authority.
卡片 639
问题
What is a honeyfile?
答案
A decoy file whose access can reveal unauthorized activity.
卡片 640
问题
Why does legal information require explicit protection?
答案
It may contain privileged advice, case strategy, evidence, or regulated records whose disclosure or alteration creates legal risk.
卡片 641
问题
Which indicator can mass file renaming and encryption produce?
答案
Resource inaccessibility; users may be unable to open files after an attacker encrypts or renames them.
卡片 642
问题
What remains with an organization after transferring architecture risk?
答案
Oversight and residual risk remain, even when a provider or insurer accepts defined responsibility or financial consequences.
卡片 643
问题
When does local console placement provide useful administrative access?
答案
When network management is unavailable or unsafe, a physically controlled console offers a direct recovery path.
卡片 644
问题
What makes a harmful user action unintentional?
答案
The user causes exposure or policy violation through error or misunderstanding rather than deliberate misuse.
卡片 645
问题
How should an organization harden workstations?
答案
Apply a managed secure baseline: patch the OS and applications, remove unnecessary software and services, enforce least privilege, and enable endpoint protection and a host firewall.
卡片 646
问题
What is journaling in recovery?
答案
Recording ordered changes so data can be replayed or restored to a consistent point.
卡片 647
问题
What downtime must a change plan account for?
答案
The period when the affected service will be unavailable or degraded, including the impact on users and dependent systems.
卡片 648
问题
Why must a privacy program map local or regional law to data flows?
答案
The applicable duties can change with the location of the person, organization, processing, or stored data.
卡片 649
问题
Why combine independent preventive controls at different layers?
答案
A failure at one layer does not automatically let the same attack succeed at the next layer.
卡片 650
问题
What is passwordless authentication?
答案
A flow that does not require the user to enter a memorized password, often using public-key credentials.
卡片 651
问题
How can automation improve security reaction time?
答案
It can collect context and perform preapproved containment or routing as soon as a reliable trigger occurs.
卡片 652
问题
What does record-level encryption protect?
答案
Individual records or fields, allowing finer protection than encrypting the entire database.
卡片 653
问题
How can business email compromise misuse urgency?
答案
It pressures an employee to bypass normal verification for a payment, credential, or data request.
卡片 654
问题
What does impact measure in risk analysis?
答案
The consequence to objectives, such as financial, operational, safety, legal, or reputational harm.
卡片 655
问题
What makes cyber activity part of warfare?
答案
It supports military or state conflict objectives such as disruption, intelligence, or influence.
卡片 656
问题
Which indicator can a newly created privileged account produce outside the normal change window?
答案
Out-of-cycle logging; the account event appears at a time when no authorized administrative change was scheduled.
卡片 657
问题
How can configuration enforcement validate a deployed mitigation?
答案
It compares the realized settings with the approved state and corrects or reports drift.
卡片 658
问题
How does validating an alert improve alert tuning?
答案
The analyst can identify which conditions, thresholds, or context caused noise or missed important evidence.
卡片 659
问题
What data-layer impact can a SQL injection vulnerability create?
答案
It can let untrusted input alter a database query, exposing or changing data and sometimes executing administrative operations.
卡片 660
问题
What environmental variables can change vulnerability priority?
答案
Local exposure, configuration, existing controls, asset importance, and the effect on the organization's actual environment.
卡片 661
问题
What security role does SELinux provide?
答案
Mandatory access controls that confine processes according to centrally defined policy.
卡片 662
问题
Why review governance documents periodically?
答案
Business, technology, threats, and external obligations change.
卡片 663
问题
Why evaluate power requirements for a system design?
答案
Power capacity and redundancy constrain availability and recovery.
卡片 664
问题
When is IPsec a better tunnel choice than TLS?
答案
Choose IPsec when policy must protect IP traffic broadly below individual applications—for example, across a site-to-site gateway tunnel. Choose TLS for a specific service connection.
卡片 665
问题
What is a honeytoken?
答案
A fake credential or data element that generates a high-confidence alert when used.
卡片 666
问题
What should embedded-system hardening prioritize?
答案
Trusted firmware, restricted interfaces, secure defaults, minimal services, and a supported update path.
卡片 667
问题
Why must sanitization address data remanence?
答案
Residual data may remain recoverable after ordinary deletion, so the sanitization method must make recovery infeasible for the media and risk.
卡片 668
问题
Why require rules of engagement for vendor testing?
答案
Authorized scope, timing, methods, contacts, and stop conditions prevent unsafe or mistaken activity.
卡片 669
问题
What does a private data classification indicate?
答案
The information concerns an individual or limited internal audience and should not be exposed publicly.
卡片 670
问题
What does a tabletop recovery exercise test?
答案
Participants walk through a scenario and decisions without switching production systems, exposing plan and coordination gaps.
卡片 671
问题
Why prevent password reuse?
答案
One compromised password should not unlock other accounts or services.
卡片 672
问题
Which malicious-activity indicator is unexplained sustained CPU or memory use?
答案
Abnormal resource consumption, such as unusual CPU, memory, power, storage, or network-bandwidth use.
卡片 673
问题
What does transport encryption protect?
答案
It protects data-in-transit confidentiality: captured or intercepted traffic is unreadable without the key. Encryption does not prevent interception or, by itself, provide integrity or authenticate endpoints.
卡片 674
问题
How can a voice call become an attack vector?
答案
An attacker can use a live or synthetic voice to impersonate a trusted party and request secrets, money, or unsafe actions.
卡片 675
问题
What should a digital-forensics report document?
答案
The question examined, methods, evidence sources, timeline, findings, limitations, and the basis for each conclusion.
卡片 676
问题
What tradeoff comes with an expansionary risk appetite?
答案
It accepts more uncertainty and exposure to pursue growth or return, so limits and monitoring must remain explicit.
卡片 677
问题
What does a known penetration-test environment provide?
答案
The tester receives substantial internal knowledge or access so the exercise can focus on deeper control and attack-path testing.
卡片 678
问题
Why evaluate compute requirements before deployment?
答案
Insufficient resources can cause failure, while excessive resources increase cost and attack surface.
卡片 679
问题
Why place sensors at network choke points?
答案
They can observe traffic crossing important trust boundaries.
卡片 680
问题
What should hybrid or remote-work security training emphasize?
答案
Trusted networks and devices, physical privacy, secure communication, reporting, data handling, and separation of work from shared environments.
卡片 681
问题
Why plan an application restart separately from a service restart?
答案
The application may need its own state handling, user coordination, health checks, and rollback point.
卡片 682
问题
What is a cryptographic vulnerability?
答案
A weakness in algorithm choice, key handling, implementation, or protocol use that defeats the intended protection.
卡片 683
问题
Why report findings by asset owner?
答案
Owners need clear accountability and a prioritized remediation queue.
卡片 684
问题
What should guide selection of a secure protocol?
答案
The protocol must protect the required data flow, authenticate the right endpoints, use supported cryptography, and fit operational constraints.
卡片 685
问题
How do centralized and decentralized governance structures differ?
答案
Centralized governance sets decisions from one authority; decentralized governance delegates them and needs strong coordination for consistency.
卡片 686
问题
How does privacy-aware design limit data retention?
答案
It records a justified retention period and makes deletion or anonymization part of the normal data lifecycle.
卡片 687
问题
What does a pressure security sensor detect?
答案
Force or weight applied to a protected surface, such as a floor mat or fence line.
卡片 688
问题
What automation costs should a security team plan for?
答案
Development, licensing, infrastructure, monitoring, maintenance, failure recovery, and the staff needed to own the workflow.
卡片 689
问题
What should RTOS hardening preserve while reducing attack surface?
答案
Deterministic timing and safety requirements, with only necessary services, privileges, interfaces, and validated updates enabled.
卡片 690
问题
What is the goal of disruption-for-chaos activity?
答案
Create instability or damage itself rather than pursue a clear financial or intelligence return.
卡片 691
问题
Which indicator can repeated password guessing produce?
答案
Unexpected account lockout; repeated failed attempts can trigger the account's lockout policy.
卡片 692
问题
How does removing unnecessary software harden a system?
答案
It eliminates code, services, dependencies, and privileges that an attacker could otherwise target.
卡片 693
问题
What does NetFlow provide?
答案
Metadata summarizing network conversations, such as endpoints, ports, timing, protocol, and byte counts.
卡片 694
问题
How can a dashboard support an investigation?
答案
It brings selected current and historical signals together so investigators can spot changes, patterns, and affected scope.
卡片 695
问题
When should a password be expired?
答案
When compromise is suspected, policy or risk requires a change, or the credential no longer meets the approved authentication standard.
卡片 696
问题
Why does cryptographic key length matter?
答案
It affects the work required to search the key space, although security also depends on the algorithm and implementation.
卡片 697
问题
How can an unsecure Bluetooth connection become an attack vector?
答案
Weak pairing, discoverability, or vulnerable services can let a nearby attacker connect, intercept data, or issue commands.
卡片 698
问题
What is a key risk indicator?
答案
A metric that signals changing exposure or increasing likelihood of an adverse outcome.
卡片 699
问题
What should vendor monitoring verify when a contract ends?
答案
Vendor accounts, credentials, connections, data access, and retained assets are removed or transferred as approved.
卡片 700
问题
What does a sensitive data classification indicate?
答案
The information needs safeguards because unauthorized access, change, or loss could cause harm.
卡片 701
问题
What does software-defined networking separate?
答案
The control plane that decides traffic behavior from the data plane that forwards traffic.
卡片 702
问题
Where should a web application firewall be placed?
答案
In the path of web requests before they reach the protected application.
卡片 703
问题
What does a simulated recovery exercise test?
答案
Participants perform realistic response actions in a controlled environment without disrupting production.
卡片 704
问题
How can a team verify that a detective control is effective?
答案
Trigger a known test event and confirm that the control records it, alerts the right responder, and supplies useful evidence.
卡片 705
问题
How should defenders apply a published or documented indicator to telemetry and validate it before escalating?
答案
Search relevant telemetry for matches, then confirm the indicator's relevance, context, and freshness before escalating.
卡片 706
问题
What makes a vulnerability cloud-specific?
答案
It arises from cloud service configuration, shared responsibility, control-plane exposure, tenancy, or provider-specific behavior.
卡片 707
问题
How can insurance respond to vulnerability risk?
答案
It may transfer defined financial consequences, but it does not remove the weakness or the organization's duties.
卡片 708
问题
How does reputation improve web filtering?
答案
It uses prior observations about a domain, address, certificate, or hosting pattern to identify destinations with elevated risk.
卡片 709
问题
What does an encryption policy establish?
答案
Which data and communications require encryption, approved methods, key responsibilities, exceptions, and review duties.
卡片 710
问题
How does a microwave security sensor detect movement?
答案
It emits microwave energy and detects changes in the reflected signal caused by motion.
卡片 711
问题
What should IoT-device hardening change before deployment?
答案
Default credentials, unnecessary services, insecure communication, unmanaged updates, and unrestricted network access.
卡片 712
问题
Why track software licenses as assets?
答案
License ownership, permitted use, updates, and end-of-support status affect compliance and risk.
卡片 713
问题
What does a password manager improve?
答案
It can generate and store unique long passwords so users do not memorize or reuse them.
卡片 714
问题
What makes a ledger open and public?
答案
Anyone can inspect its recorded entries, while its consensus and integrity controls determine who can add valid entries.
卡片 715
问题
What should a payment-change request trigger?
答案
Independent verification through a known channel before any account or payment detail is changed.
卡片 716
问题
What does preserving digital evidence require?
答案
Protecting its integrity, context, access history, and availability from collection through final disposition.
卡片 717
问题
What should a risk report tell decision-makers?
答案
The risk, uncertainty, business impact, owner, treatment, trend, and decision required.
卡片 718
问题
What should an external assessment report provide?
答案
Its scope, criteria, evidence, findings, limitations, conclusions, and responsible follow-up actions.
卡片 719
问题
What is a centralized design's main resilience risk?
答案
A central dependency can become a bottleneck or single point of failure.
卡片 720
问题
What does mutual TLS add to a TLS-protected service connection?
答案
It adds client authentication, commonly with a client certificate, so the client and server authenticate each other.
卡片 721
问题
What should recurring security-awareness reporting show?
答案
Changes in participation, knowledge, behavior, reporting, and incidents, with gaps assigned to owners and follow-up actions.
卡片 722
问题
Why do legacy applications require extra change planning?
答案
They may depend on undocumented behavior, unsupported components, or fragile integrations that make failure and rollback more likely.
卡片 723
问题
How do a data controller and a data processor differ?
答案
A controller decides why and how personal data is processed. A processor handles that data on the controller’s behalf.
卡片 724
问题
How can orchestration become a single point of failure?
答案
Many security workflows may depend on one engine, credential path, or integration hub whose outage stops all of them.
卡片 725
问题
Why should defenses account for a threat actor's sophistication and capability?
答案
Those attributes indicate which techniques the actor can sustain and which controls are likely to slow or expose them.
卡片 726
问题
How does an injection attack make an application execute unintended instructions?
答案
It sends crafted input that an interpreter treats as code or commands instead of data.
卡片 727
问题
What does a host-based firewall control?
答案
Inbound and outbound network traffic for one endpoint according to local rules.
卡片 728
问题
Why revise alerting after an incident?
答案
The incident can reveal missing telemetry, logic, thresholds, or response paths that should produce a better future alert.
卡片 729
问题
Why include security duties in procurement criteria?
答案
Security is easier to require before selection than to retrofit after dependency and data transfer begin.
卡片 730
问题
What does a critical data classification indicate?
答案
The information is essential to vital operations, safety, or mission outcomes and needs the strongest availability and recovery controls.
卡片 731
问题
What infrastructure capacity must support failover?
答案
The alternate site, network, power, cooling, and facility resources needed to carry the transferred load.
卡片 732
问题
Why does shared cloud context matter when evaluating a cloud-specific vulnerability?
答案
The affected service model and responsibility boundary determine who can observe, patch, configure, or compensate for the weakness.
卡片 733
问题
How does a remediation exemption differ from an exception?
答案
Terminology follows the governing policy. A common convention is that an exemption removes a requirement for an approved scope, while an exception permits a time-bounded deviation.
卡片 734
问题
Why should automated EDR or XDR blocking have an exception and rollback path?
答案
A false positive can isolate a critical endpoint or stop a legitimate process, so operators need controlled recovery without disabling protection broadly.
卡片 735
问题
What does a security playbook provide?
答案
A repeatable set of roles, decisions, and actions for handling a defined operational scenario.
卡片 736
问题
How does an ultrasonic security sensor detect movement?
答案
It emits high-frequency sound and detects changes in the returning sound pattern caused by motion.
卡片 737
问题
What should a managed mobile device require for Bluetooth connections?
答案
Intentional pairing, non-discoverable operation when unused, trusted peers, current software, and only necessary Bluetooth profiles.
卡片 738
问题
How do password complexity rules differ from password length?
答案
Complexity rules require selected character types; length measures total characters. Current policy should prioritize sufficient length and block weak or compromised choices instead of relying on composition alone.
卡片 739
问题
What makes a certificate third-party trusted?
答案
A certificate authority outside the subject organization signs it and chains it to a root trusted by relying systems.
卡片 740
问题
Why is an out-of-band check effective against impersonation?
答案
It verifies the request through a separate, previously trusted communication path.
卡片 741
问题
What does a risk exception authorize?
答案
A documented deviation from a requirement for a defined scope, rationale, controls, owner, review, and expiration.
卡片 742
问题
What security challenge grows in a decentralized design?
答案
Consistent policy, inventory, monitoring, and patching become harder.
卡片 743
问题
How should controls be selected for an unused network path?
答案
Choose controls that block it by default, expose only approved connectivity, and make exceptions explicit and reviewable.
卡片 744
问题
How can a buffer-overflow attack affect an application?
答案
It writes past a buffer boundary to corrupt memory, which can crash the application or redirect execution.
744张卡片
CompTIA Security+ SY0-701 Flashcards: Complete Objective Review
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