Academic Vocabulary Flashcards: 300 Words in Context
Study 300 independently selected cross-disciplinary academic words with concise meanings, collocations, and original context examples.
Об этой колоде
Study 300 independently selected cross-disciplinary academic words for reading, listening, speaking, and writing practice. Each card shows one word on the front. The back starts with a concise meaning, then gives a useful collocation and one original academic example.
What this deck practices
- Word → meaning and use: 300 single-word prompts selected through a documented, openly licensed academic-vocabulary source.
- Collocations in context: every answer pairs the word with a natural academic phrase and an original sentence.
Meaning → word cards are excluded because a short definition can fit several words, which would make many reverse prompts ambiguous. Pronunciation, translations, subject-specific terminology, exam tactics, predicted test frequency, and score claims are also outside the scope.
The deterministic sequence interleaves research methods, reasoning and claims, change and causation, comparison and evaluation, systems and processes, and society and policy. Close word-family variants stay at least three unrelated cards apart. The review scheduler handles longer-term spacing after installation.
Word selection starts from Magali Paquot's Academic Keyword List, published under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0. This deck uses a filtered and reordered 300-word subset, with analyse → analyze and summarise → summarize normalizations. The source list itself warns that pedagogical mediation is still needed. All meanings, collocations, examples, grouping, and ordering here are independently authored. This is not an official or exhaustive vocabulary list for the TOEFL iBT® test.
Requested source citation: Paquot, M. (2010). Academic Vocabulary in Learner Writing: From Extraction to Analysis. London & New York: Continuum, pp. 56–58.
The Common knowledge · CC0 1.0 label applies only to the independently authored card text, organization, and metadata to the extent applicable rights exist. It does not replace or override the AKL's CC BY 4.0 terms; reusers must follow those terms for the source-list contribution. It does not claim ownership of facts or ordinary English words. For current test content, see ETS's TOEFL iBT® test content and structure.
TOEFL iBT® is a registered trademark of ETS. This product is not endorsed or approved by ETS. No ETS questions, answers, scoring guides, or source prose were copied.
Карточки в этой колоде
Карточка 1
Вопрос
adoption
Ответ
Meaning: The decision or process of starting to use an idea, method, or system.
Collocation: widespread adoption
Example: Widespread adoption of the new method took several years.
Карточка 2
Вопрос
argument
Ответ
Meaning: A set of reasons used to support a conclusion or position.
Collocation: central argument
Example: The article's central argument rests on evidence from two long-term studies.
Карточка 3
Вопрос
analysis
Ответ
Meaning: A careful examination of something to understand its parts or meaning.
Collocation: data analysis
Example: The data analysis revealed a clear seasonal pattern.
Карточка 4
Вопрос
association
Ответ
Meaning: A connection between two people, events, qualities, or variables.
Collocation: strong association
Example: The survey found a strong association between sleep and concentration.
Карточка 5
Вопрос
cause
Ответ
Meaning: Something that makes an event or condition happen.
Collocation: underlying cause
Example: The study examined the underlying cause of the population decline.
Карточка 6
Вопрос
advantage
Ответ
Meaning: A condition or feature that makes success more likely.
Collocation: significant advantage
Example: Early access to the archive gave the researchers a significant advantage.
Карточка 7
Вопрос
attitude
Ответ
Meaning: A settled way of thinking or feeling about something.
Collocation: public attitude
Example: Public attitudes toward urban transport changed after the pilot program.
Карточка 8
Вопрос
application
Ответ
Meaning: A practical use of an idea, method, or discovery.
Collocation: practical application
Example: The material has a practical application in water filtration.
Карточка 9
Вопрос
category
Ответ
Meaning: A group of things that share defined features.
Collocation: broad category
Example: The researchers placed both materials in the same broad category.
Карточка 10
Вопрос
assertion
Ответ
Meaning: A confident statement presented as true.
Collocation: unsupported assertion
Example: Without survey data, the claim remained an unsupported assertion.
Карточка 11
Вопрос
alternative
Ответ
Meaning: Another option that can be chosen instead of the usual one.
Collocation: viable alternative
Example: Solar heating offered a viable alternative to imported fuel.
Карточка 12
Вопрос
change
Ответ
Meaning: A shift from one state, condition, or form to another.
Collocation: gradual change
Example: The sediment layers record gradual change in the region's climate.
Карточка 13
Вопрос
assessment
Ответ
Meaning: A reasoned judgment about the quality, value, or condition of something.
Collocation: risk assessment
Example: The team completed a risk assessment before entering the cave.
Карточка 14
Вопрос
combination
Ответ
Meaning: Two or more things joined or used together.
Collocation: combination of factors
Example: A combination of factors shaped the city's growth.
Карточка 15
Вопрос
assumption
Ответ
Meaning: An idea accepted as true without complete proof.
Collocation: underlying assumption
Example: The model's underlying assumption is that demand remains stable.
Карточка 16
Вопрос
balance
Ответ
Meaning: A state in which competing factors have suitable proportions.
Collocation: achieve a balance
Example: The policy tries to achieve a balance between access and conservation.
Карточка 17
Вопрос
awareness
Ответ
Meaning: Knowledge or understanding that a situation or issue exists.
Collocation: raise awareness
Example: The campaign raised awareness of preventable water waste.
Карточка 18
Вопрос
consequence
Ответ
Meaning: A result that follows from an action or condition.
Collocation: unintended consequence
Example: Higher rents were an unintended consequence of the redevelopment plan.
Карточка 19
Вопрос
concept
Ответ
Meaning: A general idea used to understand or organize something.
Collocation: abstract concept
Example: The diagram makes the abstract concept easier to understand.
Карточка 20
Вопрос
conclusion
Ответ
Meaning: A judgment reached after considering evidence or reasoning.
Collocation: draw a conclusion
Example: The sample was too small to draw a firm conclusion.
Карточка 21
Вопрос
benefit
Ответ
Meaning: A helpful or favorable result.
Collocation: long-term benefit
Example: Better insulation provides a long-term benefit by reducing energy use.
Карточка 22
Вопрос
bias
Ответ
Meaning: A systematic tendency or error that can distort judgment, sampling, or results.
Collocation: selection bias
Example: Selection bias may occur if only frequent users answer the survey.
Карточка 23
Вопрос
decline
Ответ
Meaning: A gradual decrease in amount, quality, or importance.
Collocation: sharp decline
Example: The records show a sharp decline in fish populations after 1990.
Карточка 24
Вопрос
classification
Ответ
Meaning: The process or system of arranging things into groups.
Collocation: classification system
Example: The new classification system groups plants by shared genetic features.
Карточка 25
Вопрос
condition
Ответ
Meaning: A circumstance that affects how something happens or exists.
Collocation: controlled condition
Example: Each seedling grew under the same controlled conditions.
Карточка 26
Вопрос
contradiction
Ответ
Meaning: A conflict between statements, ideas, or results that cannot both be true.
Collocation: apparent contradiction
Example: Further testing resolved the apparent contradiction between the two findings.
Карточка 27
Вопрос
challenge
Ответ
Meaning: A difficult problem or task that requires effort to solve.
Collocation: major challenge
Example: Limited storage remains a major challenge for renewable energy systems.
Карточка 28
Вопрос
development
Ответ
Meaning: The process of growing, changing, or becoming more advanced.
Collocation: economic development
Example: The railway accelerated economic development across the region.
Карточка 29
Вопрос
data
Ответ
Meaning: Facts, measurements, or observations collected for analysis.
Collocation: collect data
Example: Researchers collected data from weather stations across the island.
Карточка 30
Вопрос
comparison
Ответ
Meaning: An examination of how two or more things are alike or different.
Collocation: direct comparison
Example: A direct comparison showed that the two methods produced similar results.
Карточка 31
Вопрос
criterion
Ответ
Meaning: A standard used to judge or decide something.
Collocation: selection criterion
Example: Research experience was one selection criterion for the program.
Карточка 32
Вопрос
construction
Ответ
Meaning: The process of building something or forming an idea.
Collocation: social construction
Example: The lecture examined identity as a social construction.
Карточка 33
Вопрос
effect
Ответ
Meaning: A change produced by a cause.
Collocation: measurable effect
Example: The treatment had a measurable effect on plant growth.
Карточка 34
Вопрос
choice
Ответ
Meaning: An act or possibility of selecting among options.
Collocation: informed choice
Example: Clear labels help consumers make an informed choice.
Карточка 35
Вопрос
definition
Ответ
Meaning: A statement that explains the exact meaning of a word or concept.
Collocation: precise definition
Example: The report begins with a precise definition of food security.
Карточка 36
Вопрос
complexity
Ответ
Meaning: The state of having many connected parts or difficult features.
Collocation: growing complexity
Example: The model captures the growing complexity of urban transport networks.
Карточка 37
Вопрос
criticism
Ответ
Meaning: A judgment that identifies faults or weaknesses.
Collocation: face criticism
Example: The proposal faced criticism for excluding rural communities.
Карточка 38
Вопрос
constraint
Ответ
Meaning: A limit that restricts what can be done.
Collocation: financial constraint
Example: Financial constraints reduced the size of the field study.
Карточка 39
Вопрос
evolution
Ответ
Meaning: Gradual development or change over time, especially across generations.
Collocation: cultural evolution
Example: Written records offer clues about the cultural evolution of the region.
Карточка 40
Вопрос
evidence
Ответ
Meaning: Information that supports or challenges a claim.
Collocation: strong evidence
Example: Ice cores provide strong evidence of past temperature changes.
Карточка 41
Вопрос
compromise
Ответ
Meaning: An agreement in which each side accepts less than it originally wanted.
Collocation: reach a compromise
Example: The two agencies reached a compromise on water use.
Карточка 42
Вопрос
circumstance
Ответ
Meaning: A fact or condition that shapes a situation.
Collocation: unusual circumstance
Example: Under normal circumstances, the reaction takes less than a minute.
Карточка 43
Вопрос
debate
Ответ
Meaning: A serious discussion in which different views on an issue are considered.
Collocation: ongoing debate
Example: The discovery renewed the ongoing debate about early migration routes.
Карточка 44
Вопрос
expansion
Ответ
Meaning: An increase in size, range, or activity.
Collocation: rapid expansion
Example: Rapid expansion of the city replaced much of the surrounding farmland.
Карточка 45
Вопрос
evaluation
Ответ
Meaning: A systematic judgment of quality, effectiveness, or value.
Collocation: program evaluation
Example: The program evaluation included interviews with teachers and students.
Карточка 46
Вопрос
contrast
Ответ
Meaning: A clear difference between two or more things.
Collocation: sharp contrast
Example: The dry interior stands in sharp contrast to the wet coast.
Карточка 47
Вопрос
commitment
Ответ
Meaning: A firm promise or continuing dedication to an aim.
Collocation: long-term commitment
Example: Restoring the forest requires a long-term commitment from local agencies.
Карточка 48
Вопрос
content
Ответ
Meaning: The information, ideas, or material contained in something.
Collocation: course content
Example: The instructor revised the course content to include recent research.
Карточка 49
Вопрос
factor
Ответ
Meaning: One element that helps produce a result.
Collocation: contributing factor
Example: Access to clean water was a contributing factor in the health improvement.
Карточка 50
Вопрос
experiment
Ответ
Meaning: A controlled test designed to investigate a question.
Collocation: laboratory experiment
Example: The laboratory experiment tested how temperature affects the reaction.
Карточка 51
Вопрос
correlation
Ответ
Meaning: A relationship in which two variables change together.
Collocation: positive correlation
Example: The data show a positive correlation between practice time and accuracy.
Карточка 52
Вопрос
explanation
Ответ
Meaning: A statement that makes a fact, process, or reason clear.
Collocation: plausible explanation
Example: Changes in rainfall offer a plausible explanation for the migration.
Карточка 53
Вопрос
control
Ответ
Meaning: The power or method used to direct, limit, or keep something stable.
Collocation: quality control
Example: Strict quality control reduced errors in the manufacturing process.
Карточка 54
Вопрос
communication
Ответ
Meaning: The exchange of information, ideas, or feelings.
Collocation: effective communication
Example: Effective communication helped the research teams coordinate their work.
Карточка 55
Вопрос
finding
Ответ
Meaning: A result discovered through research or investigation.
Collocation: key finding
Example: A key finding was that small wetlands support many species.
Карточка 56
Вопрос
growth
Ответ
Meaning: An increase in size, amount, or development.
Collocation: population growth
Example: Population growth increased demand for public transport.
Карточка 57
Вопрос
implication
Ответ
Meaning: A likely consequence or meaning that is suggested rather than stated.
Collocation: practical implication
Example: The finding has a practical implication for classroom design.
Карточка 58
Вопрос
dimension
Ответ
Meaning: One aspect or feature of a situation or system.
Collocation: social dimension
Example: The report adds a social dimension to the economic analysis.
Карточка 59
Вопрос
difference
Ответ
Meaning: A way in which two or more things are not the same.
Collocation: significant difference
Example: The trial found no significant difference between the two treatments.
Карточка 60
Вопрос
community
Ответ
Meaning: A group of people connected by place, identity, or shared interests.
Collocation: local community
Example: The local community helped design the coastal protection plan.
Карточка 61
Вопрос
hypothesis
Ответ
Meaning: A testable proposed explanation for an observation.
Collocation: test a hypothesis
Example: The researchers designed an experiment to test their hypothesis.
Карточка 62
Вопрос
insight
Ответ
Meaning: A clear and useful understanding of a complex issue.
Collocation: valuable insight
Example: The interviews provided valuable insight into students' study habits.
Карточка 63
Вопрос
element
Ответ
Meaning: A basic part of a larger whole.
Collocation: essential element
Example: Trust is an essential element of successful cooperation.
Карточка 64
Вопрос
difficulty
Ответ
Meaning: A problem or condition that makes something hard to do or understand.
Collocation: practical difficulty
Example: Recruiting enough participants created a practical difficulty for the study.
Карточка 65
Вопрос
conflict
Ответ
Meaning: A serious disagreement or clash between interests, ideas, or groups.
Collocation: conflict of interest
Example: Reviewers must disclose any conflict of interest.
Карточка 66
Вопрос
impact
Ответ
Meaning: A strong effect on a situation, system, or person.
Collocation: environmental impact
Example: The assessment considered the dam's environmental impact.
Карточка 67
Вопрос
investigation
Ответ
Meaning: A systematic search for facts or causes.
Collocation: detailed investigation
Example: A detailed investigation traced the contamination to a damaged pipe.
Карточка 68
Вопрос
interpretation
Ответ
Meaning: An explanation of the meaning or importance of something.
Collocation: alternative interpretation
Example: The historian offered an alternative interpretation of the treaty.
Карточка 69
Вопрос
disadvantage
Ответ
Meaning: A condition or feature that makes success less likely.
Collocation: major disadvantage
Example: High maintenance costs are a major disadvantage of the older system.
Карточка 70
Вопрос
formation
Ответ
Meaning: The process by which something develops or takes shape.
Collocation: cloud formation
Example: Air temperature influences cloud formation above the mountains.
Карточка 71
Вопрос
improvement
Ответ
Meaning: A change that makes something better.
Collocation: marked improvement
Example: The second trial showed a marked improvement in accuracy.
Карточка 72
Вопрос
consensus
Ответ
Meaning: General agreement among members of a group.
Collocation: broad consensus
Example: Scientists reached a broad consensus after reviewing the new evidence.
Карточка 73
Вопрос
literature
Ответ
Meaning: Published research and writing about a subject.
Collocation: existing literature
Example: The review compares the new results with the existing literature.
Карточка 74
Вопрос
logic
Ответ
Meaning: A system of reasoning that connects ideas and conclusions.
Collocation: underlying logic
Example: The lecturer explained the underlying logic of the classification scheme.
Карточка 75
Вопрос
form
Ответ
Meaning: The structure, type, or visible shape that something takes.
Collocation: common form
Example: Oral history is a common form of evidence in community research.
Карточка 76
Вопрос
distinction
Ответ
Meaning: A meaningful difference between similar things or ideas.
Collocation: clear distinction
Example: The article makes a clear distinction between weather and climate.
Карточка 77
Вопрос
increase
Ответ
Meaning: A rise in amount, size, number, or intensity.
Collocation: substantial increase
Example: The region recorded a substantial increase in winter rainfall.
Карточка 78
Вопрос
convention
Ответ
Meaning: A widely accepted way of behaving, writing, or doing something.
Collocation: academic convention
Example: Citing sources is a basic academic convention.
Карточка 79
Вопрос
method
Ответ
Meaning: An organized way of doing or studying something.
Collocation: research method
Example: Interviews were the main research method used in the project.
Карточка 80
Вопрос
function
Ответ
Meaning: The purpose or activity for which something exists.
Collocation: primary function
Example: The wetland's primary function is to store and filter water.
Карточка 81
Вопрос
notion
Ответ
Meaning: An idea or belief about something.
Collocation: traditional notion
Example: The discovery challenged the traditional notion that the region was isolated.
Карточка 82
Вопрос
influence
Ответ
Meaning: The power to affect a person, process, or outcome.
Collocation: strong influence
Example: Ocean currents have a strong influence on the island's climate.
Карточка 83
Вопрос
culture
Ответ
Meaning: The shared beliefs, practices, arts, and ways of life of a group.
Collocation: academic culture
Example: The university's academic culture encouraged open debate.
Карточка 84
Вопрос
diversity
Ответ
Meaning: The presence of many different types within a group or system.
Collocation: biological diversity
Example: Habitat loss threatens the island's biological diversity.
Карточка 85
Вопрос
model
Ответ
Meaning: A simplified representation used to explain or predict a system.
Collocation: climate model
Example: The climate model predicts drier summers in the southern region.
Карточка 86
Вопрос
integration
Ответ
Meaning: The process of combining parts into a connected whole.
Collocation: social integration
Example: Shared public spaces can support social integration in new neighborhoods.
Карточка 87
Вопрос
progress
Ответ
Meaning: Movement toward a goal or a more developed state.
Collocation: make progress
Example: The restoration team made steady progress despite heavy rain.
Карточка 88
Вопрос
perspective
Ответ
Meaning: A particular way of understanding or viewing an issue.
Collocation: historical perspective
Example: A historical perspective helps explain the current border dispute.
Карточка 89
Вопрос
decision
Ответ
Meaning: A choice made after considering available options.
Collocation: policy decision
Example: The policy decision followed months of public consultation.
Карточка 90
Вопрос
effectiveness
Ответ
Meaning: The degree to which something achieves its intended result.
Collocation: evaluate effectiveness
Example: The trial evaluated the effectiveness of the new teaching method.
Карточка 91
Вопрос
observation
Ответ
Meaning: The act of carefully watching or measuring something to gather information.
Collocation: direct observation
Example: Direct observation confirmed that the birds feed at dawn.
Карточка 92
Вопрос
interaction
Ответ
Meaning: A process in which two or more things affect one another.
Collocation: complex interaction
Example: Soil quality depends on a complex interaction of water, minerals, and organisms.
Карточка 93
Вопрос
proposition
Ответ
Meaning: A statement or idea offered for consideration or testing.
Collocation: central proposition
Example: The essay tests the central proposition against three historical cases.
Карточка 94
Вопрос
discrimination
Ответ
Meaning: Unfair treatment based on a person's group or perceived characteristics.
Collocation: employment discrimination
Example: The study examined how employment discrimination affects income.
Карточка 95
Вопрос
exception
Ответ
Meaning: A case that does not follow a general rule or pattern.
Collocation: notable exception
Example: Most species migrated south, with one notable exception.
Карточка 96
Вопрос
reduction
Ответ
Meaning: A decrease in size, amount, or degree.
Collocation: significant reduction
Example: The insulation produced a significant reduction in energy use.
Карточка 97
Вопрос
participant
Ответ
Meaning: A person who takes part in an activity or study.
Collocation: study participant
Example: Each study participant completed the same questionnaire.
Карточка 98
Вопрос
reason
Ответ
Meaning: A cause, explanation, or basis for an action or belief.
Collocation: main reason
Example: Lower cost was the main reason for choosing the second material.
Карточка 99
Вопрос
environment
Ответ
Meaning: The natural or social surroundings in which something exists.
Collocation: learning environment
Example: Flexible seating changed the classroom's learning environment.
Карточка 100
Вопрос
link
Ответ
Meaning: A connection between people, ideas, events, or parts of a system.
Collocation: establish a link
Example: The study established a link between soil moisture and seed survival.
Карточка 101
Вопрос
rise
Ответ
Meaning: An increase in amount, level, or importance.
Collocation: steady rise
Example: The records show a steady rise in average sea temperature.
Карточка 102
Вопрос
limit
Ответ
Meaning: The greatest amount, extent, or level that is allowed or possible.
Collocation: upper limit
Example: The instrument has an upper limit beyond which readings are unreliable.
Карточка 103
Вопрос
reasoning
Ответ
Meaning: The process of using facts and logic to reach a judgment.
Collocation: logical reasoning
Example: The solution requires logical reasoning rather than memorization.
Карточка 104
Вопрос
procedure
Ответ
Meaning: An established series of steps for doing something.
Collocation: standard procedure
Example: Each laboratory followed the same standard procedure.
Карточка 105
Вопрос
maintenance
Ответ
Meaning: Work that keeps a system, condition, or structure functioning.
Collocation: routine maintenance
Example: Routine maintenance extended the bridge's useful life.
Карточка 106
Вопрос
establishment
Ответ
Meaning: The act of creating an organization, system, or lasting condition.
Collocation: establishment of a network
Example: The establishment of a monitoring network improved storm warnings.
Карточка 107
Вопрос
shift
Ответ
Meaning: A change in position, direction, emphasis, or opinion.
Collocation: major shift
Example: The findings prompted a major shift in conservation policy.
Карточка 108
Вопрос
limitation
Ответ
Meaning: A restriction or weakness that affects what is possible or reliable.
Collocation: major limitation
Example: The study's major limitation was its short observation period.
Карточка 109
Вопрос
research
Ответ
Meaning: Systematic study intended to establish facts or develop understanding.
Collocation: conduct research
Example: The team conducted research on low-cost water filters.
Карточка 110
Вопрос
medium
Ответ
Meaning: A channel or material through which information or an effect is carried.
Collocation: communication medium
Example: Radio remained an important communication medium in remote areas.
Карточка 111
Вопрос
relevance
Ответ
Meaning: The degree to which something relates to the matter being considered.
Collocation: practical relevance
Example: The lecturer explained the theory's practical relevance to urban planning.
Карточка 112
Вопрос
identity
Ответ
Meaning: The qualities, beliefs, or affiliations that define a person or group.
Collocation: cultural identity
Example: Language played a central role in the community's cultural identity.
Карточка 113
Вопрос
likelihood
Ответ
Meaning: The degree to which something is likely to happen.
Collocation: reduce the likelihood
Example: Early detection can reduce the likelihood of a larger outbreak.
Карточка 114
Вопрос
transition
Ответ
Meaning: The process of changing from one state or system to another.
Collocation: gradual transition
Example: The region made a gradual transition from coal to renewable energy.
Карточка 115
Вопрос
sample
Ответ
Meaning: A smaller group or amount selected to represent a larger whole.
Collocation: representative sample
Example: The survey used a representative sample of households from each district.
Карточка 116
Вопрос
theory
Ответ
Meaning: A well-supported explanation that connects facts or observations.
Collocation: scientific theory
Example: New observations strengthened the scientific theory rather than replacing it.
Карточка 117
Вопрос
institution
Ответ
Meaning: An established organization or social system with a public role.
Collocation: educational institution
Example: Each educational institution set its own admission policy.
Карточка 118
Вопрос
mode
Ответ
Meaning: A particular way in which something happens or operates.
Collocation: mode of transport
Example: Cycling became the preferred mode of transport for short trips.
Карточка 119
Вопрос
possibility
Ответ
Meaning: A chance that something may exist or happen.
Collocation: explore the possibility
Example: The team explored the possibility of reusing wastewater.
Карточка 120
Вопрос
trend
Ответ
Meaning: A general direction in which a situation is changing.
Collocation: long-term trend
Example: A single cold year did not reverse the long-term warming trend.
Карточка 121
Вопрос
viewpoint
Ответ
Meaning: A particular opinion or position from which an issue is considered.
Collocation: opposing viewpoint
Example: The seminar required students to address an opposing viewpoint fairly.
Карточка 122
Вопрос
intervention
Ответ
Meaning: An action taken to change a situation or prevent a problem.
Collocation: early intervention
Example: Early intervention helped prevent minor reading difficulties from growing.
Карточка 123
Вопрос
network
Ответ
Meaning: A connected system of people, places, or components.
Collocation: transport network
Example: The new rail line connected two previously isolated towns to the regional transport network.
Карточка 124
Вопрос
scale
Ответ
Meaning: The size, extent, or level at which something occurs or is measured.
Collocation: large scale
Example: Producing the material on a large scale requires less energy than expected.
Карточка 125
Вопрос
variation
Ответ
Meaning: A difference or change within a group, range, or pattern.
Collocation: regional variation
Example: The map shows regional variation in annual rainfall.
Карточка 126
Вопрос
potential
Ответ
Meaning: The capacity to develop, happen, or become useful in the future.
Collocation: considerable potential
Example: The coastal winds have considerable potential for electricity generation.
Карточка 127
Вопрос
claim
Ответ
Meaning: A statement that something is true, often requiring evidence.
Collocation: support a claim
Example: The author used census records to support the claim.
Карточка 128
Вопрос
majority
Ответ
Meaning: More than half of a group or amount.
Collocation: clear majority
Example: A clear majority of respondents preferred the quieter route.
Карточка 129
Вопрос
operation
Ответ
Meaning: The process of working or the way a system functions.
Collocation: normal operation
Example: The backup battery keeps the sensor in normal operation during outages.
Карточка 130
Вопрос
statistics
Ответ
Meaning: Numerical facts collected and analyzed to describe a group or situation.
Collocation: official statistics
Example: Official statistics show a decline in household energy use.
Карточка 131
Вопрос
affect
Ответ
Meaning: To produce a change in someone or something.
Collocation: significantly affect
Example: Soil acidity can significantly affect nutrient availability.
Карточка 132
Вопрос
proportion
Ответ
Meaning: A part or share of a whole, often expressed as a fraction or percentage.
Collocation: large proportion
Example: A large proportion of the city's water comes from underground sources.
Карточка 133
Вопрос
minority
Ответ
Meaning: A group or amount that forms less than half of a larger whole.
Collocation: small minority
Example: Only a small minority of participants left the study early.
Карточка 134
Вопрос
outcome
Ответ
Meaning: The final result of a process, event, or action.
Collocation: learning outcome
Example: Regular feedback improved the course's main learning outcome.
Карточка 135
Вопрос
clarify
Ответ
Meaning: To make an idea, statement, or situation easier to understand.
Collocation: clarify the distinction
Example: The final section clarifies the distinction between correlation and cause.
Карточка 136
Вопрос
alter
Ответ
Meaning: To change something, usually without replacing it completely.
Collocation: substantially alter
Example: A new dam could substantially alter the river's seasonal flow.
Карточка 137
Вопрос
survey
Ответ
Meaning: A study that systematically collects information, often from a sample of people.
Collocation: national survey
Example: A national survey measured changes in commuting habits.
Карточка 138
Вопрос
quality
Ответ
Meaning: The degree of excellence or a distinguishing feature of something.
Collocation: data quality
Example: Missing observations reduced the overall quality of the data.
Карточка 139
Вопрос
motivation
Ответ
Meaning: The reason or desire that drives someone to act.
Collocation: strong motivation
Example: Curiosity was her strongest motivation for joining the research team.
Карточка 140
Вопрос
output
Ответ
Meaning: The amount or product generated by a person, machine, or system.
Collocation: energy output
Example: Cloud cover reduced the panels' energy output.
Карточка 141
Вопрос
cite
Ответ
Meaning: To name a source or example as evidence or authority.
Collocation: cite a source
Example: The report cites a recent study of coastal erosion.
Карточка 142
Вопрос
technique
Ответ
Meaning: A specific skill or way of carrying out a task.
Collocation: sampling technique
Example: The team used a new sampling technique to collect deep-water organisms.
Карточка 143
Вопрос
range
Ответ
Meaning: The full set or span of possible values, types, or choices.
Collocation: wide range
Example: The library holds a wide range of regional newspapers.
Карточка 144
Вопрос
arise
Ответ
Meaning: To begin to exist or become noticeable.
Collocation: problems arise
Example: Problems may arise when the two databases use different definitions.
Карточка 145
Вопрос
norm
Ответ
Meaning: A standard or expected pattern of behavior within a group.
Collocation: social norm
Example: Remote work changed the social norm of daily office attendance.
Карточка 146
Вопрос
pattern
Ответ
Meaning: A repeated or regular arrangement, behavior, or trend.
Collocation: consistent pattern
Example: The interviews revealed a consistent pattern of delayed enrollment.
Карточка 147
Вопрос
conclude
Ответ
Meaning: To reach a judgment after considering evidence.
Collocation: conclude that
Example: The researchers concluded that both habitats supported similar populations.
Карточка 148
Вопрос
validity
Ответ
Meaning: The degree to which a method measures what it should or an inference is well supported.
Collocation: assess validity
Example: A second experiment helped assess the validity of the original result.
Карточка 149
Вопрос
rate
Ответ
Meaning: A measure of how often or how quickly something happens.
Collocation: growth rate
Example: The seedlings had a slower growth rate in colder soil.
Карточка 150
Вопрос
develop
Ответ
Meaning: To grow, change, or make something more advanced over time.
Collocation: develop a method
Example: Engineers developed a method for recycling the damaged material.
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Карточка 151
Вопрос
process
Ответ
Meaning: A connected series of actions or changes that produces a result.
Collocation: decision-making process
Example: Residents took part in every stage of the decision-making process.
Карточка 152
Вопрос
demonstrate
Ответ
Meaning: To show clearly through evidence, reasoning, or an example.
Collocation: demonstrate a relationship
Example: The results demonstrate a relationship between shade and soil moisture.
Карточка 153
Вопрос
opportunity
Ответ
Meaning: A favorable situation that makes an action or achievement possible.
Collocation: equal opportunity
Example: The scholarship gave rural students an equal opportunity to attend the course.
Карточка 154
Вопрос
significance
Ответ
Meaning: The importance or practical meaning of something.
Collocation: practical significance
Example: The small difference had little practical significance for patients.
Карточка 155
Вопрос
analyze
Ответ
Meaning: To examine something carefully by separating it into parts.
Collocation: analyze data
Example: The researchers analyzed the data before drawing a conclusion.
Карточка 156
Вопрос
diminish
Ответ
Meaning: To become or make something smaller, weaker, or less important.
Collocation: gradually diminish
Example: The sound gradually diminished as the storm moved inland.
Карточка 157
Вопрос
describe
Ответ
Meaning: To state the features, appearance, or course of something in words.
Collocation: describe a process
Example: The report describes the process used to restore the wetland.
Карточка 158
Вопрос
policy
Ответ
Meaning: An agreed plan or principle used to guide decisions.
Collocation: public policy
Example: The findings influenced public policy on building insulation.
Карточка 159
Вопрос
similarity
Ответ
Meaning: A feature or degree of being alike.
Collocation: striking similarity
Example: The two languages share a striking similarity in sentence structure.
Карточка 160
Вопрос
assess
Ответ
Meaning: To judge the quality, importance, or condition of something.
Collocation: assess the impact
Example: The team assessed the impact of tourism on nesting birds.
Карточка 161
Вопрос
emerge
Ответ
Meaning: To become visible, known, or important.
Collocation: new evidence emerges
Example: A different explanation emerged after the fossils were dated.
Карточка 162
Вопрос
production
Ответ
Meaning: The process of creating goods, energy, or other output.
Collocation: food production
Example: Improved irrigation increased food production during dry years.
Карточка 163
Вопрос
population
Ответ
Meaning: All people or organisms of a defined group or area.
Collocation: study population
Example: The study population included adults from four coastal towns.
Карточка 164
Вопрос
discuss
Ответ
Meaning: To examine an issue in speech or writing by considering its details.
Collocation: discuss the findings
Example: The final chapter discusses the findings in relation to earlier research.
Карточка 165
Вопрос
standard
Ответ
Meaning: An accepted level or rule used to judge quality or performance.
Collocation: meet a standard
Example: Every sample had to meet the same purity standard.
Карточка 166
Вопрос
enhance
Ответ
Meaning: To improve the quality, value, or strength of something.
Collocation: enhance understanding
Example: The interactive map enhanced students' understanding of migration routes.
Карточка 167
Вопрос
classify
Ответ
Meaning: To arrange things into groups based on shared features.
Collocation: classify species
Example: Biologists classified the species by examining their genetic differences.
Карточка 168
Вопрос
property
Ответ
Meaning: A characteristic or quality that something possesses.
Collocation: physical property
Example: Flexibility is a useful physical property of the new material.
Карточка 169
Вопрос
practice
Ответ
Meaning: A customary or repeated way of doing something.
Collocation: common practice
Example: Rotating crops became common practice among local farmers.
Карточка 170
Вопрос
tolerance
Ответ
Meaning: The ability of an organism, material, or system to endure a condition without failing.
Collocation: heat tolerance
Example: The experiment measured each plant's heat tolerance.
Карточка 171
Вопрос
evolve
Ответ
Meaning: To develop gradually over time.
Collocation: gradually evolve
Example: The trade network gradually evolved into a formal market system.
Карточка 172
Вопрос
conduct
Ответ
Meaning: To organize and carry out an activity or study.
Collocation: conduct an experiment
Example: The students conducted an experiment under controlled conditions.
Карточка 173
Вопрос
relationship
Ответ
Meaning: The way in which two or more things are connected.
Collocation: causal relationship
Example: The data alone cannot establish a causal relationship.
Карточка 174
Вопрос
exemplify
Ответ
Meaning: To serve as a clear example of an idea or quality.
Collocation: exemplify a trend
Example: The renovated station exemplifies the trend toward mixed-use design.
Карточка 175
Вопрос
protection
Ответ
Meaning: Action taken to keep someone or something safe from harm.
Collocation: environmental protection
Example: The law strengthened environmental protection around the wetland.
Карточка 176
Вопрос
expand
Ответ
Meaning: To become or make something larger in size, range, or detail.
Collocation: expand access
Example: The university expanded access to its digital archive.
Карточка 177
Вопрос
value
Ответ
Meaning: The importance or usefulness of something.
Collocation: practical value
Example: The simple method has practical value in laboratories with limited equipment.
Карточка 178
Вопрос
resource
Ответ
Meaning: A supply, asset, or source of support that can be used.
Collocation: natural resource
Example: Fresh water is a limited natural resource on the island.
Карточка 179
Вопрос
explain
Ответ
Meaning: To make an idea, fact, or cause clear by giving details.
Collocation: explain a result
Example: Differences in soil depth may explain the result.
Карточка 180
Вопрос
define
Ответ
Meaning: To state the exact meaning, limits, or essential character of something.
Collocation: clearly define
Example: The authors clearly define what they mean by sustainable growth.
Карточка 181
Вопрос
provision
Ответ
Meaning: The act of supplying something that people need.
Collocation: service provision
Example: The reform improved service provision in remote districts.
Карточка 182
Вопрос
variety
Ответ
Meaning: A collection or range of different types.
Collocation: wide variety
Example: The reef supports a wide variety of marine organisms.
Карточка 183
Вопрос
scope
Ответ
Meaning: The range of subjects, activities, or possibilities covered.
Collocation: limited scope
Example: The study's limited scope excludes private transportation.
Карточка 184
Вопрос
generate
Ответ
Meaning: To produce or create something.
Collocation: generate electricity
Example: The turbines generate electricity during periods of strong wind.
Карточка 185
Вопрос
formulate
Ответ
Meaning: To develop and express an idea, plan, or theory carefully.
Collocation: formulate a hypothesis
Example: The observations helped the students formulate a testable hypothesis.
Карточка 186
Вопрос
design
Ответ
Meaning: To plan the structure, method, or appearance of something.
Collocation: design a study
Example: The team designed a study that compared three teaching methods.
Карточка 187
Вопрос
requirement
Ответ
Meaning: Something that is necessary or officially demanded.
Collocation: legal requirement
Example: Public reporting is a legal requirement for the agency.
Карточка 188
Вопрос
compare
Ответ
Meaning: To examine things to identify similarities and differences.
Collocation: compare results
Example: The researchers compared results from urban and rural schools.
Карточка 189
Вопрос
section
Ответ
Meaning: A distinct part of a larger whole, text, or organization.
Collocation: final section
Example: The final section considers the study's limitations.
Карточка 190
Вопрос
highlight
Ответ
Meaning: To draw attention to something important.
Collocation: highlight a difference
Example: The map highlights the difference between summer and winter rainfall.
Карточка 191
Вопрос
determine
Ответ
Meaning: To discover, establish, or decide something through evidence or calculation.
Collocation: determine the cause
Example: Further testing was needed to determine the cause of the failure.
Карточка 192
Вопрос
improve
Ответ
Meaning: To make or become better in quality or performance.
Collocation: improve accuracy
Example: Repeated calibration improved the sensor's accuracy.
Карточка 193
Вопрос
resistance
Ответ
Meaning: Opposition to a change, idea, or policy.
Collocation: resistance to change
Example: Resistance to change slowed the introduction of the new system.
Карточка 194
Вопрос
differ
Ответ
Meaning: To be unlike or distinct from something else.
Collocation: differ significantly
Example: The two groups did not differ significantly in age.
Карточка 195
Вопрос
separation
Ответ
Meaning: The state or process of dividing or keeping things apart.
Collocation: physical separation
Example: Physical separation prevented the two chemicals from reacting.
Карточка 196
Вопрос
illustrate
Ответ
Meaning: To make an idea clear by giving an example, image, or comparison.
Collocation: illustrate a point
Example: The author uses a coastal town to illustrate the broader point.
Карточка 197
Вопрос
induce
Ответ
Meaning: To cause a particular state, response, or change.
Collocation: induce a response
Example: The light signal induced a measurable response in the cells.
Карточка 198
Вопрос
evaluate
Ответ
Meaning: To judge quality, effectiveness, or value using evidence or criteria.
Collocation: evaluate performance
Example: The committee evaluated the program's performance after one year.
Карточка 199
Вопрос
resolution
Ответ
Meaning: A solution or settlement that ends a problem or conflict.
Collocation: peaceful resolution
Example: Mediation led to a peaceful resolution of the land dispute.
Карточка 200
Вопрос
series
Ответ
Meaning: A number of related events, items, or values arranged in order.
Collocation: series of experiments
Example: A series of experiments tested the material under different pressures.
Карточка 201
Вопрос
differentiate
Ответ
Meaning: To recognize, show, or create a difference between things.
Collocation: differentiate between
Example: The test can differentiate between the two closely related minerals.
Карточка 202
Вопрос
initiate
Ответ
Meaning: To cause a process or action to begin.
Collocation: initiate a process
Example: A temperature change initiates the chemical process.
Карточка 203
Вопрос
examine
Ответ
Meaning: To inspect or consider something carefully.
Collocation: examine evidence
Example: The committee examined evidence from several independent sources.
Карточка 204
Вопрос
imply
Ответ
Meaning: To suggest something without stating it directly.
Collocation: results imply
Example: The results imply that water reached the valley earlier than expected.
Карточка 205
Вопрос
risk
Ответ
Meaning: The possibility of harm, loss, or an unwanted result.
Collocation: reduce risk
Example: Restoring vegetation can reduce the risk of soil erosion.
Карточка 206
Вопрос
structure
Ответ
Meaning: The arrangement of parts within a whole.
Collocation: social structure
Example: Trade changed the social structure of the port city.
Карточка 207
Вопрос
lead
Ответ
Meaning: To cause or contribute to a particular result.
Collocation: lead to
Example: Prolonged drought can lead to lower crop yields.
Карточка 208
Вопрос
identify
Ответ
Meaning: To recognize and name a person, thing, feature, or cause.
Collocation: identify a pattern
Example: The software identified a pattern in the satellite images.
Карточка 209
Вопрос
distinguish
Ответ
Meaning: To recognize or show the difference between things.
Collocation: distinguish between
Example: The analysis distinguishes between temporary variation and a lasting trend.
Карточка 210
Вопрос
interpret
Ответ
Meaning: To explain or understand the meaning of information or evidence.
Collocation: interpret the results
Example: Researchers interpreted the results cautiously because the sample was small.
Карточка 211
Вопрос
role
Ответ
Meaning: The function or expected part that someone or something has in a situation.
Collocation: play a role
Example: Local knowledge played a central role in the recovery plan.
Карточка 212
Вопрос
system
Ответ
Meaning: A set of connected parts that work together.
Collocation: complex system
Example: A coral reef is a complex system of interacting organisms.
Карточка 213
Вопрос
investigate
Ответ
Meaning: To examine a question or problem systematically to discover facts.
Collocation: investigate a cause
Example: Engineers investigated the cause of the structural failure.
Карточка 214
Вопрос
reduce
Ответ
Meaning: To make something smaller in amount, size, or degree.
Collocation: reduce emissions
Example: Electric buses can reduce emissions on crowded routes.
Карточка 215
Вопрос
outline
Ответ
Meaning: To present the main points or structure without every detail.
Collocation: outline an approach
Example: The introduction outlines the approach used in the study.
Карточка 216
Вопрос
exceed
Ответ
Meaning: To be greater than a number, limit, or expectation.
Collocation: exceed a limit
Example: Pollution levels exceeded the legal limit on three days.
Карточка 217
Вопрос
unit
Ответ
Meaning: A single part, quantity, or group within a larger system.
Collocation: unit of measurement
Example: The meter is the standard unit of measurement used in the table.
Карточка 218
Вопрос
society
Ответ
Meaning: A large community connected by shared institutions, relationships, and culture.
Collocation: modern society
Example: Reliable electricity shapes nearly every part of modern society.
Карточка 219
Вопрос
reinforce
Ответ
Meaning: To make an idea, behavior, or structure stronger.
Collocation: reinforce a pattern
Example: Unequal funding can reinforce an existing pattern of regional inequality.
Карточка 220
Вопрос
obtain
Ответ
Meaning: To get or acquire something through effort or a process.
Collocation: obtain data
Example: The team obtained data from six monitoring stations.
Карточка 221
Вопрос
propose
Ответ
Meaning: To put forward an idea, plan, or explanation for consideration.
Collocation: propose a solution
Example: The authors propose a solution based on shared water storage.
Карточка 222
Вопрос
restrict
Ответ
Meaning: To limit the size, range, movement, or availability of something.
Collocation: restrict access
Example: The archive restricts access to fragile original documents.
Карточка 223
Вопрос
version
Ответ
Meaning: A particular form of something that differs from other forms of it.
Collocation: revised version
Example: The revised version of the model includes seasonal rainfall.
Карточка 224
Вопрос
stimulate
Ответ
Meaning: To encourage activity, growth, or a response.
Collocation: stimulate growth
Example: Lower transport costs stimulated growth in regional trade.
Карточка 225
Вопрос
strategy
Ответ
Meaning: A planned approach for achieving a long-term aim.
Collocation: effective strategy
Example: Water pricing was one part of the city's conservation strategy.
Карточка 226
Вопрос
record
Ответ
Meaning: To store information in writing, images, measurements, or another lasting form.
Collocation: record observations
Example: Students recorded their observations at five-minute intervals.
Карточка 227
Вопрос
prove
Ответ
Meaning: To establish that something is true through evidence or logical reasoning.
Collocation: prove a theorem
Example: The student used two earlier results to prove the theorem.
Карточка 228
Вопрос
adequate
Ответ
Meaning: Sufficient for a particular purpose, though not necessarily excellent.
Collocation: adequate evidence
Example: The report did not provide adequate evidence for such a broad claim.
Карточка 229
Вопрос
strengthen
Ответ
Meaning: To make something stronger, more effective, or more convincing.
Collocation: strengthen an argument
Example: Additional field data would strengthen the argument.
Карточка 230
Вопрос
tradition
Ответ
Meaning: A belief or practice passed between generations.
Collocation: local tradition
Example: The festival preserves a local tradition of communal farming.
Карточка 231
Вопрос
volume
Ответ
Meaning: The amount of something, especially material, flow, or activity.
Collocation: traffic volume
Example: Traffic volume fell after the new rail service opened.
Карточка 232
Вопрос
select
Ответ
Meaning: To choose something carefully from a group of options.
Collocation: select a sample
Example: Researchers selected a sample from each age group.
Карточка 233
Вопрос
appropriate
Ответ
Meaning: Suitable for a particular purpose, situation, or audience.
Collocation: appropriate method
Example: Interviews were an appropriate method for exploring personal experience.
Карточка 234
Вопрос
quote
Ответ
Meaning: To repeat someone's exact words and identify their source.
Collocation: quote directly
Example: The essay quotes directly from the explorer's journal.
Карточка 235
Вопрос
uncertainty
Ответ
Meaning: A lack of complete knowledge or confidence about what will happen.
Collocation: policy uncertainty
Example: Policy uncertainty delayed investment in new infrastructure.
Карточка 236
Вопрос
sustain
Ответ
Meaning: To keep a process or condition continuing over time.
Collocation: sustain growth
Example: Limited water supplies cannot sustain rapid population growth.
Карточка 237
Вопрос
combine
Ответ
Meaning: To join two or more things into one whole or shared action.
Collocation: combine methods
Example: The study combined interviews with direct observation.
Карточка 238
Вопрос
complex
Ответ
Meaning: Made of many connected parts and therefore difficult to understand or manage.
Collocation: complex issue
Example: Water rights became a complex issue involving law, ecology, and local custom.
Карточка 239
Вопрос
specify
Ответ
Meaning: To state something precisely and explicitly.
Collocation: specify the conditions
Example: The protocol specifies the conditions required for storage.
Карточка 240
Вопрос
refer
Ответ
Meaning: To mention, direct attention to, or use a source of information.
Collocation: refer to evidence
Example: The author refers to archaeological evidence from the northern coast.
Карточка 241
Вопрос
transform
Ответ
Meaning: To change something greatly in form, structure, or character.
Collocation: transform a system
Example: Digital records transformed the hospital's information system.
Карточка 242
Вопрос
adopt
Ответ
Meaning: To begin using an idea, policy, or method.
Collocation: adopt a policy
Example: Several cities adopted a policy of free weekend transit.
Карточка 243
Вопрос
consistent
Ответ
Meaning: Remaining in agreement, form, or quality across cases or time.
Collocation: consistent result
Example: The three laboratories reported consistent results.
Карточка 244
Вопрос
study
Ответ
Meaning: To investigate or learn about a subject carefully.
Collocation: study a phenomenon
Example: The team studied the phenomenon under controlled conditions.
Карточка 245
Вопрос
reflect
Ответ
Meaning: To show, express, or be a result of something.
Collocation: reflect a change
Example: The revised map reflects changes in the river's course.
Карточка 246
Вопрос
comprise
Ответ
Meaning: To be made up of all the stated parts.
Collocation: comprise three sections
Example: The final report comprises three sections and an appendix.
Карточка 247
Вопрос
vary
Ответ
Meaning: To differ or change across cases, places, or time.
Collocation: vary considerably
Example: Rainfall totals vary considerably across the island.
Карточка 248
Вопрос
advocate
Ответ
Meaning: To publicly support a policy, idea, or course of action.
Collocation: advocate reform
Example: Several researchers advocated reform of the approval process.
Карточка 249
Вопрос
systematic
Ответ
Meaning: Done according to an organized and consistent method.
Collocation: systematic review
Example: A systematic review compared evidence from forty studies.
Карточка 250
Вопрос
critical
Ответ
Meaning: Essential to the success or outcome of something.
Collocation: critical factor
Example: Reliable storage is a critical factor in the vaccine program.
Карточка 251
Вопрос
consist
Ответ
Meaning: To be made of particular parts or elements.
Collocation: consist of
Example: The sample consisted of soil from twelve sites.
Карточка 252
Вопрос
state
Ответ
Meaning: To express something clearly in speech or writing.
Collocation: clearly state
Example: The introduction clearly states the study's main question.
Карточка 253
Вопрос
allocate
Ответ
Meaning: To distribute money, time, or resources for a particular purpose.
Collocation: allocate resources
Example: The agency allocated more resources to preventive care.
Карточка 254
Вопрос
yield
Ответ
Meaning: To produce a result or amount.
Collocation: yield results
Example: The second search yielded more reliable results.
Карточка 255
Вопрос
equivalent
Ответ
Meaning: Equal in value, meaning, function, or effect.
Collocation: roughly equivalent
Example: The two measures produced roughly equivalent estimates.
Карточка 256
Вопрос
constitute
Ответ
Meaning: To form or make up a whole or a stated share of it.
Collocation: constitute a majority
Example: Small businesses constitute a majority of employers in the district.
Карточка 257
Вопрос
suggest
Ответ
Meaning: To offer an idea or indicate a possible conclusion without proving it.
Collocation: evidence suggests
Example: The evidence suggests that the settlement was occupied year-round.
Карточка 258
Вопрос
experimental
Ответ
Meaning: Used to test a new idea or based on an experiment.
Collocation: experimental method
Example: The team used an experimental method to remove salt from the soil.
Карточка 259
Вопрос
enable
Ответ
Meaning: To make an action or result possible.
Collocation: enable access
Example: Digital copies enabled access to records from remote towns.
Карточка 260
Вопрос
excessive
Ответ
Meaning: Greater than is reasonable, necessary, or safe.
Collocation: excessive use
Example: Excessive use of fertilizer damaged nearby streams.
Карточка 261
Вопрос
construct
Ответ
Meaning: To build or form something by joining parts.
Collocation: construct a model
Example: Students constructed a model of the river basin.
Карточка 262
Вопрос
rapid
Ответ
Meaning: Happening or changing in a short time.
Collocation: rapid growth
Example: Rapid growth placed pressure on the city's water supply.
Карточка 263
Вопрос
random
Ответ
Meaning: Chosen or occurring without a predictable pattern or deliberate selection.
Collocation: random sample
Example: The researchers drew a random sample from the full list of households.
Карточка 264
Вопрос
summarize
Ответ
Meaning: To give the main points in a shorter form.
Collocation: summarize the findings
Example: The final paragraph summarizes the findings without adding new claims.
Карточка 265
Вопрос
govern
Ответ
Meaning: To control, regulate, or determine how a group or process operates.
Collocation: rules govern
Example: Clear rules govern how the shared laboratory may be used.
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Вопрос
contain
Ответ
Meaning: To have something inside or include it as a part.
Collocation: contain evidence
Example: The oldest layer contains evidence of repeated flooding.
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Вопрос
relative
Ответ
Meaning: Considered in comparison with something else rather than alone.
Collocation: relative importance
Example: The study compares the relative importance of rainfall and soil type.
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Вопрос
representative
Ответ
Meaning: Typical of a larger group and suitable for standing in for it.
Collocation: representative example
Example: The chosen village is a representative example of settlement along the river.
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Вопрос
support
Ответ
Meaning: To provide evidence, strength, or assistance for something.
Collocation: support a conclusion
Example: The observations support the conclusion that the species is nocturnal.
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Вопрос
progressive
Ответ
Meaning: Developing gradually through a series of stages.
Collocation: progressive decline
Example: The archive documents a progressive decline in the lake's water level.
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Вопрос
convert
Ответ
Meaning: To change something from one form, function, or system into another.
Collocation: convert energy
Example: Solar cells convert light energy into electricity.
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Вопрос
impose
Ответ
Meaning: To officially require a rule, limit, duty, or cost.
Collocation: impose restrictions
Example: The city imposed restrictions on construction near the shoreline.
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Вопрос
significant
Ответ
Meaning: Large or important enough to matter.
Collocation: significant change
Example: The policy produced a significant change in weekday bus use.
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Вопрос
explicit
Ответ
Meaning: Stated clearly and directly, with no need for inference.
Collocation: explicit statement
Example: The report makes an explicit statement about its data limitations.
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Вопрос
scientific
Ответ
Meaning: Related to the systematic study of the natural or social world through evidence.
Collocation: scientific evidence
Example: The regulation was revised in response to new scientific evidence.
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Вопрос
subsequent
Ответ
Meaning: Happening or existing after the event already mentioned.
Collocation: subsequent study
Example: A subsequent study repeated the test with a larger sample.
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Вопрос
participate
Ответ
Meaning: To take part in an activity, process, or event.
Collocation: participate in research
Example: More than two hundred residents agreed to participate in the research.
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Вопрос
correspond
Ответ
Meaning: To match, agree with, or be closely connected to something.
Collocation: correspond closely
Example: The tree-ring record corresponds closely with measured rainfall.
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Вопрос
logical
Ответ
Meaning: Following a clear and valid pattern of reasoning.
Collocation: logical conclusion
Example: The evidence led to the logical conclusion that the river had changed course.
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Вопрос
theoretical
Ответ
Meaning: Based on ideas or principles rather than direct observation or practical testing.
Collocation: theoretical model
Example: The observed pattern matched the theoretical model.
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Вопрос
similar
Ответ
Meaning: Alike in important ways, though not identical.
Collocation: broadly similar
Example: The two regions have broadly similar rainfall patterns.
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Вопрос
successive
Ответ
Meaning: Following one after another in a sequence.
Collocation: successive generations
Example: Successive generations adapted the building to new uses.
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Вопрос
incorporate
Ответ
Meaning: To include something as part of a larger whole.
Collocation: incorporate feedback
Example: The revised plan incorporates feedback from local residents.
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Вопрос
rational
Ответ
Meaning: Based on reason and evidence rather than impulse.
Collocation: rational explanation
Example: The apparent pattern has a rational explanation based on sampling methods.
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Вопрос
accurately
Ответ
Meaning: In a way that is correct and free from important error.
Collocation: accurately measure
Example: The device can accurately measure very small changes in pressure.
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Вопрос
sufficient
Ответ
Meaning: As much as is needed for a particular purpose.
Collocation: sufficient evidence
Example: The available evidence was sufficient to reject the first explanation.
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Вопрос
increasingly
Ответ
Meaning: To a growing degree or with greater frequency over time.
Collocation: increasingly common
Example: Shared research facilities are increasingly common at smaller universities.
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Вопрос
preserve
Ответ
Meaning: To protect something from loss, damage, or major change.
Collocation: preserve cultural heritage
Example: The archive helped preserve the community's cultural heritage.
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Вопрос
relevant
Ответ
Meaning: Directly connected to the question or subject being considered.
Collocation: relevant evidence
Example: The review excluded studies that did not provide relevant evidence.
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Вопрос
approximately
Ответ
Meaning: Close to an amount or value but not exactly equal to it.
Collocation: approximately equal
Example: The two study groups were approximately equal in size.
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Вопрос
integrate
Ответ
Meaning: To combine parts so they work together as a whole.
Collocation: integrate data
Example: The platform integrates data from satellites and ground sensors.
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Вопрос
suitable
Ответ
Meaning: Right or acceptable for a particular purpose or situation.
Collocation: suitable method
Example: Satellite imaging was the most suitable method for the remote region.
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Вопрос
regulate
Ответ
Meaning: To control an activity or process through rules or adjustments.
Collocation: regulate an industry
Example: The agency regulates the industry through regular inspections.
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Вопрос
consequently
Ответ
Meaning: As a result of what was just stated.
Collocation: consequently reduce
Example: The new filter removes more particles and consequently reduces treatment costs.
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Вопрос
clearly
Ответ
Meaning: In a way that is easy to understand, see, or recognize.
Collocation: clearly indicate
Example: The results clearly indicate that the second filter removed more particles.
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Вопрос
independently
Ответ
Meaning: Without relying on another person, source, or result.
Collocation: independently verify
Example: A second laboratory independently verified the result.
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Вопрос
maintain
Ответ
Meaning: To keep something in a particular condition or continue it over time.
Collocation: maintain water quality
Example: The wetland helps maintain water quality during heavy rain.
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Вопрос
undertake
Ответ
Meaning: To accept responsibility for and begin a task or project.
Collocation: undertake research
Example: The university undertook research on affordable housing materials.
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Вопрос
valuable
Ответ
Meaning: Very useful, important, or worth having.
Collocation: valuable information
Example: The interviews provided valuable information about informal trade routes.
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Вопрос
ultimately
Ответ
Meaning: Finally, after all stages or factors have been considered.
Collocation: ultimately depend on
Example: The project's success ultimately depends on reliable local funding.
300 карточек
Academic Vocabulary Flashcards: 300 Words in Context
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