IB Biology SL Flashcards: Complete Course Review
Review the current IB Biology Standard Level course with 960 independently written active-recall cards covering all 34 SL topics across molecules, cells, organisms, genetics, evolution, and ecology.
このデッキについて
Study the current IB Biology SL course with 960 independently written English flashcards. The deck covers all 34 Standard Level topics through four broad groups: molecules and cells; metabolism and genetics; organisms and systems; and evolution and ecology.
Cards move from essential terms and structures to functions, mechanisms, comparisons, predictions, and compact interpretation prompts. Useful two-way term cards are separated by at least three unrelated cards, while explanatory answers are kept in the direction that supports meaningful recall. Every card carries the root tag ib-bio-sl and exactly one broad group tag.
The order introduces prerequisite ideas before dependent ones and progresses from simpler recall to more demanding reasoning within each topic. The deck is designed for ongoing spaced review. It does not replace data-heavy practice papers, extended-response practice, laboratory work, or the scientific investigation.
Reviewed in 2026 against the current Biology Standard Level course, first assessed in 2025.
Independent, unofficial study aid based on common biological knowledge. Not affiliated with or endorsed by the International Baccalaureate Organization. No copied IB examination questions, mark schemes, or curriculum text are included.
Check the official IB Biology course page for authoritative requirements.
このデッキのカード
カード 1
質問
What is water polarity?
回答
The unequal sharing of electrons in a water molecule, giving oxygen a partial negative charge and the hydrogens partial positive charges.
カード 2
質問
What is a hydrogen bond?
回答
A weak attraction between a partially positive hydrogen atom and a partially negative atom in another molecule.
カード 3
質問
What is cohesion?
回答
Attraction between molecules of the same substance.
カード 4
質問
What is adhesion?
回答
Attraction between molecules of different substances.
カード 5
質問
Which term describes unequal charge distribution within a water molecule?
回答
water polarity
カード 6
質問
Which term describes the intermolecular attraction that links neighboring water molecules?
回答
a hydrogen bond
カード 7
質問
Which term describes attraction between molecules of the same substance?
回答
cohesion
カード 8
質問
Which term describes attraction between water and a different material?
回答
adhesion
カード 9
質問
What is a solvent?
回答
A liquid that dissolves solutes to form a solution.
カード 10
質問
What is specific heat capacity?
回答
The energy required to raise the temperature of a unit mass of a substance by one degree.
カード 11
質問
What is latent heat of vaporization?
回答
The energy required to vaporize a specified amount of liquid without changing its temperature.
カード 12
質問
Why does ice float on liquid water?
回答
Hydrogen bonds hold water molecules in an open lattice in ice, making ice less dense than liquid water.
カード 13
質問
Which term describes a liquid that dissolves solutes?
回答
a solvent
カード 14
質問
Which term describes the energy needed to raise a unit mass by one degree?
回答
specific heat capacity
カード 15
質問
Which term describes the energy needed to vaporize a liquid without a temperature change?
回答
latent heat of vaporization
カード 16
質問
Which property of water makes sweating an effective cooling mechanism?
回答
Water absorbs substantial energy as it evaporates; the highest-energy molecules leave, carrying heat away from the skin.
カード 17
質問
Why does water resist rapid temperature change?
回答
Many hydrogen bonds must absorb energy before molecular motion increases substantially, giving water a high specific heat capacity.
カード 18
質問
How do cohesion and adhesion support water transport in narrow tubes?
回答
Cohesion keeps water molecules connected, while adhesion helps the water column cling to the tube wall.
カード 19
質問
How does water participate differently in hydrolysis and condensation?
回答
Hydrolysis consumes water to split a bond; condensation forms a bond and releases water.
カード 20
質問
How does floating ice protect aquatic life in winter?
回答
Surface ice insulates the liquid water below, slowing further heat loss and preventing the whole body of water from freezing rapidly.
カード 21
質問
Why is water effective for transporting many biological solutes?
回答
Its polarity allows ions and other polar molecules to become surrounded and dispersed in solution.
カード 22
質問
Why do nonpolar substances tend to cluster in water?
回答
Clustering reduces the nonpolar surface exposed to water, allowing more water molecules to maintain hydrogen-bond interactions.
カード 23
質問
What is a nucleotide?
回答
A nucleic-acid monomer made of a pentose sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base.
カード 24
質問
What is a nucleoside?
回答
A nitrogenous base joined to a pentose sugar, without a phosphate group.
カード 25
質問
What is a phosphodiester bond?
回答
A covalent bond linking the phosphate of one nucleotide to the sugar of the next nucleotide.
カード 26
質問
What is DNA?
回答
A usually double-stranded nucleic acid that stores hereditary information in its base sequence.
カード 27
質問
Which term describes a sugar-phosphate-base monomer?
回答
a nucleotide
カード 28
質問
Which term describes a base joined to a sugar but no phosphate?
回答
a nucleoside
カード 29
質問
Which term describes the covalent linkage in a nucleic-acid sugar-phosphate backbone?
回答
a phosphodiester bond
カード 30
質問
Which term describes the nucleic acid that usually stores hereditary information?
回答
DNA
カード 31
質問
What is RNA?
回答
A usually single-stranded nucleic acid involved in expressing and regulating genetic information.
カード 32
質問
What are antiparallel DNA strands?
回答
Two DNA strands that run in opposite 5′ to 3′ directions.
カード 33
質問
What is complementary base pairing?
回答
Specific pairing in which adenine pairs with thymine in DNA, or uracil in RNA, and cytosine pairs with guanine.
カード 34
質問
What is a purine?
回答
A nitrogenous base with two fused rings; adenine and guanine are purines.
カード 35
質問
Which term describes the usually single-stranded nucleic acid used in gene expression?
回答
RNA
カード 36
質問
Which term describes DNA strands running in opposite directions?
回答
antiparallel DNA strands
カード 37
質問
Which term describes specific A–T or A–U and C–G pairing?
回答
complementary base pairing
カード 38
質問
Which term describes a two-ring nitrogenous base?
回答
a purine
カード 39
質問
What is a pyrimidine?
回答
A nitrogenous base with one ring; cytosine, thymine, and uracil are pyrimidines.
カード 40
質問
What is a genome?
回答
The complete genetic material of an organism or cell.
カード 41
質問
What three structural features commonly distinguish RNA from DNA?
回答
RNA usually contains ribose, uses uracil instead of thymine, and is single-stranded rather than double-stranded.
カード 42
質問
What determines the base sequence of the second DNA strand?
回答
Complementary base-pairing rules determine it: A pairs with T, and C pairs with G.
カード 43
質問
Which term describes a one-ring nitrogenous base?
回答
a pyrimidine
カード 44
質問
Which term describes the complete genetic material of an organism?
回答
a genome
カード 45
質問
What do the 5′ and 3′ labels of a nucleic-acid strand refer to?
回答
They refer to numbered carbon atoms in the pentose sugar and define the strand's chemical direction.
カード 46
質問
Where is genetic information encoded in DNA?
回答
In the order of nitrogenous bases along the DNA strand.
カード 47
質問
Why is ATP classified as a nucleotide?
回答
It contains adenine, ribose, and phosphate groups, the three component types of a nucleotide.
カード 48
質問
How do mRNA, tRNA, and rRNA contribute to protein synthesis?
回答
mRNA carries the coding sequence, tRNA delivers amino acids, and rRNA forms the catalytic and structural core of ribosomes.
カード 49
質問
How are a gene and a chromosome related?
回答
A gene is a DNA sequence with a biological function; a chromosome is one long DNA molecule containing many genes and other sequences.
カード 50
質問
What happens to double-stranded DNA when it is denatured by heat?
回答
Hydrogen bonds between complementary bases break and the two strands separate; the covalent backbones usually remain intact.
カード 51
質問
Why can each DNA strand serve as a template during replication?
回答
Its base sequence determines a complementary sequence through specific base pairing.
カード 52
質問
In which direction are new nucleic-acid strands synthesized?
回答
Nucleotides are added to the 3′ end, so synthesis proceeds 5′ to 3′.
カード 53
質問
What is a monosaccharide?
回答
A single sugar unit that can serve as a carbohydrate monomer.
カード 54
質問
What is a disaccharide?
回答
A carbohydrate formed from two monosaccharides joined by a glycosidic bond.
カード 55
質問
What is a polysaccharide?
回答
A polymer made from many monosaccharide units.
カード 56
質問
What is a glycosidic bond?
回答
A covalent bond joining monosaccharides in a carbohydrate.
カード 57
質問
Which term describes a single sugar unit?
回答
a monosaccharide
カード 58
質問
Which term describes two monosaccharides joined together?
回答
a disaccharide
カード 59
質問
Which term describes a polymer of many sugar units?
回答
a polysaccharide
カード 60
質問
Which term describes the covalent linkage between monosaccharides?
回答
a glycosidic bond
カード 61
質問
What is a triglyceride?
回答
A lipid formed from glycerol joined to three fatty acids.
カード 62
質問
What is a fatty acid?
回答
A hydrocarbon chain with a carboxyl group that can form part of many lipids.
カード 63
質問
What is a saturated fatty acid?
回答
A fatty acid with no carbon-carbon double bonds in its hydrocarbon chain.
カード 64
質問
What is a phospholipid?
回答
An amphipathic lipid with a phosphate-containing hydrophilic head and hydrophobic fatty-acid tails.
カード 65
質問
Which term describes glycerol joined to three fatty acids?
回答
a triglyceride
カード 66
質問
Which term describes a hydrocarbon chain ending in a carboxyl group?
回答
a fatty acid
カード 67
質問
Which term describes a fatty acid without carbon-carbon double bonds?
回答
a saturated fatty acid
カード 68
質問
Which term describes a lipid with a polar head and nonpolar tails?
回答
a phospholipid
カード 69
質問
How is a glycosidic bond formed between two monosaccharides?
回答
A condensation reaction joins them and releases a molecule of water.
カード 70
質問
How is a polysaccharide broken into smaller sugars?
回答
Hydrolysis adds water across glycosidic bonds, splitting the polymer.
カード 71
質問
Which polysaccharides store glucose in plants and animals?
回答
Starch stores glucose in plants; glycogen stores glucose in animals and fungi.
カード 72
質問
Why is cellulose suitable for plant cell walls?
回答
Its straight β-glucose chains hydrogen-bond into strong microfibrils that resist stretching.
カード 73
質問
Why do lipids store more energy per gram than carbohydrates?
回答
Lipids contain more energy-rich carbon-hydrogen bonds and are more reduced.
カード 74
質問
Why do phospholipids form bilayers in water?
回答
Hydrophilic heads interact with water while hydrophobic tails cluster away from water.
カード 75
質問
Besides energy storage, what are three biological roles of lipids?
回答
They form membranes, provide thermal insulation and cushioning, and can act as signaling molecules.
カード 76
質問
How do cis double bonds affect fatty-acid packing and melting point?
回答
They introduce bends that reduce close packing, usually lowering the melting point.
カード 77
質問
What is an amino acid?
回答
A protein monomer with an amino group, a carboxyl group, a hydrogen, and a variable R group attached to a central carbon.
カード 78
質問
What is a peptide bond?
回答
The covalent bond formed between the amino group of one amino acid and the carboxyl group of another.
カード 79
質問
What is a polypeptide?
回答
A chain of amino acids joined by peptide bonds.
カード 80
質問
What is protein primary structure?
回答
The amino-acid sequence of a polypeptide.
カード 81
質問
Which term describes a protein monomer with amino, carboxyl, and variable R groups?
回答
an amino acid
カード 82
質問
Which term describes the covalent linkage between amino acids?
回答
a peptide bond
カード 83
質問
Which term describes a chain of peptide-linked amino acids?
回答
a polypeptide
カード 84
質問
Which term describes a protein's amino-acid sequence?
回答
protein primary structure
カード 85
質問
What is protein secondary structure?
回答
Local folding such as α-helices and β-sheets stabilized mainly by backbone hydrogen bonds.
カード 86
質問
What is protein tertiary structure?
回答
The overall three-dimensional shape of one polypeptide produced by interactions among R groups and the backbone.
カード 87
質問
What is protein quaternary structure?
回答
The arrangement of multiple polypeptide subunits in one functional protein.
カード 88
質問
What is protein denaturation?
回答
Loss of a protein's normal three-dimensional shape and therefore usually its function.
カード 89
質問
Which term describes local α-helix and β-sheet folding?
回答
protein secondary structure
カード 90
質問
Which term describes the overall three-dimensional shape of one polypeptide?
回答
protein tertiary structure
カード 91
質問
Which term describes the association of multiple polypeptide subunits?
回答
protein quaternary structure
カード 92
質問
Which term describes loss of a protein's native shape?
回答
protein denaturation
カード 93
質問
What mainly gives different amino acids their different chemical properties?
回答
Their variable R groups.
カード 94
質問
What reaction forms a peptide bond?
回答
A condensation reaction releases water as the amino and carboxyl groups join.
カード 95
質問
Why can high temperature denature a protein?
回答
Increased molecular motion disrupts weak interactions that maintain the protein's shape.
カード 96
質問
Why can extreme pH denature a protein?
回答
It changes the charges of R groups and disrupts ionic and hydrogen-bond interactions.
カード 97
質問
How do fibrous and globular proteins generally differ?
回答
Fibrous proteins are elongated and mainly structural; globular proteins are compact and often perform dynamic functions.
カード 98
質問
Why is three-dimensional shape crucial to protein function?
回答
It creates specific binding, catalytic, structural, or interaction surfaces.
カード 99
質問
Name four broad biological roles of proteins.
回答
Catalysis, transport, signaling, defense, movement, and structural support are major roles; any four are sufficient.
カード 100
質問
How can changing one amino acid alter protein function?
回答
The substitution can change R-group interactions, folding, stability, or an active or binding site.
カード 101
質問
What is cell theory?
回答
The principles that living organisms are made of cells, cells are the basic units of life, and cells arise from pre-existing cells.
カード 102
質問
What is a prokaryotic cell?
回答
A cell without a nucleus or other membrane-bound organelles.
カード 103
質問
What is a eukaryotic cell?
回答
A cell with DNA enclosed in a nucleus and with membrane-bound organelles.
カード 104
質問
What is the nucleus?
回答
The double-membrane organelle that contains most of a eukaryotic cell's DNA.
カード 105
質問
Which term describes the principles describing cells as life's basic units?
回答
cell theory
カード 106
質問
Which term describes a cell lacking a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles?
回答
a prokaryotic cell
カード 107
質問
Which term describes a cell with a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles?
回答
a eukaryotic cell
カード 108
質問
Which term describes the organelle containing most eukaryotic DNA?
回答
the nucleus
カード 109
質問
What is a ribosome?
回答
A molecular complex of rRNA and proteins that synthesizes polypeptides.
カード 110
質問
What is the cytoplasm?
回答
The material inside the plasma membrane but outside the nucleus, including cytosol and organelles.
カード 111
質問
What is the plasma membrane?
回答
The selectively permeable boundary separating a cell from its environment.
カード 112
質問
What is a cell wall?
回答
A rigid extracellular layer that supports and protects cells in plants, fungi, and most prokaryotes.
カード 113
質問
Which term describes the complex that synthesizes polypeptides?
回答
a ribosome
カード 114
質問
Which term describes cell contents inside the plasma membrane but outside the nucleus?
回答
the cytoplasm
カード 115
質問
Which term describes the selectively permeable cell boundary?
回答
the plasma membrane
カード 116
質問
Which term describes a rigid extracellular support layer?
回答
a cell wall
カード 117
質問
What is the nucleoid?
回答
The non-membrane-bound region containing the main chromosome of a prokaryotic cell.
カード 118
質問
What is the cytoskeleton?
回答
A dynamic network of protein filaments involved in cell shape, transport, division, and movement.
カード 119
質問
What structures are shared by all cells?
回答
A plasma membrane, cytoplasm, genetic material, and ribosomes.
カード 120
質問
Which structures distinguish a typical plant cell from a typical animal cell?
回答
A plant cell has a cellulose wall, chloroplasts in photosynthetic tissues, and a large central vacuole; an animal cell lacks these.
カード 121
質問
Which term describes the prokaryotic chromosome-containing region?
回答
the nucleoid
カード 122
質問
Which term describes the internal network of protein filaments?
回答
the cytoskeleton
カード 123
質問
How is genetic material commonly organized in a prokaryotic cell?
回答
The main DNA is usually one circular chromosome in the nucleoid, often accompanied by smaller plasmids.
カード 124
質問
How is microscope magnification calculated?
回答
Magnification = image size ÷ actual size, using the same units.
カード 125
質問
What does microscope resolution describe?
回答
The ability to distinguish two close points as separate.
カード 126
質問
Arrange these from smallest to largest: ribosome, bacterium, animal cell.
回答
Ribosome, bacterium, animal cell.
カード 127
質問
How does the cytoskeleton support intracellular transport?
回答
Motor proteins move vesicles and other cargo along cytoskeletal filaments.
カード 128
質問
Why does a small cell usually exchange materials more efficiently than a geometrically similar large cell?
回答
It has a larger surface-area-to-volume ratio, providing more exchange surface per unit of cell contents.
カード 129
質問
Why is a cell more than a collection of isolated molecules?
回答
Organized interactions among components produce emergent functions such as metabolism, regulation, and reproduction.
カード 130
質問
What major advantage do membrane-bound organelles give eukaryotic cells?
回答
They separate incompatible reactions and create specialized local conditions.
カード 131
質問
What is a phospholipid bilayer?
回答
A double layer of phospholipids with hydrophilic heads facing water and hydrophobic tails facing inward.
カード 132
質問
What is the fluid mosaic model?
回答
A model describing membranes as mobile phospholipids containing a changing mosaic of proteins and other components.
カード 133
質問
What is an integral membrane protein?
回答
A protein embedded in the bilayer, often spanning it.
カード 134
質問
What is a peripheral membrane protein?
回答
A protein attached to a membrane surface rather than embedded in the bilayer.
カード 135
質問
Which term describes a double phospholipid layer with inward-facing tails?
回答
a phospholipid bilayer
カード 136
質問
Which term describes the model of a mobile lipid layer containing varied proteins?
回答
the fluid mosaic model
カード 137
質問
Which term describes a protein embedded within the lipid bilayer?
回答
an integral membrane protein
カード 138
質問
Which term describes a protein attached to a membrane surface?
回答
a peripheral membrane protein
カード 139
質問
What is membrane cholesterol?
回答
An amphipathic lipid that buffers membrane fluidity and reduces permeability in animal cells.
カード 140
質問
What is a glycoprotein?
回答
A protein with an attached carbohydrate chain, often used in recognition, adhesion, or signaling.
カード 141
質問
What is diffusion?
回答
Net movement of particles from a region of higher concentration to lower concentration due to random motion.
カード 142
質問
What is osmosis?
回答
Net movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane from higher water potential to lower water potential.
カード 143
質問
Which term describes the animal-membrane lipid that buffers fluidity?
回答
membrane cholesterol
カード 144
質問
Which term describes a carbohydrate-bearing protein?
回答
a glycoprotein
カード 145
質問
Which term describes net movement down a concentration gradient?
回答
diffusion
カード 146
質問
Which term describes net water movement across a selectively permeable membrane?
回答
osmosis
カード 147
質問
What is facilitated diffusion?
回答
Passive movement down a gradient through a membrane channel or carrier protein.
カード 148
質問
What is active transport?
回答
Energy-requiring movement of a substance against its concentration or electrochemical gradient.
カード 149
質問
Why is the phospholipid bilayer selectively permeable?
回答
Its hydrophobic interior allows small nonpolar molecules through more readily than ions and most large or polar molecules.
カード 150
質問
How do simple diffusion and facilitated diffusion differ?
回答
Both are passive, but facilitated diffusion uses specific membrane proteins while simple diffusion passes through the bilayer.
カード 151
質問
Which term describes passive transport through a channel or carrier?
回答
facilitated diffusion
カード 152
質問
Which term describes energy-dependent transport against a gradient?
回答
active transport
カード 153
質問
How do channel and carrier proteins differ?
回答
Channels provide hydrophilic pores; carriers bind solutes and change shape to move them.
カード 154
質問
How can an ATP-driven pump maintain an ion gradient?
回答
It couples ATP hydrolysis to a conformational change that moves ions against their electrochemical gradient.
カード 155
質問
How does endocytosis move material into a cell?
回答
The plasma membrane folds inward and pinches off a vesicle containing the material.
カード 156
質問
How does exocytosis move material out of a cell?
回答
An intracellular vesicle fuses with the plasma membrane and releases its contents outside.
カード 157
質問
What happens to an animal cell in a strongly hypotonic solution?
回答
Water enters by osmosis; without a cell wall, the cell may swell and lyse.
カード 158
質問
Does molecular movement stop when diffusion reaches equilibrium?
回答
No. Molecules continue moving randomly, but there is no net movement between regions.
カード 159
質問
How does decreasing temperature generally affect membrane fluidity?
回答
It reduces phospholipid movement and makes the membrane less fluid.
カード 160
質問
Why do unsaturated fatty-acid tails increase membrane fluidity?
回答
Their cis double-bond bends prevent phospholipids from packing tightly.
カード 161
質問
What changes increase the rate of simple diffusion across a membrane?
回答
A steeper gradient, larger surface area, higher temperature, shorter distance, and greater membrane permeability increase the rate.
カード 162
質問
What is a mitochondrion?
回答
A double-membrane organelle where most aerobic ATP production occurs.
カード 163
質問
What is a chloroplast?
回答
A double-membrane organelle where photosynthesis occurs in plants and algae.
カード 164
質問
What is rough endoplasmic reticulum?
回答
A membrane network bearing ribosomes that synthesizes and begins processing many secreted and membrane proteins.
カード 165
質問
What is smooth endoplasmic reticulum?
回答
A membrane network involved in lipid synthesis, detoxification, and calcium storage.
カード 166
質問
Which term describes the main organelle of aerobic ATP production?
回答
a mitochondrion
カード 167
質問
Which term describes the photosynthetic organelle of plants and algae?
回答
a chloroplast
カード 168
質問
Which term describes the ribosome-studded membrane network?
回答
rough endoplasmic reticulum
カード 169
質問
Which term describes the membrane network that lacks ribosomes and synthesizes lipids?
回答
smooth endoplasmic reticulum
カード 170
質問
What is the Golgi apparatus?
回答
Stacked membranes that modify, sort, and package proteins and lipids into vesicles.
カード 171
質問
What is a lysosome?
回答
An acidic enzyme-containing organelle that digests macromolecules and worn cellular components.
カード 172
質問
What is a vesicle?
回答
A small membrane-bound compartment used for transport, storage, or chemical reactions.
カード 173
質問
What is the central vacuole?
回答
A large plant-cell compartment that stores solutes and helps maintain turgor pressure.
カード 174
質問
Which term describes the organelle that modifies and sorts cellular cargo?
回答
the Golgi apparatus
カード 175
質問
Which term describes the acidic digestive organelle?
回答
a lysosome
カード 176
質問
Which term describes a small membrane-bound transport compartment?
回答
a vesicle
カード 177
質問
Which term describes the large plant compartment that supports turgor?
回答
the central vacuole
カード 178
質問
Why can compartmentalization increase metabolic efficiency?
回答
It concentrates enzymes and substrates, maintains suitable local conditions, and separates incompatible reactions.
カード 179
質問
How do mitochondrial cristae support ATP production?
回答
They increase inner-membrane area for electron transport chains and ATP synthase.
カード 180
質問
Why are chloroplast thylakoids arranged as extensive membranes?
回答
They provide a large surface for light-absorbing complexes, electron transport chains, and ATP synthase.
カード 181
質問
What is the main function of the nucleolus?
回答
It produces rRNA and assembles ribosomal subunits.
カード 182
質問
Trace a secreted protein from synthesis to release.
回答
Ribosome on rough ER → ER lumen → transport vesicle → Golgi apparatus → secretory vesicle → plasma membrane → exocytosis.
カード 183
質問
Why does a lysosome maintain an acidic interior?
回答
Its hydrolytic enzymes work best at low pH, and acidity helps confine their activity from the cytosol.
カード 184
質問
How do the nucleus, ribosomes, ER, and Golgi cooperate in protein production?
回答
DNA instructions are transcribed in the nucleus; ribosomes translate them; ER folds or modifies many products; Golgi further modifies and sorts them.
カード 185
質問
How are transport vesicles directed to the correct target membrane?
回答
Specific recognition proteins on vesicles and target membranes interact, allowing selective docking and fusion.
カード 186
質問
What is cell differentiation?
回答
The process by which a cell develops specialized structure and function.
カード 187
質問
What is a stem cell?
回答
An unspecialized cell able to self-renew and produce differentiated cells.
カード 188
質問
What is gene expression?
回答
Use of genetic information to produce a functional RNA or protein product.
カード 189
質問
What is a tissue?
回答
A coordinated group of similar or related cells performing a shared function.
カード 190
質問
Which term describes development of specialized cell structure and function?
回答
cell differentiation
カード 191
質問
Which term describes an unspecialized self-renewing cell?
回答
a stem cell
カード 192
質問
Which term describes production of a functional product from genetic information?
回答
gene expression
カード 193
質問
Which term describes a group of coordinated cells with a shared function?
回答
a tissue
カード 194
質問
What is an organ?
回答
A structure made of multiple tissues working together for particular functions.
カード 195
質問
What is the organ-system level of biological organization?
回答
A group of organs that coordinate to perform major functions for an organism.
カード 196
質問
What is surface-area-to-volume ratio?
回答
The amount of surface area available relative to the volume it must serve.
カード 197
質問
How can two specialized cells have the same genome but different structures?
回答
They express different sets and amounts of genes, producing different proteins and cellular features.
カード 198
質問
Which term describes a structure composed of multiple tissue types?
回答
an organ
カード 199
質問
Which term describes the level of biological organization formed by coordinated organs?
回答
an organ system
カード 200
質問
Which term describes surface area available per unit volume?
回答
surface-area-to-volume ratio
カード 201
質問
How is a mammalian red blood cell specialized for oxygen transport?
回答
Its biconcave shape increases exchange area, it is flexible, and loss of its nucleus leaves more space for hemoglobin.
カード 202
質問
How is a sperm cell specialized for fertilization?
回答
It has a flagellum for movement, many mitochondria for ATP, a haploid nucleus, and an acrosome containing enzymes.
カード 203
質問
How is a neuron specialized for rapid communication?
回答
Long processes carry signals over distance, branching dendrites receive inputs, and synaptic terminals transmit signals to other cells.
カード 204
質問
How is a root hair cell specialized for mineral and water uptake?
回答
Its long projection increases surface area, its thin wall shortens the pathway, and membrane transport proteins take up ions.
カード 205
質問
How is a palisade mesophyll cell specialized for photosynthesis?
回答
It contains many chloroplasts and is positioned near the upper leaf surface where light is strongest.
カード 206
質問
How do ciliated epithelial cells help protect airways?
回答
Their cilia move mucus containing trapped particles and microbes toward the throat.
カード 207
質問
Why can extreme specialization reduce a cell's independence?
回答
Resources and structures are committed to a narrow role, so the cell depends on other cells for functions it no longer performs well.
カード 208
質問
What is water potential?
回答
The potential energy of water per unit volume relative to pure water, used to predict the direction of water movement.
カード 209
質問
What is solute potential?
回答
The negative contribution of dissolved solutes to water potential.
カード 210
質問
What is pressure potential?
回答
The contribution of physical pressure to water potential.
カード 211
質問
What is turgor pressure?
回答
Outward pressure of a plant-cell interior against its cell wall after water uptake.
カード 212
質問
Which term describes the tendency of water to move relative to pure water?
回答
water potential
カード 213
質問
Which term describes the water-potential component lowered by dissolved solutes?
回答
solute potential
カード 214
質問
Which term describes the water-potential component caused by physical pressure?
回答
pressure potential
カード 215
質問
Which term describes pressure of plant-cell contents against the wall?
回答
turgor pressure
カード 216
質問
What is plasmolysis?
回答
Separation of the plasma membrane from the cell wall after a plant cell loses water.
カード 217
質問
What is a flaccid plant cell?
回答
A plant cell with insufficient turgor pressure to be firm.
カード 218
質問
What is an isotonic condition?
回答
A condition in which two solutions have equal effective water potential and no net water movement occurs.
カード 219
質問
In which direction does water move across a permeable membrane?
回答
From higher water potential to lower water potential.
カード 220
質問
Which term describes membrane separation from the plant cell wall after water loss?
回答
plasmolysis
カード 221
質問
Which term describes a plant cell lacking firm turgor?
回答
a flaccid plant cell
カード 222
質問
Which term describes equal effective water potential across a membrane?
回答
an isotonic condition
カード 223
質問
What is the water potential of pure water at standard pressure?
回答
Zero; adding solute makes water potential more negative.
カード 224
質問
How are water potential, solute potential, and pressure potential related?
回答
Water potential equals solute potential plus pressure potential: Ψ = Ψs + Ψp.
カード 225
質問
Why does a plant cell usually become turgid rather than burst in a hypotonic solution?
回答
Water entry raises pressure potential, while the rigid cell wall resists further expansion.
カード 226
質問
What happens to a plant cell placed in a solution with much lower water potential?
回答
Water leaves the cell, turgor falls, and severe loss can cause plasmolysis.
カード 227
質問
Can two solutions have different solute concentrations but equal water potential?
回答
Yes. A difference in pressure potential can offset a difference in solute potential.
カード 228
質問
What is an enzyme?
回答
A biological catalyst that increases reaction rate without being consumed.
カード 229
質問
What is an active site?
回答
The region of an enzyme where substrate binds and catalysis occurs.
カード 230
質問
What is a substrate?
回答
A reactant molecule on which an enzyme acts.
カード 231
質問
What is activation energy?
回答
The minimum energy input needed for a reaction to begin.
カード 232
質問
Which term describes a biological catalyst?
回答
an enzyme
カード 233
質問
Which term describes the substrate-binding catalytic region of an enzyme?
回答
an active site
カード 234
質問
Which term describes a reactant bound and changed by an enzyme?
回答
a substrate
カード 235
質問
Which term describes the energy barrier that must be overcome for a reaction?
回答
activation energy
カード 236
質問
What is the induced-fit model?
回答
The model in which substrate binding changes active-site shape to improve catalytic interactions.
カード 237
質問
What is enzyme denaturation?
回答
Loss of the active three-dimensional shape of an enzyme, usually causing loss of activity.
カード 238
質問
What is competitive inhibition?
回答
Inhibition caused by a molecule competing with substrate for the active site.
カード 239
質問
What is noncompetitive inhibition?
回答
Inhibition caused by binding away from the active site and reducing catalytic function.
カード 240
質問
Which term describes the model where substrate binding reshapes the active site?
回答
the induced-fit model
カード 241
質問
Which term describes loss of an enzyme's functional shape?
回答
enzyme denaturation
カード 242
質問
Which term describes inhibition by active-site competition?
回答
competitive inhibition
カード 243
質問
Which term describes inhibition by binding outside the active site?
回答
noncompetitive inhibition
カード 244
質問
What is an enzyme optimum?
回答
The condition, such as temperature or pH, at which an enzyme's activity is highest.
カード 245
質問
What is feedback inhibition?
回答
Control in which a pathway product inhibits an enzyme acting earlier in the pathway.
カード 246
質問
How does an enzyme increase reaction rate?
回答
It stabilizes the transition state and provides a pathway with lower activation energy.
カード 247
質問
Why does enzyme activity often rise and then fall as temperature increases?
回答
Molecular collisions initially increase, but excessive heat disrupts enzyme shape and denatures the active site.
カード 248
質問
Which term describes the condition producing maximum enzyme activity?
回答
an enzyme optimum
カード 249
質問
Which term describes pathway control by inhibition from an end product?
回答
feedback inhibition
カード 250
質問
Why does each enzyme have a characteristic pH range?
回答
pH changes the ionization of amino-acid side chains, affecting active-site shape and chemical interactions.
カード 251
質問
Why does increasing substrate concentration eventually stop increasing enzyme rate?
回答
At saturation, nearly all active sites are occupied and enzyme concentration limits the maximum rate.
カード 252
質問
How does increasing enzyme concentration affect rate when substrate is abundant?
回答
More active sites are available, so the initial rate increases roughly in proportion to enzyme concentration.
カード 253
質問
What gives an enzyme substrate specificity?
回答
The active site's shape, charge, polarity, and chemical groups complement particular substrates and transition states.
カード 254
質問
What is one practical advantage of immobilizing an enzyme?
回答
The enzyme can be separated from products and reused while conditions around it are controlled.
カード 255
質問
Does an enzyme change a reaction's equilibrium position?
回答
No. It speeds forward and reverse reactions but does not change the equilibrium constant or final equilibrium position.
カード 256
質問
How can high substrate concentration reduce competitive inhibition?
回答
More substrate molecules increase the chance that substrate rather than inhibitor occupies the active site.
カード 257
質問
Why are metabolic reactions commonly organized into pathways?
回答
A sequence of enzyme-controlled steps allows energy changes and intermediates to be controlled and coupled.
カード 258
質問
What is ATP?
回答
A nucleotide that transfers usable energy through coupling of its hydrolysis to cellular processes.
カード 259
質問
What is cellular respiration?
回答
Controlled release of energy from organic molecules to produce ATP.
カード 260
質問
What is glycolysis?
回答
A cytosolic pathway that splits glucose into two pyruvate molecules and yields a small amount of ATP and reduced electron carriers.
カード 261
質問
What is pyruvate?
回答
The three-carbon product of glycolysis that can enter aerobic or anaerobic pathways.
カード 262
質問
Which term describes the cell's immediate phosphoryl-group energy carrier?
回答
ATP
カード 263
質問
Which term describes controlled ATP-producing breakdown of organic molecules?
回答
cellular respiration
カード 264
質問
Which term describes the cytosolic splitting of glucose into pyruvate?
回答
glycolysis
カード 265
質問
Which term describes the three-carbon product of glycolysis?
回答
pyruvate
カード 266
質問
What is aerobic respiration?
回答
Respiration that uses oxygen as the final electron acceptor and produces much more ATP than fermentation.
カード 267
質問
What is anaerobic metabolism?
回答
ATP-producing metabolism that proceeds without oxygen.
カード 268
質問
What is fermentation?
回答
An anaerobic pathway that regenerates oxidized electron carriers so glycolysis can continue.
カード 269
質問
What is oxidation?
回答
Loss of electrons, often accompanied in biology by loss of hydrogen or gain of oxygen.
カード 270
質問
Which term describes respiration using oxygen as final electron acceptor?
回答
aerobic respiration
カード 271
質問
Which term describes ATP-producing metabolism without oxygen?
回答
anaerobic metabolism
カード 272
質問
Which term describes anaerobic regeneration of electron carriers after glycolysis?
回答
fermentation
カード 273
質問
Which term describes loss of electrons?
回答
oxidation
カード 274
質問
What is reduction?
回答
Gain of electrons, often accompanied in biology by gain of hydrogen or loss of oxygen.
カード 275
質問
What is a reduced electron carrier?
回答
A molecule such as NADH that carries high-energy electrons and hydrogen from one reaction to another.
カード 276
質問
What is chemiosmosis?
回答
ATP production driven by ions moving down an electrochemical gradient through ATP synthase.
カード 277
質問
What is the overall word equation for aerobic respiration of glucose?
回答
Glucose + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water + energy transferred to ATP and heat.
カード 278
質問
Which term describes gain of electrons?
回答
reduction
カード 279
質問
Which term describes a molecule carrying high-energy electrons between reactions?
回答
a reduced electron carrier
カード 280
質問
Which term describes ATP production powered by an ion gradient?
回答
chemiosmosis
カード 281
質問
Where does glycolysis occur?
回答
In the cytosol.
カード 282
質問
What major stages of aerobic respiration occur in mitochondria?
回答
Pyruvate oxidation and the citric acid cycle occur in the matrix; electron transport and chemiosmosis occur at the inner membrane.
カード 283
質問
What is oxygen's direct role in aerobic respiration?
回答
It accepts electrons and hydrogen ions at the end of the electron transport chain, forming water.
カード 284
質問
Why does aerobic respiration yield much more ATP per glucose than fermentation?
回答
It transfers electrons through an electron transport chain and uses oxidative phosphorylation, extracting far more of glucose's energy.
カード 285
質問
What is the purpose of lactate formation in oxygen-limited animal cells?
回答
It regenerates NAD⁺ so glycolysis can continue producing a small amount of ATP.
カード 286
質問
What products are formed during alcoholic fermentation in yeast?
回答
Ethanol and carbon dioxide, while NAD⁺ is regenerated.
カード 287
質問
Why is some energy released by respiration transferred as heat rather than captured in ATP?
回答
Energy conversions are not fully efficient, so part of the chemical energy becomes disordered molecular motion.
カード 288
質問
What is substrate-level phosphorylation?
回答
Direct transfer of a phosphate group from a metabolic intermediate to ADP to form ATP.
カード 289
質問
How does electron transport lead to ATP synthesis in mitochondria?
回答
Electron energy pumps protons across the inner membrane; proton flow back through ATP synthase drives ATP formation.
カード 290
質問
Why can intense exercise increase lactate production?
回答
ATP demand can exceed oxygen delivery and aerobic capacity, so cells regenerate NAD⁺ through lactate formation to sustain glycolysis.
カード 291
質問
What is photosynthesis?
回答
Conversion of light energy into chemical energy used to synthesize organic molecules from carbon dioxide.
カード 292
質問
What is chlorophyll?
回答
A green pigment that absorbs light energy for photosynthesis.
カード 293
質問
What is an absorption spectrum?
回答
A graph showing how strongly a pigment absorbs different wavelengths of light.
カード 294
質問
What is an action spectrum?
回答
A graph showing the rate or effectiveness of photosynthesis at different wavelengths.
カード 295
質問
Which term describes light-driven synthesis of organic molecules from carbon dioxide?
回答
photosynthesis
カード 296
質問
Which term describes the principal green photosynthetic pigment?
回答
chlorophyll
カード 297
質問
Which term describes a graph of pigment absorption versus wavelength?
回答
an absorption spectrum
カード 298
質問
Which term describes a graph of photosynthetic effectiveness versus wavelength?
回答
an action spectrum
カード 299
質問
What is photolysis of water?
回答
Light-driven splitting of water that supplies electrons and hydrogen ions and releases oxygen.
カード 300
質問
What are light-dependent reactions?
回答
Photosynthetic reactions that use light to generate ATP and reduced electron carriers while releasing oxygen.
カード 301
質問
What is the Calvin cycle?
回答
A set of chloroplast reactions that uses ATP and reduced electron carriers to convert carbon dioxide into carbohydrate precursors.
カード 302
質問
What is carbon fixation?
回答
Incorporation of inorganic carbon dioxide into an organic molecule.
カード 303
質問
Which term describes light-driven splitting of water?
回答
photolysis of water
カード 304
質問
Which term describes photosynthetic reactions that directly capture light energy?
回答
light-dependent reactions
カード 305
質問
Which term describes the carbon-reduction cycle of photosynthesis?
回答
the Calvin cycle
カード 306
質問
Which term describes incorporation of carbon dioxide into organic matter?
回答
carbon fixation
カード 307
質問
What is the role of a stoma in photosynthesis?
回答
A pore in the leaf epidermis that regulates carbon-dioxide entry as well as water loss.
カード 308
質問
What is a limiting factor of photosynthesis?
回答
The environmental factor whose availability currently restricts the photosynthetic rate.
カード 309
質問
What is the light compensation point?
回答
The light intensity at which photosynthetic carbon uptake equals respiratory carbon release.
カード 310
質問
What is the overall word equation for oxygenic photosynthesis?
回答
Carbon dioxide + water → carbohydrate + oxygen, using light energy.
カード 311
質問
Which term describes the regulated leaf pore controlling carbon-dioxide entry for photosynthesis?
回答
a stoma
カード 312
質問
Which term describes the factor currently restricting photosynthetic rate?
回答
a limiting factor
カード 313
質問
Which term describes the light level where photosynthesis and respiration balance?
回答
the light compensation point
カード 314
質問
Where do the main stages of photosynthesis occur in a chloroplast?
回答
Light-dependent reactions occur in thylakoid membranes; carbon-fixation reactions occur in the stroma.
カード 315
質問
What energy conversion occurs during photosynthesis?
回答
Light energy is converted into chemical energy stored first in ATP and reduced carriers and ultimately in organic molecules.
カード 316
質問
From which reactant does the oxygen released by photosynthesis originate?
回答
Water.
カード 317
質問
What role does RuBisCO play in photosynthesis?
回答
It catalyzes fixation of carbon dioxide by adding it to an organic acceptor molecule.
カード 318
質問
What tradeoff is controlled when stomata open?
回答
Opening permits carbon dioxide entry but increases water loss by transpiration.
カード 319
質問
Name three leaf features that support photosynthesis.
回答
A broad surface captures light, a thin structure shortens diffusion paths, and veins supply water and remove sugars; chloroplast-rich cells and stomata also help.
カード 320
質問
What can a plant do with carbohydrate made by photosynthesis?
回答
Use it in respiration, convert it to storage or structural carbohydrates, or use its carbon to make lipids, amino acids, and other molecules.
カード 321
質問
How are products of the light-dependent reactions used in carbon fixation?
回答
ATP supplies energy and NADPH supplies reducing power for conversion of fixed carbon into carbohydrate precursors.
カード 322
質問
Why does increasing light intensity eventually stop increasing photosynthetic rate?
回答
Another factor, such as carbon dioxide supply, temperature, or biochemical capacity, becomes limiting.
カード 323
質問
How can increasing carbon dioxide concentration affect photosynthetic rate?
回答
It can increase the rate until another factor becomes limiting.
カード 324
質問
Why does photosynthetic rate usually have a temperature optimum?
回答
Enzyme-controlled reactions accelerate with temperature up to an optimum, then decline as enzymes and membranes lose effective function.
カード 325
質問
Why does an action spectrum broadly resemble the combined absorption spectra of photosynthetic pigments?
回答
Wavelengths absorbed by the pigments supply more energy for photosynthesis than poorly absorbed wavelengths.
カード 326
質問
What is semiconservative replication?
回答
DNA replication in which each daughter molecule contains one parental strand and one newly synthesized strand.
カード 327
質問
What is DNA helicase?
回答
An enzyme that unwinds the double helix and separates the strands by disrupting base pairing.
カード 328
質問
What is DNA polymerase?
回答
An enzyme that adds nucleotides to a growing DNA strand using a template.
カード 329
質問
What is a primer?
回答
A short nucleic-acid segment providing a free 3′ end from which DNA polymerase can extend.
カード 330
質問
Which term describes replication producing one old and one new strand per DNA molecule?
回答
semiconservative replication
カード 331
質問
Which term describes the enzyme that separates DNA strands?
回答
DNA helicase
カード 332
質問
Which term describes the enzyme that builds DNA from a template?
回答
DNA polymerase
カード 333
質問
Which term describes the short segment providing a starting 3′ end?
回答
a primer
カード 334
質問
What is the leading strand?
回答
The new DNA strand synthesized continuously toward the replication fork.
カード 335
質問
What is the lagging strand?
回答
The new DNA strand synthesized discontinuously away from the replication fork.
カード 336
質問
What is an Okazaki fragment?
回答
A short DNA segment synthesized on the lagging strand.
カード 337
質問
What is DNA ligase?
回答
An enzyme that seals breaks in the sugar-phosphate backbone, joining DNA fragments.
カード 338
質問
Which term describes the continuously synthesized daughter strand?
回答
the leading strand
カード 339
質問
Which term describes the discontinuously synthesized daughter strand?
回答
the lagging strand
カード 340
質問
Which term describes a short newly made segment of lagging-strand DNA?
回答
an Okazaki fragment
カード 341
質問
Which term describes the enzyme that joins DNA fragments by sealing the backbone?
回答
DNA ligase
カード 342
質問
How does complementary base pairing ensure accurate DNA copying?
回答
Each template base specifies the nucleotide added opposite it: A pairs with T, and C pairs with G.
カード 343
質問
Why does DNA polymerase synthesize DNA only 5′ to 3′?
回答
It can add a nucleotide only to the free 3′ hydroxyl group of the growing strand.
カード 344
質問
When in the cell cycle is nuclear DNA replicated?
回答
During S phase of interphase, before cell division.
カード 345
質問
How can a replication error become a permanent mutation?
回答
If it escapes proofreading and repair, the altered sequence can be copied in later cell generations.
カード 346
質問
Why are leading and lagging strands synthesized differently?
回答
The templates are antiparallel while DNA polymerase works only 5′ to 3′, forcing one strand to be made discontinuously.
カード 347
質問
How do proofreading and repair reduce replication errors?
回答
Incorrectly paired nucleotides are recognized, removed, and replaced before or after replication continues.
カード 348
質問
What three repeating steps amplify DNA in PCR?
回答
Strand separation by heating, primer annealing during cooling, and DNA extension by a heat-stable polymerase.
カード 349
質問
What determines which DNA region PCR amplifies?
回答
The sequences and positions of the two primers flanking the target region.
カード 350
質問
What is transcription?
回答
Synthesis of RNA from a DNA template.
カード 351
質問
What is RNA polymerase?
回答
The enzyme that synthesizes RNA complementary to a DNA template strand.
カード 352
質問
What is messenger RNA?
回答
RNA carrying a coding sequence from DNA to ribosomes.
カード 353
質問
What is a codon?
回答
A three-base sequence in mRNA that specifies an amino acid or a translation signal.
カード 354
質問
Which term describes RNA synthesis from DNA?
回答
transcription
カード 355
質問
Which term describes the enzyme that builds RNA from a DNA template?
回答
RNA polymerase
カード 356
質問
Which term describes RNA that carries coding information to ribosomes?
回答
messenger RNA
カード 357
質問
Which term describes a three-base mRNA unit?
回答
a codon
カード 358
質問
What is translation?
回答
Synthesis of a polypeptide using the codon sequence of mRNA.
カード 359
質問
What does a ribosome do during translation?
回答
It reads mRNA and catalyzes polypeptide synthesis using its rRNA-protein machinery.
カード 360
質問
What is transfer RNA?
回答
RNA that carries a specific amino acid and pairs its anticodon with an mRNA codon.
カード 361
質問
What is an anticodon?
回答
A three-base tRNA sequence complementary to an mRNA codon.
カード 362
質問
Which term describes polypeptide synthesis from an mRNA sequence?
回答
translation
カード 363
質問
Which term describes the translation complex that reads mRNA and builds a polypeptide?
回答
a ribosome
カード 364
質問
Which term describes the adaptor RNA carrying an amino acid?
回答
transfer RNA
カード 365
質問
Which term describes the tRNA triplet that pairs with a codon?
回答
an anticodon
カード 366
質問
What is the genetic code?
回答
The set of rules relating mRNA codons to amino acids and translation signals.
カード 367
質問
What are start and stop codons?
回答
mRNA signals that establish the reading frame or terminate translation.
カード 368
質問
Where do transcription and translation occur in a eukaryotic cell?
回答
Transcription occurs in the nucleus; translation occurs on ribosomes in the cytoplasm or on rough ER.
カード 369
質問
How is an mRNA sequence related to its DNA template strand?
回答
It is complementary and antiparallel, with uracil in RNA opposite adenine in DNA.
カード 370
質問
Which term describes the codon-to-amino-acid rule set?
回答
the genetic code
カード 371
質問
Which term describes codons that begin or end translation?
回答
start and stop codons
カード 372
質問
What reaction does the ribosome catalyze as a polypeptide grows?
回答
Formation of peptide bonds between adjacent amino acids.
カード 373
質問
What does it mean that the genetic code is degenerate?
回答
Most amino acids are specified by more than one codon.
カード 374
質問
How can one mRNA produce many polypeptides quickly?
回答
Multiple ribosomes can translate the same mRNA simultaneously as a polyribosome.
カード 375
質問
Why is translation not the final step in producing many functional proteins?
回答
The polypeptide must fold and may undergo cleavage, chemical modification, or assembly with other subunits.
カード 376
質問
How does mRNA compare with the DNA coding strand?
回答
It has the same base sequence except that RNA contains uracil where DNA contains thymine.
カード 377
質問
What happens during eukaryotic RNA splicing?
回答
Introns are removed and exons are joined to form mature mRNA.
カード 378
質問
Why must codons be read in the correct reading frame?
回答
Changing the starting position changes every downstream triplet and therefore the amino-acid sequence.
カード 379
質問
How is the correct amino acid matched to each mRNA codon?
回答
Each tRNA is charged with a particular amino acid, and its anticodon pairs with the complementary codon.
カード 380
質問
How can a base substitution affect a protein?
回答
It may be silent, change one amino acid, create a stop codon, or sometimes alter RNA processing.
カード 381
質問
What is a mutation?
回答
A change in a DNA sequence or chromosome structure that can be passed to daughter cells.
カード 382
質問
What is a base substitution?
回答
Replacement of one nucleotide pair by another.
カード 383
質問
What is an insertion mutation?
回答
Addition of one or more nucleotides to a DNA sequence.
カード 384
質問
What is a deletion mutation?
回答
Loss of one or more nucleotides from a DNA sequence.
カード 385
質問
Which term describes a lasting DNA-sequence or chromosome change?
回答
a mutation
カード 386
質問
Which term describes replacement of one DNA base pair?
回答
a base substitution
カード 387
質問
Which term describes addition of nucleotides to DNA?
回答
an insertion mutation
カード 388
質問
Which term describes loss of nucleotides from DNA?
回答
a deletion mutation
カード 389
質問
What is a frameshift mutation?
回答
A coding-sequence insertion or deletion not divisible by three that changes downstream codon grouping.
カード 390
質問
What is a silent mutation?
回答
A sequence change that does not alter the encoded amino acid.
カード 391
質問
What is a missense mutation?
回答
A mutation that changes a codon so a different amino acid is incorporated.
カード 392
質問
What is a nonsense mutation?
回答
A mutation that changes an amino-acid codon into a stop codon.
カード 393
質問
Which term describes a mutation that shifts downstream codon grouping?
回答
a frameshift mutation
カード 394
質問
Which term describes a coding change that leaves the amino acid unchanged?
回答
a silent mutation
カード 395
質問
Which term describes a mutation causing one amino-acid substitution?
回答
a missense mutation
カード 396
質問
Which term describes a mutation creating a premature stop codon?
回答
a nonsense mutation
カード 397
質問
How do germline and somatic mutations differ in inheritance?
回答
Germline mutations can enter gametes and be inherited; somatic mutations affect a cell lineage within the individual.
カード 398
質問
What can cause mutations?
回答
Replication errors, spontaneous chemical changes, radiation, and mutagenic chemicals can alter DNA.
カード 399
質問
How does DNA repair protect genome stability?
回答
Repair systems detect damaged or mismatched DNA and restore the correct structure or sequence when possible.
カード 400
質問
Why are mutations essential to evolution despite often being neutral or harmful?
回答
They create new alleles, providing the heritable variation on which selection and drift act.
カード 401
質問
What is the basic role of guide RNA in CRISPR gene editing?
回答
It directs a nuclease to a complementary DNA sequence.
カード 402
質問
Why can the same type of DNA mutation have effects ranging from none to severe?
回答
Effects depend on location, genetic-code redundancy, protein role, cell type, and environmental context.
カード 403
質問
How can accumulated mutations contribute to cancer?
回答
Mutations can activate growth-promoting genes or disable genes that restrain division, repair DNA, or trigger cell death.
カード 404
質問
Why can repairing a CRISPR-induced DNA break produce different editing outcomes?
回答
Different cellular repair pathways may disrupt the target sequence or use a supplied template for a specific change.
カード 405
質問
What is an off-target effect in gene editing?
回答
An unintended DNA change at a site sufficiently similar to the intended target.
カード 406
質問
Why does heritable human genome editing raise additional ethical concerns?
回答
Changes could pass to future generations who cannot consent, with uncertain long-term biological and social effects.
カード 407
質問
What is the cell cycle?
回答
The ordered sequence of cell growth, DNA replication, nuclear division, and cell division.
カード 408
質問
What is interphase?
回答
The period of growth, normal activity, and DNA replication between nuclear divisions.
カード 409
質問
What is mitosis?
回答
Nuclear division that usually produces genetically equivalent daughter nuclei.
カード 410
質問
What is cytokinesis?
回答
Division of the cytoplasm to form separate daughter cells.
カード 411
質問
Which term describes the ordered sequence from one cell division to the next?
回答
the cell cycle
カード 412
質問
Which term describes the growth and DNA-replication period between divisions?
回答
interphase
カード 413
質問
Which term describes division producing genetically equivalent nuclei?
回答
mitosis
カード 414
質問
Which term describes physical division of the cytoplasm?
回答
cytokinesis
カード 415
質問
What is a chromosome?
回答
One DNA molecule packaged with associated proteins.
カード 416
質問
What are sister chromatids?
回答
The two replicated copies of a chromosome joined before separation.
カード 417
質問
What is a centromere?
回答
The chromosome region that holds sister chromatids together and organizes kinetochore attachment.
カード 418
質問
What is the mitotic spindle?
回答
A microtubule system that attaches to and separates chromosomes during cell division.
カード 419
質問
Which term describes a protein-packaged DNA molecule?
回答
a chromosome
カード 420
質問
Which term describes joined replicated copies of one chromosome?
回答
sister chromatids
カード 421
質問
Which term describes the chromosome region joining sister chromatids?
回答
a centromere
カード 422
質問
Which term describes the chromosome-separating microtubule system?
回答
the mitotic spindle
カード 423
質問
What is the basic sequence of mitosis?
回答
Chromosomes condense, align at the cell equator, sister chromatids separate to opposite poles, and new nuclei form.
カード 424
質問
Why must DNA replicate before mitosis?
回答
Each chromosome must have two copies so each daughter nucleus can receive a complete genome.
カード 425
質問
Why are daughter cells from mitosis usually genetically similar?
回答
Replicated sister chromatids are separated so each daughter receives one copy of every chromosome.
カード 426
質問
What are major roles of mitosis in multicellular organisms?
回答
Growth, tissue repair, cell replacement, and some forms of asexual reproduction.
カード 427
質問
How do homologous chromosomes differ from sister chromatids?
回答
Homologs carry the same gene loci but may have different alleles; sister chromatids are replicated copies of one chromosome.
カード 428
質問
What key outcome distinguishes mitosis from meiosis?
回答
Mitosis usually preserves chromosome number and similarity; meiosis halves chromosome number and generates genetically varied haploid cells.
カード 429
質問
How does cytokinesis commonly occur in animal cells?
回答
A contractile ring tightens the plasma membrane into a cleavage furrow.
カード 430
質問
How does cytokinesis commonly occur in plant cells?
回答
Vesicles fuse at the center to form a cell plate that develops into new membranes and a cell wall.
カード 431
質問
What is the purpose of cell-cycle checkpoints?
回答
They delay progression when conditions are unsuitable or DNA and chromosome attachment are defective.
カード 432
質問
How is loss of cell-cycle control related to cancer?
回答
Cells can divide despite damage or growth restraints, producing an expanding abnormal clone.
カード 433
質問
What is a gene?
回答
A DNA sequence that contributes to a functional product and influences a characteristic or cellular process.
カード 434
質問
What is an allele?
回答
One of the alternative DNA-sequence forms at a gene locus.
カード 435
質問
What is a gene locus?
回答
The physical position of a gene on a chromosome.
カード 436
質問
What is a genotype?
回答
The allele combination of an organism at one or more loci.
カード 437
質問
Which term describes a functional DNA sequence?
回答
a gene
カード 438
質問
Which term describes an alternative form of a gene?
回答
an allele
カード 439
質問
Which term describes a gene's chromosome position?
回答
a gene locus
カード 440
質問
Which term describes an organism's allele combination?
回答
a genotype
カード 441
質問
What is a phenotype?
回答
An observable or measurable trait produced by genotype and environment.
カード 442
質問
What is homozygous?
回答
Having two identical alleles at a diploid locus.
カード 443
質問
What is heterozygous?
回答
Having two different alleles at a diploid locus.
カード 444
質問
What is a dominant allele?
回答
An allele expressed in the phenotype of a heterozygote under a specified inheritance model.
カード 445
質問
Which term describes an observable trait resulting from genes and environment?
回答
a phenotype
カード 446
質問
Which term describes having two identical alleles at a locus?
回答
homozygous
カード 447
質問
Which term describes having two different alleles at a locus?
回答
heterozygous
カード 448
質問
Which term describes an allele expressed in a heterozygote?
回答
a dominant allele
カード 449
質問
What is a recessive allele?
回答
An allele whose phenotype is masked by a dominant allele in a heterozygote.
カード 450
質問
What is a genetic carrier?
回答
An unaffected heterozygote who can transmit a recessive disease allele.
カード 451
質問
What is a test cross?
回答
A cross with a homozygous recessive individual used to infer an unknown dominant phenotype's genotype.
カード 452
質問
What is a pedigree?
回答
A diagram showing biological relationships and occurrence of a trait across generations.
カード 453
質問
Which term describes an allele masked in a heterozygote?
回答
a recessive allele
カード 454
質問
Which term describes an unaffected heterozygote carrying a recessive disease allele?
回答
a genetic carrier
カード 455
質問
Which term describes a cross used to reveal an unknown dominant genotype?
回答
a test cross
カード 456
質問
Which term describes a family diagram tracking a trait across generations?
回答
a pedigree
カード 457
質問
What does allele segregation mean during gamete formation?
回答
The two alleles at a diploid locus separate so each gamete receives one.
カード 458
質問
What does a Punnett square predict?
回答
Expected genotype and phenotype probabilities from specified parental gametes, not guaranteed family outcomes.
カード 459
質問
What phenotypic ratio is expected from Aa × Aa with complete dominance?
回答
Approximately 3 dominant phenotype : 1 recessive phenotype.
カード 460
質問
What genotypic ratio is expected from Aa × Aa?
回答
1 AA : 2 Aa : 1 aa.
カード 461
質問
What happens in codominance?
回答
Both alleles contribute distinctly to the heterozygous phenotype.
カード 462
質問
What happens in incomplete dominance?
回答
The heterozygote has a phenotype intermediate between the two homozygotes.
カード 463
質問
How can environment affect phenotype without changing genotype?
回答
Conditions alter development, physiology, or gene expression, changing the observed trait.
カード 464
質問
What is the ultimate source of new alleles?
回答
Mutation.
カード 465
質問
Why are X-linked recessive traits more common in XY individuals?
回答
They have only one X chromosome, so one recessive allele on it can determine the phenotype.
カード 466
質問
When is the product rule used in genetic probability?
回答
For independent events that must both occur; multiply their probabilities.
カード 467
質問
When is the sum rule used in genetic probability?
回答
For mutually exclusive alternative outcomes; add their probabilities.
カード 468
質問
Why do polygenic traits often show continuous variation?
回答
Many loci contribute small effects, creating many possible genotypes and phenotypes, often further influenced by environment.
カード 469
質問
What pedigree pattern can suggest an autosomal recessive trait?
回答
Unaffected parents can have affected children, and all sexes are affected at similar frequencies.
カード 470
質問
What is a species?
回答
A group of organisms whose members can potentially interbreed and produce fertile offspring under natural conditions.
カード 471
質問
What is binomial nomenclature?
回答
The two-part scientific naming system using a genus name followed by a specific epithet.
カード 472
質問
What is taxonomy?
回答
The naming and classification of organisms.
カード 473
質問
What is a biological domain?
回答
The broadest commonly used taxonomic rank, separating Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya.
カード 474
質問
Which term describes a naturally interbreeding group producing fertile offspring?
回答
a species
カード 475
質問
Which term describes the genus-plus-specific-epithet naming system?
回答
binomial nomenclature
カード 476
質問
Which term describes the science of naming and classifying organisms?
回答
taxonomy
カード 477
質問
Which term describes the broadest common taxonomic rank?
回答
a biological domain
カード 478
質問
What is biodiversity?
回答
Variation of life at genetic, species, and ecosystem levels.
カード 479
質問
What is an autotroph?
回答
An organism that makes organic compounds from inorganic carbon using light or chemical energy.
カード 480
質問
What is a heterotroph?
回答
An organism that obtains organic carbon by consuming other organisms or their products.
カード 481
質問
What is a unicellular organism?
回答
An organism consisting of one cell that carries out all essential life functions.
カード 482
質問
Which term describes variation of life across genes, species, and ecosystems?
回答
biodiversity
カード 483
質問
Which term describes an organism that builds organic matter from inorganic carbon?
回答
an autotroph
カード 484
質問
Which term describes an organism obtaining organic carbon from other organisms?
回答
a heterotroph
カード 485
質問
Which term describes an organism made of one cell?
回答
a unicellular organism
カード 486
質問
What is a multicellular organism?
回答
An organism composed of many cooperating cells, often with specialized cell types.
カード 487
質問
What is a karyotype?
回答
An ordered display of chromosomes used to examine their number and large-scale structure.
カード 488
質問
What broad feature distinguishes both Bacteria and Archaea from Eukarya?
回答
Their cells lack a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles.
カード 489
質問
What features characterize most plant cells?
回答
Cellulose walls, chloroplasts in photosynthetic tissues, and large vacuoles are typical features.
カード 490
質問
Which term describes an organism made of many cooperating cells?
回答
a multicellular organism
カード 491
質問
Which term describes an ordered display of an individual's chromosomes?
回答
a karyotype
カード 492
質問
How do fungi obtain nutrients?
回答
They secrete digestive enzymes and absorb soluble products; their cells usually have chitin-containing walls.
カード 493
質問
What distinguishes animal nutrition and cell structure?
回答
Animals ingest organic material, and their cells lack cell walls and chloroplasts.
カード 494
質問
Why are scientific names useful across languages?
回答
A standardized name identifies the same organism internationally and reduces ambiguity from local common names.
カード 495
質問
Why can genetic diversity improve a population's resilience?
回答
More heritable variation increases the chance that some individuals tolerate new diseases or environmental changes.
カード 496
質問
What does ecosystem diversity measure?
回答
The variety of habitats, communities, and ecological processes within a region.
カード 497
質問
Why are Archaea classified separately from Bacteria?
回答
They differ in genetic sequences, membrane chemistry, cell-wall composition, and aspects of molecular machinery.
カード 498
質問
Why is the biological species concept difficult to apply to fossils or asexual organisms?
回答
Their ability to interbreed and produce fertile offspring cannot be tested in the usual way.
カード 499
質問
Does a larger chromosome number necessarily mean a more complex organism?
回答
No. Chromosome number varies through fusion, fission, and duplication and does not directly measure biological complexity.
カード 500
質問
Does genome size reliably predict organismal complexity?
回答
No. Large amounts of noncoding and repeated DNA make genome size a poor simple measure of complexity.
カード 501
質問
What evidence can be combined when classifying organisms?
回答
Molecular sequences, cell structure, anatomy, development, physiology, and reproductive evidence can all contribute.
カード 502
質問
What is gas exchange?
回答
Diffusion of respiratory gases between an organism and its environment or transport fluid.
カード 503
質問
What is ventilation?
回答
Bulk movement of air or water over a gas-exchange surface.
カード 504
質問
What is an alveolus?
回答
A microscopic air sac in the lung where gases diffuse between air and blood.
カード 505
質問
What is pulmonary surfactant?
回答
A substance lining alveoli that lowers surface tension and reduces collapse.
カード 506
質問
Which term describes diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide across a respiratory surface?
回答
gas exchange
カード 507
質問
Which term describes bulk movement of respiratory medium over an exchange surface?
回答
ventilation
カード 508
質問
Which term describes a microscopic lung air sac?
回答
an alveolus
カード 509
質問
Which term describes the alveolar lining that lowers surface tension?
回答
pulmonary surfactant
カード 510
質問
What is the diaphragm?
回答
A sheet of skeletal muscle whose contraction increases thoracic volume during inhalation.
カード 511
質問
What is tidal volume?
回答
The volume of air moved in or out during a normal breath.
カード 512
質問
What is a stoma?
回答
A regulated epidermal pore through which gases diffuse in leaves.
カード 513
質問
What is countercurrent exchange?
回答
Exchange between fluids moving in opposite directions, maintaining a gradient along most of the surface.
カード 514
質問
Which term describes the muscle sheet that expands the thorax during inhalation?
回答
the diaphragm
カード 515
質問
Which term describes air volume moved in one normal breath?
回答
tidal volume
カード 516
質問
Which term describes a regulated leaf gas-exchange pore?
回答
a stoma
カード 517
質問
Which term describes opposite fluid flow that maintains an exchange gradient?
回答
countercurrent exchange
カード 518
質問
What features make an efficient gas-exchange surface?
回答
Large area, short diffusion distance, permeability, and maintained concentration gradients.
カード 519
質問
How is a steep oxygen gradient maintained across alveoli?
回答
Ventilation replenishes alveolar oxygen and blood flow removes absorbed oxygen.
カード 520
質問
How does diaphragm contraction cause inhalation?
回答
Thoracic volume increases, lung pressure falls below atmospheric pressure, and air flows inward.
カード 521
質問
What drives quiet exhalation?
回答
The diaphragm relaxes and elastic recoil reduces thoracic and lung volume, raising pressure and pushing air out.
カード 522
質問
Why do ventilation rate and depth increase during exercise?
回答
They increase oxygen uptake and carbon dioxide removal to support higher cellular respiration.
カード 523
質問
How does leaf structure shorten the pathway for carbon dioxide diffusion?
回答
Stomata open into air spaces, and mesophyll cells expose moist surfaces close to those spaces.
カード 524
質問
Why does carbon dioxide diffuse from tissues into blood?
回答
Respiring cells produce carbon dioxide, making its partial pressure higher in tissues than in incoming blood.
カード 525
質問
How does countercurrent flow improve oxygen uptake at fish gills?
回答
Blood continually meets water with a higher oxygen concentration, preserving diffusion along the lamella.
カード 526
質問
Why does closing stomata reduce both water loss and photosynthesis?
回答
It limits water-vapor diffusion out but also restricts carbon dioxide diffusion into the leaf.
カード 527
質問
What is a circulatory system?
回答
A transport system that moves a fluid carrying gases, nutrients, wastes, hormones, and heat through an organism.
カード 528
質問
What is an artery?
回答
A blood vessel carrying blood away from the heart under relatively high pressure.
カード 529
質問
What is a vein?
回答
A blood vessel carrying blood toward the heart, usually with low pressure and often valves.
カード 530
質問
What is a capillary?
回答
A microscopic thin-walled vessel where substances exchange between blood and tissues.
カード 531
質問
Which term describes an internal fluid-transport system?
回答
a circulatory system
カード 532
質問
Which term describes a vessel carrying blood away from the heart?
回答
an artery
カード 533
質問
Which term describes a vessel carrying blood toward the heart?
回答
a vein
カード 534
質問
Which term describes a microscopic exchange blood vessel?
回答
a capillary
カード 535
質問
What is the cardiac cycle?
回答
The repeating sequence of heart-chamber contraction and relaxation that pumps blood.
カード 536
質問
What is hemoglobin?
回答
An iron-containing protein in red blood cells that binds oxygen reversibly.
カード 537
質問
What is xylem?
回答
Plant vascular tissue that transports water and mineral ions and provides structural support.
カード 538
質問
What is phloem?
回答
Plant vascular tissue that transports sucrose and other organic solutes between sources and sinks.
カード 539
質問
Which term describes the repeating pumping sequence of the heart?
回答
the cardiac cycle
カード 540
質問
Which term describes the oxygen-carrying protein of red blood cells?
回答
hemoglobin
カード 541
質問
Which term describes plant tissue carrying water and minerals?
回答
xylem
カード 542
質問
Which term describes plant tissue carrying organic solutes?
回答
phloem
カード 543
質問
What is transpiration?
回答
Loss of water vapor from plant surfaces, mainly through stomata.
カード 544
質問
What is phloem translocation?
回答
Movement of organic solutes through phloem from sources to sinks.
カード 545
質問
How do a source and a sink differ in plant transport?
回答
A source releases assimilates to phloem; a sink removes them for use or storage.
カード 546
質問
What makes human circulation a double circulation?
回答
Blood passes through the heart once in the pulmonary circuit and again in the systemic circuit during one complete journey.
カード 547
質問
Which term describes water-vapor loss from plant surfaces?
回答
transpiration
カード 548
質問
Which term describes movement of organic solutes through phloem?
回答
phloem translocation
カード 549
質問
Which term describes the exporting and importing regions of phloem transport?
回答
source and sink
カード 550
質問
How is an artery adapted to high pressure?
回答
It has thick elastic and muscular walls and a relatively narrow lumen.
カード 551
質問
How is a vein adapted to return low-pressure blood?
回答
It has a wide lumen, thinner walls, and valves that reduce backflow.
カード 552
質問
How does capillary structure support exchange?
回答
One-cell-thick walls give a short diffusion distance; extensive branching gives a large total area; narrow lumens slow flow and keep blood close to tissues.
カード 553
質問
What determines whether a heart valve opens or closes?
回答
Pressure differences across the valve.
カード 554
質問
Trace water from soil to the atmosphere through a plant.
回答
Soil → root hairs → root tissues → xylem → leaf mesophyll → leaf air spaces → stomata → atmosphere.
カード 555
質問
Why may root cells use active transport to absorb mineral ions?
回答
Ion concentrations can be lower in soil than in root cells, so uptake must occur against a gradient.
カード 556
質問
Why do large multicellular organisms need bulk transport systems?
回答
Their low surface-area-to-volume ratio and long diffusion distances make diffusion alone too slow for whole-body supply.
カード 557
質問
Why does hemoglobin unload more oxygen in actively respiring tissues?
回答
Lower oxygen and often higher carbon dioxide and acidity reduce hemoglobin's oxygen affinity.
カード 558
質問
How does transpiration pull water upward through xylem?
回答
Evaporation lowers leaf water potential and creates tension; cohesion transmits the pull through the continuous water column.
カード 559
質問
How do wind and low humidity generally affect transpiration?
回答
Both maintain a steep water-vapor gradient outside the leaf, increasing transpiration if stomata remain open.
カード 560
質問
What drives mass flow in phloem?
回答
Sugar loading draws in water and raises pressure at a source; unloading lowers pressure at a sink, producing bulk flow.
カード 561
質問
Can the same plant organ be a source at one time and a sink at another?
回答
Yes. A storage organ may import sugars while filling and export them later during growth or germination.
カード 562
質問
What is a neuron?
回答
An excitable cell specialized to receive, process, and transmit information.
カード 563
質問
What is a sensory neuron?
回答
A neuron carrying information from a receptor toward the central nervous system.
カード 564
質問
What is a motor neuron?
回答
A neuron carrying commands from the central nervous system to an effector.
カード 565
質問
What is the resting potential?
回答
The voltage difference across an unstimulated neuron's membrane, with the inside negative relative to outside.
カード 566
質問
Which term describes an excitable information-transmitting cell?
回答
a neuron
カード 567
質問
Which term describes a neuron carrying receptor information to the CNS?
回答
a sensory neuron
カード 568
質問
Which term describes a neuron carrying CNS commands to an effector?
回答
a motor neuron
カード 569
質問
Which term describes the negative-inside voltage of an unstimulated neuron?
回答
the resting potential
カード 570
質問
What is an action potential?
回答
A brief, self-propagating reversal and restoration of membrane potential along an excitable membrane.
カード 571
質問
What is depolarization?
回答
A change that makes membrane potential less negative, and during an action potential often positive.
カード 572
質問
What is repolarization?
回答
Return of membrane potential toward its resting negative value after depolarization.
カード 573
質問
What is a synapse?
回答
A junction where one cell communicates with another cell.
カード 574
質問
Which term describes a brief propagating change in neuron membrane voltage?
回答
an action potential
カード 575
質問
Which term describes a membrane-voltage change toward a less negative value?
回答
depolarization
カード 576
質問
Which term describes return toward resting membrane voltage?
回答
repolarization
カード 577
質問
Which term describes a communication junction between cells?
回答
a synapse
カード 578
質問
What is a neurotransmitter?
回答
A chemical released by a neuron that changes the activity of a target cell.
カード 579
質問
What is the refractory period?
回答
A brief period after an action potential when another is impossible or requires a stronger stimulus.
カード 580
質問
What is myelin?
回答
An insulating sheath around some axons that speeds impulse conduction.
カード 581
質問
What happens when membrane depolarization reaches threshold?
回答
Voltage-gated channels trigger the self-amplifying events of an action potential.
カード 582
質問
Which term describes a neuron-released signaling chemical?
回答
a neurotransmitter
カード 583
質問
Which term describes the recovery interval after an action potential?
回答
the refractory period
カード 584
質問
Which term describes the insulating axon sheath?
回答
myelin
カード 585
質問
What does the all-or-none principle mean for an action potential?
回答
Once threshold is reached, the action potential has a characteristic size; stronger stimuli increase frequency, not its amplitude.
カード 586
質問
How does myelin increase conduction speed?
回答
Depolarizing current travels rapidly beneath myelin and action potentials regenerate mainly at gaps in the sheath.
カード 587
質問
What is the basic sequence at a chemical synapse?
回答
An impulse triggers neurotransmitter release; it diffuses across the cleft, binds receptors, and alters the postsynaptic cell.
カード 588
質問
Why can a reflex response be rapid?
回答
A short neural pathway produces an automatic response without waiting for conscious processing.
カード 589
質問
What is sensory transduction?
回答
Conversion of a physical or chemical stimulus into an electrical signal in a receptor cell.
カード 590
質問
How does an action potential propagate along an axon?
回答
Local current depolarizes the next membrane region to threshold, opening voltage-gated channels there.
カード 591
質問
Why does an action potential normally travel in one direction along an axon?
回答
The membrane just behind it is refractory and cannot immediately fire again.
カード 592
質問
How is neurotransmitter action ended?
回答
The transmitter is removed by enzymatic breakdown, reuptake, or diffusion away.
カード 593
質問
What is sensory adaptation?
回答
Reduced receptor or neural response during a constant, unchanging stimulus.
カード 594
質問
How can a drug alter synaptic transmission?
回答
It may mimic or block a transmitter, change its release, or change its removal from the synaptic cleft.
カード 595
質問
What is an organ system?
回答
A group of organs coordinating to perform major functions for an organism.
カード 596
質問
What is a hormone?
回答
A signaling molecule released into transport fluid and acting on target cells with suitable receptors.
カード 597
質問
What is an endocrine gland?
回答
A gland that secretes hormones into extracellular fluid and blood rather than through a duct.
カード 598
質問
What is a hormone target cell?
回答
A cell able to respond because it has the appropriate receptor.
カード 599
質問
Which term describes a coordinated group of organs?
回答
an organ system
カード 600
質問
Which term describes a long-distance chemical messenger carried in body fluid?
回答
a hormone
カード 601
質問
Which term describes a ductless hormone-secreting gland?
回答
an endocrine gland
カード 602
質問
Which term describes a cell with a receptor for a particular hormone?
回答
a hormone target cell
カード 603
質問
What is digestion?
回答
Mechanical and chemical breakdown of food into molecules small enough to absorb.
カード 604
質問
What is absorption?
回答
Movement of digested nutrients across an exchange surface into blood or lymph.
カード 605
質問
What is peristalsis?
回答
Coordinated waves of smooth-muscle contraction that move material through the digestive tract.
カード 606
質問
What is an intestinal villus?
回答
A finger-like projection increasing the absorptive surface of the small intestine.
カード 607
質問
Which term describes breakdown of food into absorbable molecules?
回答
digestion
カード 608
質問
Which term describes movement of digested nutrients into transport fluids?
回答
absorption
カード 609
質問
Which term describes wave-like gut contractions moving contents?
回答
peristalsis
カード 610
質問
Which term describes a finger-like intestinal absorption projection?
回答
an intestinal villus
カード 611
質問
What is excretion?
回答
Removal of metabolic waste products from the body.
カード 612
質問
What is a nephron?
回答
The microscopic functional unit of the kidney that filters blood and modifies filtrate into urine.
カード 613
質問
What is ultrafiltration?
回答
Pressure-driven filtration of small molecules from blood into a kidney capsule while cells and most proteins remain in blood.
カード 614
質問
What is selective reabsorption?
回答
Recovery of useful substances and regulated amounts of water and ions from kidney filtrate into blood.
カード 615
質問
Which term describes removal of metabolic wastes?
回答
excretion
カード 616
質問
Which term describes the kidney's microscopic functional unit?
回答
a nephron
カード 617
質問
Which term describes pressure filtration at the start of a nephron?
回答
ultrafiltration
カード 618
質問
Which term describes return of useful substances from kidney filtrate to blood?
回答
selective reabsorption
カード 619
質問
What is skeletal muscle?
回答
Striated voluntary muscle attached to the skeleton and used for movement and posture.
カード 620
質問
What is an antagonistic muscle pair?
回答
Two muscles producing opposite movements at a joint because muscles pull but do not push.
カード 621
質問
How do nervous and endocrine signaling generally differ?
回答
Neural signals are rapid and targeted; hormonal signals are usually slower, longer-lasting, and distributed through body fluids.
カード 622
質問
Why does a circulating hormone affect only some cells?
回答
Only target cells express receptors that recognize the hormone and activate a response.
カード 623
質問
Which term describes voluntary striated muscle that moves the skeleton?
回答
skeletal muscle
カード 624
質問
Which term describes two muscles producing opposite joint movements?
回答
an antagonistic muscle pair
カード 625
質問
What is the final absorbable product of most dietary carbohydrate digestion?
回答
Monosaccharides, especially glucose.
カード 626
質問
What are the main absorbable products of protein digestion?
回答
Amino acids and small peptides that are completed to amino acids during absorption.
カード 627
質問
How is the small intestine adapted for absorption?
回答
Folds, villi, and microvilli increase area; a thin epithelium, rich blood supply, and lymph vessels support transport.
カード 628
質問
Name three integrative roles of the liver.
回答
It processes absorbed nutrients, regulates blood chemistry, detoxifies substances, produces bile, and converts ammonia to urea; any three are sufficient.
カード 629
質問
Why are blood cells and most plasma proteins absent from normal kidney filtrate?
回答
They are too large to cross the filtration barrier.
カード 630
質問
How do muscles move a bone at a joint?
回答
Contraction shortens the muscle, pulling through a tendon on the bone.
カード 631
質問
Why are antagonistic muscles needed at many joints?
回答
A muscle can pull in one direction but cannot push itself back, so an opposing muscle produces the reverse movement.
カード 632
質問
Why must organ systems be integrated rather than acting independently?
回答
Each system depends on materials, signals, waste removal, and stable conditions supplied by other systems.
カード 633
質問
Why do many absorbed lipids enter lymph before blood?
回答
Intestinal cells package them into lipoprotein particles too large to enter ordinary blood capillaries directly.
カード 634
質問
Why is glucose normally absent from final urine?
回答
Filtered glucose is selectively reabsorbed into blood when transporter capacity is not exceeded.
カード 635
質問
How do respiratory, circulatory, and muscular systems cooperate during exercise?
回答
Ventilation supplies oxygen, circulation transports gases and fuels, and muscles use ATP while returning carbon dioxide, heat, and metabolites.
カード 636
質問
How do liver, circulation, and kidneys cooperate in nitrogen-waste removal?
回答
The liver converts toxic ammonia to urea, blood carries urea, and kidneys filter and excrete it.
カード 637
質問
What is a pathogen?
回答
A biological agent capable of causing disease.
カード 638
質問
What is an antigen?
回答
A molecule recognized specifically by an antibody or lymphocyte receptor.
カード 639
質問
What is innate immunity?
回答
Rapid, nonspecific defense mechanisms present without prior exposure.
カード 640
質問
What is adaptive immunity?
回答
Specific defense that develops through lymphocyte activation and can form memory.
カード 641
質問
Which term describes a disease-causing biological agent?
回答
a pathogen
カード 642
質問
Which term describes a molecule specifically recognized by adaptive immune receptors?
回答
an antigen
カード 643
質問
Which term describes rapid nonspecific immune defense?
回答
innate immunity
カード 644
質問
Which term describes specific immune defense capable of memory?
回答
adaptive immunity
カード 645
質問
What is a phagocyte?
回答
A cell that engulfs and digests microbes, particles, or damaged cells.
カード 646
質問
What is a lymphocyte?
回答
An adaptive immune cell with receptors specific to particular antigens.
カード 647
質問
What is an antibody?
回答
A secreted immunoglobulin that binds a specific antigen.
カード 648
質問
What is a B lymphocyte?
回答
A lymphocyte that can differentiate into antibody-secreting plasma cells and memory cells.
カード 649
質問
Which term describes an engulfing immune cell?
回答
a phagocyte
カード 650
質問
Which term describes an antigen-specific adaptive immune cell?
回答
a lymphocyte
カード 651
質問
Which term describes a secreted antigen-binding immunoglobulin?
回答
an antibody
カード 652
質問
Which term describes the lymphocyte lineage that produces antibody-secreting cells?
回答
a B lymphocyte
カード 653
質問
What is a helper T cell?
回答
A lymphocyte that coordinates immune responses through contact signals and cytokines.
カード 654
質問
What is an immune memory cell?
回答
A long-lived lymphocyte that responds rapidly after re-exposure to its antigen.
カード 655
質問
What is vaccination?
回答
Deliberate exposure to a safe form or component of an antigen to generate protective immune memory.
カード 656
質問
What is an antibiotic?
回答
A substance that kills bacteria or inhibits their growth at clinically useful doses.
カード 657
質問
Which term describes the T cell that coordinates other immune cells?
回答
a helper T cell
カード 658
質問
Which term describes a long-lived lymphocyte enabling faster re-exposure response?
回答
an immune memory cell
カード 659
質問
Which term describes safe antigen exposure used to create immune memory?
回答
vaccination
カード 660
質問
Which term describes a drug acting against bacteria?
回答
an antibiotic
カード 661
質問
What are examples of first-line defenses against pathogens?
回答
Intact skin, mucus, cilia, antimicrobial secretions, stomach acidity, and competing microbiota.
カード 662
質問
How does inflammation help defend damaged tissue?
回答
It increases local blood flow and vessel permeability and recruits immune cells and defensive molecules.
カード 663
質問
What happens during phagocytosis?
回答
A cell surrounds a particle in a vesicle, then fuses it with digestive compartments to destroy or process it.
カード 664
質問
How can antibodies help eliminate a pathogen?
回答
They can neutralize targets, block attachment, clump particles, and mark them for phagocytosis or complement attack.
カード 665
質問
Why can a vaccine generate protection without causing the full disease?
回答
It presents antigen in a weakened, inactivated, partial, or encoded form that stimulates immunity with much lower risk.
カード 666
質問
Why do antibiotics not treat viral infections?
回答
Viruses lack the bacterial structures and independent metabolic processes targeted by antibiotics.
カード 667
質問
What determines the antigen specificity of a lymphocyte?
回答
The molecular shape and chemistry of its unique surface receptor.
カード 668
質問
What is clonal selection?
回答
An antigen activates lymphocytes with matching receptors, causing them to proliferate and differentiate.
カード 669
質問
Why is a secondary adaptive immune response usually faster and stronger?
回答
Memory cells are more numerous and activate rapidly, producing effective cells and antibodies sooner.
カード 670
質問
How can high vaccination coverage protect some unvaccinated people?
回答
Reduced transmission makes encounters with infectious individuals less likely, though protection is incomplete and pathogen-dependent.
カード 671
質問
How does antibiotic use select for resistant bacteria?
回答
Susceptible bacteria are removed while resistant variants survive and reproduce, increasing resistance-allele frequency.
カード 672
質問
Why can unnecessary or incomplete antibiotic exposure promote resistance?
回答
It creates selection favoring resistant cells while potentially leaving surviving bacteria to multiply and spread.
カード 673
質問
What is an allergy?
回答
An immune response to a normally harmless antigen that causes tissue symptoms or damage.
カード 674
質問
What is asexual reproduction?
回答
Production of offspring from one parent without fusion of gametes.
カード 675
質問
What is sexual reproduction?
回答
Production of offspring involving fusion of haploid gametes.
カード 676
質問
What is a gamete?
回答
A haploid reproductive cell able to fuse with another gamete.
カード 677
質問
What is fertilization?
回答
Fusion of gamete nuclei to form a diploid zygote.
カード 678
質問
Which term describes reproduction without gamete fusion?
回答
asexual reproduction
カード 679
質問
Which term describes reproduction involving gamete fusion?
回答
sexual reproduction
カード 680
質問
Which term describes a haploid reproductive cell?
回答
a gamete
カード 681
質問
Which term describes fusion of gamete nuclei?
回答
fertilization
カード 682
質問
What is a zygote?
回答
The diploid cell formed by fertilization.
カード 683
質問
What is meiosis?
回答
Cell division that halves chromosome number and usually produces genetically varied haploid cells.
カード 684
質問
What is ovulation?
回答
Release of a secondary oocyte from an ovary.
カード 685
質問
What is implantation?
回答
Attachment and embedding of an early embryo in the uterine lining.
カード 686
質問
Which term describes the first diploid cell after fertilization?
回答
a zygote
カード 687
質問
Which term describes division producing varied haploid cells?
回答
meiosis
カード 688
質問
Which term describes release of an oocyte from an ovary?
回答
ovulation
カード 689
質問
Which term describes embedding of an early embryo in the uterine lining?
回答
implantation
カード 690
質問
What is the placenta?
回答
A temporary organ that exchanges materials between maternal and fetal blood supplies without normally mixing them directly.
カード 691
質問
What is pollination?
回答
Transfer of pollen from an anther to a receptive stigma.
カード 692
質問
Why does sexual reproduction usually produce more genetic variation than asexual reproduction?
回答
Meiosis reshuffles alleles and random fertilization combines genomes from two gametes.
カード 693
質問
Why must gametes be haploid?
回答
Fusion of two haploid gametes restores the diploid chromosome number instead of doubling it each generation.
カード 694
質問
Which term describes the maternal-fetal exchange organ?
回答
the placenta
カード 695
質問
Which term describes transfer of pollen to a stigma?
回答
pollination
カード 696
質問
What are major roles of FSH in the ovarian cycle?
回答
It stimulates follicle development and supports estrogen secretion.
カード 697
質問
What is a major role of the mid-cycle LH surge?
回答
It triggers ovulation and formation of the corpus luteum.
カード 698
質問
How does estrogen contribute to the uterine cycle?
回答
It promotes repair and thickening of the uterine lining after menstruation.
カード 699
質問
How does progesterone contribute to the uterine cycle?
回答
It maintains a thick, secretory uterine lining after ovulation.
カード 700
質問
Where does human fertilization usually occur?
回答
In an oviduct, before the early embryo reaches the uterus.
カード 701
質問
What happens after compatible pollen reaches a flower's stigma?
回答
A pollen tube grows toward an ovule and delivers male nuclei for fertilization.
カード 702
質問
Why does menstruation usually begin if pregnancy does not occur?
回答
The corpus luteum degenerates, progesterone and estrogen fall, and the uterine lining is no longer maintained.
カード 703
質問
What substances commonly cross the placenta between mother and fetus?
回答
Oxygen and nutrients move toward the fetus; carbon dioxide and nitrogenous wastes move toward the mother.
カード 704
質問
How can contraception prevent pregnancy in different ways?
回答
Methods can inhibit ovulation, block sperm from reaching an egg, prevent fertilization, or permanently interrupt the reproductive ducts.
カード 705
質問
What is homeostasis?
回答
Maintenance of internal conditions within ranges compatible with normal function despite change.
カード 706
質問
What is negative feedback?
回答
Control in which a deviation triggers responses that oppose the original change.
カード 707
質問
What is a set point?
回答
The target value or range around which a regulated variable is maintained.
カード 708
質問
What is a homeostatic receptor?
回答
A sensor that detects a change in a regulated variable.
カード 709
質問
Which term describes maintenance of a stable functional internal environment?
回答
homeostasis
カード 710
質問
Which term describes feedback that counteracts a deviation?
回答
negative feedback
カード 711
質問
Which term describes the target around which a variable is regulated?
回答
a set point
カード 712
質問
Which term describes the sensor in a feedback system?
回答
a homeostatic receptor
カード 713
質問
What is a control center?
回答
The component that compares information with a target and coordinates a response.
カード 714
質問
What is an effector?
回答
A muscle, gland, or other component that carries out a control response.
カード 715
質問
What is thermoregulation?
回答
Control of body temperature within a functional range.
カード 716
質問
What is vasodilation?
回答
Widening of blood vessels, often increasing blood flow near the skin.
カード 717
質問
Which term describes the feedback component that evaluates input and directs a response?
回答
a control center
カード 718
質問
Which term describes the component that executes a physiological response?
回答
an effector
カード 719
質問
Which term describes physiological regulation of body temperature?
回答
thermoregulation
カード 720
質問
Which term describes widening of blood vessels?
回答
vasodilation
カード 721
質問
What is vasoconstriction?
回答
Narrowing of blood vessels, often reducing blood flow near the skin.
カード 722
質問
What is insulin?
回答
A pancreatic hormone that lowers elevated blood glucose by promoting uptake and storage.
カード 723
質問
What is glucagon?
回答
A pancreatic hormone that raises low blood glucose by promoting release of stored fuel.
カード 724
質問
What are the main components of a homeostatic feedback loop?
回答
A regulated variable, receptor, control center, effectors, and responses that alter the variable.
カード 725
質問
Which term describes narrowing of blood vessels?
回答
vasoconstriction
カード 726
質問
Which term describes the pancreatic hormone that lowers blood glucose?
回答
insulin
カード 727
質問
Which term describes the pancreatic hormone that raises blood glucose?
回答
glucagon
カード 728
質問
What happens when blood glucose rises after a meal?
回答
Insulin secretion increases, promoting glucose uptake and storage so blood glucose falls toward its normal range.
カード 729
質問
What happens when blood glucose falls during fasting?
回答
Glucagon secretion increases, promoting glycogen breakdown and glucose release by the liver.
カード 730
質問
How does sweating cool the body?
回答
Evaporation of water from skin transfers heat to the environment.
カード 731
質問
How does skin vasodilation increase heat loss?
回答
It brings more warm blood near the surface, increasing transfer of heat to the environment.
カード 732
質問
How does shivering warm the body?
回答
Rapid involuntary muscle contractions increase respiration and heat production.
カード 733
質問
Does homeostasis keep internal conditions perfectly constant?
回答
No. Variables fluctuate within controlled ranges around target values.
カード 734
質問
How does ADH help conserve water?
回答
It increases water permeability in kidney collecting ducts, so more water is reabsorbed and urine becomes more concentrated.
カード 735
質問
How should ADH secretion change during dehydration?
回答
It should increase, promoting greater water reabsorption by the kidneys.
カード 736
質問
How does positive feedback differ from negative feedback?
回答
Positive feedback amplifies a change until an endpoint; negative feedback opposes a change and stabilizes a variable.
カード 737
質問
Why can diabetes mellitus cause persistently high blood glucose?
回答
Insulin production may be insufficient or target cells may respond poorly to insulin.
カード 738
質問
What is biological evolution?
回答
Change in heritable characteristics or allele frequencies of a population across generations.
カード 739
質問
What is allele frequency?
回答
The proportion of gene copies in a population represented by a particular allele.
カード 740
質問
What is microevolution?
回答
Evolutionary change in allele frequencies within populations over relatively short timescales.
カード 741
質問
What is speciation?
回答
Evolutionary formation of new species.
カード 742
質問
Which term describes change in a population's heritable composition across generations?
回答
biological evolution
カード 743
質問
Which term describes the proportion of a population's gene copies that are one allele?
回答
allele frequency
カード 744
質問
Which term describes short-timescale allele-frequency change within populations?
回答
microevolution
カード 745
質問
Which term describes formation of new species?
回答
speciation
カード 746
質問
What is reproductive isolation?
回答
Barriers that prevent or greatly reduce gene flow between populations.
カード 747
質問
What is allopatric speciation?
回答
Speciation after populations become geographically separated and diverge.
カード 748
質問
What is sympatric speciation?
回答
Speciation without geographic separation, through reproductive isolation within the same area.
カード 749
質問
What are homologous structures?
回答
Structures similar because they were inherited from a common ancestor, even if their functions differ.
カード 750
質問
Which term describes barriers reducing gene flow between populations?
回答
reproductive isolation
カード 751
質問
Which term describes speciation following geographic separation?
回答
allopatric speciation
カード 752
質問
Which term describes speciation within the same geographic area?
回答
sympatric speciation
カード 753
質問
Which term describes structures similar through common ancestry?
回答
homologous structures
カード 754
質問
What are analogous structures?
回答
Structures with similar functions that evolved independently rather than from the same ancestral structure.
カード 755
質問
What is a common ancestor?
回答
An ancestral population from which two or more descendant lineages evolved.
カード 756
質問
How does the fossil record provide evidence for evolution?
回答
It documents organisms from different times, including appearance, change, persistence, and extinction of lineages.
カード 757
質問
How do DNA and protein sequences provide evidence of common ancestry?
回答
Shared sequences are inherited; greater similarity generally indicates more recent common ancestry.
カード 758
質問
Which term describes functionally similar structures of independent evolutionary origin?
回答
analogous structures
カード 759
質問
Which term describes an ancestral population shared by descendant lineages?
回答
a common ancestor
カード 760
質問
What is the evolutionary significance of extinction?
回答
It permanently ends a lineage and can alter ecological opportunities and the future diversification of survivors.
カード 761
質問
Do individual organisms evolve during their lifetimes?
回答
No. Individuals develop and acclimate; evolution is heritable change in populations across generations.
カード 762
質問
Why is evolution represented as a branching tree rather than a ladder?
回答
Lineages split from common ancestors; living species are not arranged as stages toward a single goal.
カード 763
質問
How can island species support evolutionary explanations?
回答
Their similarities to nearby mainland ancestors and unique local adaptations fit divergence after colonization and isolation.
カード 764
質問
How can geographic isolation lead to reproductive isolation?
回答
Separated populations accumulate different mutations and experience different selection and drift until interbreeding is reduced.
カード 765
質問
Why can continuing gene flow slow speciation?
回答
Movement of alleles between populations counteracts genetic divergence.
カード 766
質問
Why can unrelated species evolve similar traits?
回答
Similar environmental challenges can favor similar functional solutions through convergent evolution.
カード 767
質問
Which parts of evolution are random and which are nonrandom?
回答
Mutation and many sampling effects are random with respect to need; natural selection nonrandomly favors variants that reproduce better in a given environment.
カード 768
質問
What is conservation biology?
回答
The science and practice of protecting biodiversity, ecological processes, and evolutionary potential.
カード 769
質問
What is habitat fragmentation?
回答
Division of continuous habitat into smaller, isolated patches.
カード 770
質問
What is an endangered species?
回答
A species facing a high risk of extinction in the wild.
カード 771
質問
What is in situ conservation?
回答
Protection of species in their natural habitats and ecological communities.
カード 772
質問
Which term describes the protection of biodiversity and ecological processes?
回答
conservation biology
カード 773
質問
Which term describes division of habitat into isolated patches?
回答
habitat fragmentation
カード 774
質問
Which term describes a species at high risk of extinction?
回答
an endangered species
カード 775
質問
Which term describes conservation within natural habitat?
回答
in situ conservation
カード 776
質問
What is ex situ conservation?
回答
Protection of organisms or genetic material outside the natural habitat.
カード 777
質問
What is a population bottleneck?
回答
A sharp population reduction that can remove genetic variation by chance.
カード 778
質問
What is a wildlife corridor?
回答
Habitat connecting isolated patches to permit movement and gene flow.
カード 779
質問
What major human-driven processes threaten biodiversity?
回答
Habitat loss, overexploitation, invasive species, pollution, and climate change.
カード 780
質問
Which term describes conservation outside natural habitat?
回答
ex situ conservation
カード 781
質問
Which term describes a severe population reduction that loses genetic diversity?
回答
a population bottleneck
カード 782
質問
Which term describes habitat linking isolated populations?
回答
a wildlife corridor
カード 783
質問
What makes a protected area more effective than a boundary alone?
回答
Adequate size, representative habitat, enforcement, connectivity, local support, and management of external threats.
カード 784
質問
Why is long-term population monitoring important in conservation?
回答
It reveals trends, tests whether management works, and provides early warning of decline.
カード 785
質問
How can ecosystem services support the case for conservation?
回答
Healthy ecosystems provide benefits such as pollination, water purification, carbon storage, soil formation, and cultural value.
カード 786
質問
Why are very small populations especially vulnerable to extinction?
回答
Chance events, inbreeding, low genetic diversity, and difficulty finding mates can reinforce decline.
カード 787
質問
What are benefits and limits of captive-breeding programs?
回答
They can prevent immediate extinction and manage breeding, but may lose diversity, alter behavior, and fail without safe habitat for release.
カード 788
質問
Why can controlling an invasive species aid conservation?
回答
It can reduce predation, competition, disease, or habitat alteration affecting native species.
カード 789
質問
Why must conservation priorities consider more than species count?
回答
Endemism, evolutionary distinctness, ecological roles, threat severity, feasibility, and human needs also matter.
カード 790
質問
What is an adaptation?
回答
A heritable characteristic that increases reproductive success in a particular environment.
カード 791
質問
What is acclimation?
回答
A reversible physiological or behavioral adjustment by an individual to environmental change.
カード 792
質問
What is a structural adaptation?
回答
An inherited anatomical feature that improves performance in an environment.
カード 793
質問
What is a physiological adaptation?
回答
An inherited functional or biochemical feature that improves performance in an environment.
カード 794
質問
Which term describes a heritable trait improving reproductive success in context?
回答
an adaptation
カード 795
質問
Which term describes an individual's reversible adjustment to environmental change?
回答
acclimation
カード 796
質問
Which term describes an adaptive anatomical feature?
回答
a structural adaptation
カード 797
質問
Which term describes an adaptive functional or biochemical feature?
回答
a physiological adaptation
カード 798
質問
What is a behavioral adaptation?
回答
An inherited behavior pattern that improves survival or reproduction.
カード 799
質問
What is an environmental tolerance range?
回答
The range of an abiotic condition within which an organism can survive and reproduce.
カード 800
質問
What is evolutionary fitness?
回答
Relative contribution of an individual or genotype to future generations.
カード 801
質問
How can a thick cuticle and reduced leaves help a desert plant?
回答
The cuticle lowers surface permeability, while smaller leaves reduce the area from which water can evaporate.
カード 802
質問
Which term describes an adaptive behavior pattern?
回答
a behavioral adaptation
カード 803
質問
Which term describes the survivable range of an abiotic condition?
回答
an environmental tolerance range
カード 804
質問
Which term describes relative reproductive contribution to future generations?
回答
evolutionary fitness
カード 805
質問
How can a streamlined body adapt an aquatic animal to movement?
回答
It reduces drag, lowering the energy needed to move through water.
カード 806
質問
Does an organism develop an adaptation because it needs one?
回答
No. Heritable variants arise without regard to need, and selection changes their frequencies across generations.
カード 807
質問
Why may organisms from different thermal environments have enzymes with different temperature optima?
回答
Selection favors protein structures that balance flexibility and stability under local temperatures.
カード 808
質問
Why is an adaptation rarely beneficial in every environment?
回答
Traits carry costs and their advantage depends on local resources, competitors, predators, and physical conditions.
カード 809
質問
How does phenotypic plasticity differ from genetic adaptation?
回答
Plasticity lets one genotype produce different phenotypes; adaptation is a heritable population trait shaped across generations.
カード 810
質問
What is local adaptation?
回答
A population has higher fitness in its home environment than foreign populations because selection favored local traits.
カード 811
質問
What is an ecological niche?
回答
The set of environmental conditions, resources, interactions, and functional roles associated with a species.
カード 812
質問
What is a habitat?
回答
The physical place or environment where an organism lives.
カード 813
質問
What is a fundamental niche?
回答
The full range of conditions and resources a species could use without limiting biotic interactions.
カード 814
質問
What is a realized niche?
回答
The conditions and resources a species actually uses after competition and other interactions.
カード 815
質問
Which term describes a species' environmental requirements and ecological role?
回答
an ecological niche
カード 816
質問
Which term describes the place where an organism lives?
回答
a habitat
カード 817
質問
Which term describes the potential niche without limiting biotic interactions?
回答
a fundamental niche
カード 818
質問
Which term describes the niche actually occupied in nature?
回答
a realized niche
カード 819
質問
What is competition?
回答
An interaction in which organisms reduce one another's access to a limited resource.
カード 820
質問
What is mutualism?
回答
An interaction in which both participating species benefit.
カード 821
質問
What is predation?
回答
An interaction in which one organism kills and consumes another.
カード 822
質問
How does a habitat differ from a niche?
回答
A habitat is where an organism lives; a niche includes how it uses conditions and resources and interacts there.
カード 823
質問
Which term describes an interaction over a limited resource that harms both competitors?
回答
competition
カード 824
質問
Which term describes an interspecific interaction benefiting both partners?
回答
mutualism
カード 825
質問
Which term describes an interaction where one organism kills and eats another?
回答
predation
カード 826
質問
What kinds of factors define a niche?
回答
Abiotic factors such as temperature and moisture, plus biotic factors such as food, competitors, predators, and partners.
カード 827
質問
What does competitive exclusion predict?
回答
Species with effectively identical niches cannot coexist indefinitely under stable conditions; one is excluded or niches diverge.
カード 828
質問
How can resource partitioning reduce competition?
回答
Species use different resources, places, or times, reducing niche overlap.
カード 829
質問
What is a keystone species?
回答
A species whose effect on community structure is disproportionately large relative to its abundance.
カード 830
質問
Why can an introduced species expand rapidly in a new community?
回答
It may encounter abundant resources, suitable climate, and fewer predators, pathogens, or competitors.
カード 831
質問
Can an organism alter the niche conditions of other species?
回答
Yes. Ecosystem engineers modify habitat structure or resource availability, changing opportunities for other organisms.
カード 832
質問
What is a population?
回答
Individuals of the same species living in the same area at the same time.
カード 833
質問
What is an ecological community?
回答
Populations of different species living and interacting in an area.
カード 834
質問
What is an ecosystem?
回答
A community together with its physical environment and their interactions.
カード 835
質問
What is carrying capacity?
回答
The population size an environment can sustain over time under given conditions.
カード 836
質問
Which term describes same-species individuals sharing an area and time?
回答
a population
カード 837
質問
Which term describes interacting populations of different species?
回答
an ecological community
カード 838
質問
Which term describes a community plus its abiotic environment?
回答
an ecosystem
カード 839
質問
Which term describes the long-term supportable population size?
回答
carrying capacity
カード 840
質問
What is population density?
回答
The number of individuals per unit area or volume.
カード 841
質問
What is a limiting factor?
回答
A resource or condition that restricts population growth or distribution.
カード 842
質問
What is a density-dependent factor?
回答
A factor whose effect strengthens as population density increases.
カード 843
質問
What is a density-independent factor?
回答
A factor whose effect is not primarily determined by population density.
カード 844
質問
Which term describes individuals per unit area or volume?
回答
population density
カード 845
質問
Which term describes a resource or condition restricting a population?
回答
a limiting factor
カード 846
質問
Which term describes a factor with stronger effects at higher density?
回答
a density-dependent factor
カード 847
質問
Which term describes a factor acting largely regardless of population density?
回答
a density-independent factor
カード 848
質問
What is exponential population growth?
回答
Growth at a constant per-capita rate, producing a J-shaped curve under ideal conditions.
カード 849
質問
What is logistic population growth?
回答
Growth that slows as population size approaches carrying capacity, producing an S-shaped model.
カード 850
質問
What four processes directly change population size?
回答
Births and immigration increase it; deaths and emigration decrease it.
カード 851
質問
Under what conditions can exponential growth occur temporarily?
回答
Resources are abundant and limiting effects such as competition, disease, and predation are weak.
カード 852
質問
Which term describes J-shaped growth at constant per-capita rate?
回答
exponential population growth
カード 853
質問
Which term describes S-shaped growth that slows near carrying capacity?
回答
logistic population growth
カード 854
質問
Why is infectious disease often density dependent?
回答
Close or frequent contact at high density increases transmission opportunities.
カード 855
質問
Give an example of a density-independent population factor.
回答
A severe storm, wildfire, drought, or freeze can affect populations regardless of their initial density.
カード 856
質問
When is quadrat sampling useful?
回答
For estimating abundance or frequency of sessile or slow-moving organisms in defined areas.
カード 857
質問
What can a transect reveal?
回答
How species occurrence or abundance changes along an environmental gradient.
カード 858
質問
What can happen when a population overshoots carrying capacity?
回答
Resource depletion may raise mortality or lower reproduction, causing decline or oscillation.
カード 859
質問
What is the basic mark–recapture estimate of population size?
回答
First sample marked × second sample total ÷ marked individuals recaptured.
カード 860
質問
What assumptions improve a mark–recapture estimate?
回答
Marks persist and do not affect survival, marked individuals mix, capture probability is similar, and the population is effectively closed.
カード 861
質問
Why does a correlation between two population variables not prove causation?
回答
A third factor, reverse influence, chance, or biased sampling could produce the association.
カード 862
質問
What is a trophic level?
回答
A feeding position in a food chain or web.
カード 863
質問
What is a producer?
回答
An autotroph that converts inorganic carbon into organic matter.
カード 864
質問
What is a consumer?
回答
An organism obtaining energy and matter by eating other organisms or organic material.
カード 865
質問
What is a decomposer?
回答
An organism that externally digests dead material and wastes and absorbs the products.
カード 866
質問
Which term describes a feeding position in an ecosystem?
回答
a trophic level
カード 867
質問
Which term describes an autotroph forming organic matter?
回答
a producer
カード 868
質問
Which term describes an organism feeding on other organic matter?
回答
a consumer
カード 869
質問
Which term describes an organism digesting dead organic matter externally?
回答
a decomposer
カード 870
質問
What is a food chain?
回答
A linear representation of feeding and energy-transfer relationships.
カード 871
質問
What is a food web?
回答
A network of interconnected feeding relationships in a community.
カード 872
質問
What is gross primary productivity?
回答
The total rate at which producers capture energy into organic matter.
カード 873
質問
What is net primary productivity?
回答
Producer energy stored as new biomass after subtracting producer respiration from gross primary productivity.
カード 874
質問
Which term describes a linear feeding sequence?
回答
a food chain
カード 875
質問
Which term describes a network of connected food chains?
回答
a food web
カード 876
質問
Which term describes the total producer energy-capture rate?
回答
gross primary productivity
カード 877
質問
Which term describes producer biomass gain after respiration?
回答
net primary productivity
カード 878
質問
What is ecological productivity?
回答
The rate of biomass or energy production per unit area or volume.
カード 879
質問
What is a biogeochemical cycle?
回答
Movement of an element or compound through organisms and the physical environment.
カード 880
質問
Why is less energy available at each higher trophic level?
回答
Not all biomass is eaten or digested, and organisms use energy in respiration, movement, maintenance, and heat loss.
カード 881
質問
Why does energy flow rather than cycle through an ecosystem?
回答
Energy enters mainly as light and ultimately disperses as heat, which ecosystems cannot fully recycle.
カード 882
質問
Which term describes the rate of biomass or energy production?
回答
ecological productivity
カード 883
質問
Which term describes cycling of matter through living and nonliving reservoirs?
回答
a biogeochemical cycle
カード 884
質問
Why can matter cycle through an ecosystem?
回答
Atoms are conserved and repeatedly transferred among organisms, detritus, soil, water, and atmosphere.
カード 885
質問
Why is a pyramid of energy always upright?
回答
Usable energy decreases between trophic levels because every transfer includes losses.
カード 886
質問
How are gross and net primary productivity related?
回答
NPP = GPP − producer respiration.
カード 887
質問
How do decomposers support nutrient cycling?
回答
They break down dead material and wastes, releasing inorganic nutrients for reuse.
カード 888
質問
What processes move carbon rapidly between organisms and the atmosphere?
回答
Photosynthesis removes carbon dioxide; respiration, decomposition, and combustion release it.
カード 889
質問
Why is nitrogen fixation important?
回答
It converts atmospheric nitrogen gas into forms that can enter biological nitrogen metabolism.
カード 890
質問
How can excess nitrogen or phosphorus cause eutrophication?
回答
Nutrient enrichment drives algal growth; decomposition of the biomass consumes oxygen and can create hypoxic water.
カード 891
質問
Why can a persistent pollutant reach higher concentrations at higher trophic levels?
回答
Predators consume contaminant stored in many prey, and the substance is not readily broken down or excreted.
カード 892
質問
How is trophic-transfer efficiency calculated?
回答
Energy or biomass gained by the higher trophic level ÷ energy or biomass available at the lower level × 100%.
カード 893
質問
What is phenotypic variation?
回答
Differences in observable traits among individuals of a population.
カード 894
質問
What is heritable variation?
回答
Trait differences that can be transmitted genetically to offspring.
カード 895
質問
What is a selection pressure?
回答
An environmental factor causing differences in survival or reproduction among phenotypes.
カード 896
質問
What is relative fitness?
回答
An individual's reproductive success compared with others in the population.
カード 897
質問
Which term describes observable differences among individuals?
回答
phenotypic variation
カード 898
質問
Which term describes genetically transmissible trait differences?
回答
heritable variation
カード 899
質問
Which term describes an environmental factor producing differential reproductive success?
回答
a selection pressure
カード 900
質問
Which term describes reproductive success relative to other individuals?
回答
relative fitness
カード 901
質問
What is directional selection?
回答
Selection favoring one extreme phenotype and shifting a population's trait distribution.
カード 902
質問
What is stabilizing selection?
回答
Selection favoring intermediate phenotypes and acting against extremes.
カード 903
質問
What is disruptive selection?
回答
Selection favoring both extreme phenotypes over intermediates.
カード 904
質問
What is sexual selection?
回答
Selection arising from differences in mating success.
カード 905
質問
Which term describes selection shifting a trait toward one extreme?
回答
directional selection
カード 906
質問
Which term describes selection favoring intermediate phenotypes?
回答
stabilizing selection
カード 907
質問
Which term describes selection favoring both trait extremes?
回答
disruptive selection
カード 908
質問
Which term describes selection caused by unequal mating success?
回答
sexual selection
カード 909
質問
What conditions are required for natural selection?
回答
Individuals vary, some variation is heritable, more offspring are produced than can reproduce, and variants differ in reproductive success.
カード 910
質問
How does natural selection produce antibiotic-resistant bacterial populations?
回答
Existing resistant variants survive treatment and reproduce more than susceptible bacteria.
カード 911
質問
Does an antibiotic cause bacteria to mutate specifically toward resistance?
回答
No. Resistance variants arise without regard to need; treatment selects among them.
カード 912
質問
Can an individual become genetically adapted through natural selection?
回答
No. Selection acts on individuals, but adaptation is a population change across generations.
カード 913
質問
How does artificial selection differ from natural selection?
回答
Humans choose breeding traits in artificial selection; environmental conditions determine differential reproduction in natural selection.
カード 914
質問
How does natural selection change a population?
回答
Individuals with advantageous heritable variants leave more offspring, increasing those alleles over generations.
カード 915
質問
Why is fitness environment-dependent?
回答
A trait that improves reproduction in one environment may be neutral or costly in another.
カード 916
質問
How does genetic drift differ from natural selection?
回答
Drift changes allele frequencies by chance sampling; selection changes them through consistent fitness differences.
カード 917
質問
What is ecosystem stability?
回答
The capacity of an ecosystem to maintain or recover its structure and functions despite disturbance.
カード 918
質問
What is an ecological tipping point?
回答
A threshold beyond which feedbacks can drive a large and difficult-to-reverse ecosystem shift.
カード 919
質問
What is a mesocosm?
回答
A controlled, simplified ecosystem used to investigate ecological processes under more realistic conditions than a small laboratory vessel.
カード 920
質問
What is a sustainable yield?
回答
A harvest rate that can continue without causing long-term resource decline under prevailing conditions.
カード 921
質問
Which term describes the capacity of an ecosystem to persist or recover after disturbance?
回答
ecosystem stability
カード 922
質問
Which term describes a threshold triggering a major hard-to-reverse ecosystem shift?
回答
an ecological tipping point
カード 923
質問
Which term describes a controlled model ecosystem used for experiments?
回答
a mesocosm
カード 924
質問
Which term describes a harvest rate that avoids long-term depletion?
回答
a sustainable yield
カード 925
質問
What is eutrophication?
回答
Nutrient enrichment of water that stimulates excess primary production and can lead to oxygen depletion.
カード 926
質問
What is biomagnification?
回答
Increase in concentration of a persistent pollutant at successively higher trophic levels.
カード 927
質問
What is rewilding?
回答
Ecosystem restoration that rebuilds natural processes, species interactions, and self-sustaining ecological function.
カード 928
質問
What features can make an ecosystem more stable?
回答
Diverse functional roles, connected habitats, intact food webs, nutrient cycling, and balancing feedbacks can help the system resist or recover from disturbance.
カード 929
質問
Which term describes nutrient enrichment that can deplete oxygen in water?
回答
eutrophication
カード 930
質問
Which term describes increasing pollutant concentration up a food chain?
回答
biomagnification
カード 931
質問
Which term describes restoration focused on natural processes and self-sustaining ecosystems?
回答
rewilding
カード 932
質問
How could extensive Amazon deforestation push the ecosystem toward a tipping point?
回答
Loss of trees can reduce rainfall recycling and increase heat and fire, which cause further forest loss and may shift large areas toward a drier state.
カード 933
質問
What are a benefit and a limitation of using a mesocosm?
回答
It allows controlled experiments with interacting organisms, but its simplified scale cannot reproduce every process or long-term influence in a natural ecosystem.
カード 934
質問
Why should a fishery harvest below an uncertain maximum sustainable yield?
回答
Population estimates and recruitment vary, so a safety margin reduces the chance that error or a poor breeding year drives long-term decline.
カード 935
質問
How can intensive agriculture reduce ecosystem stability?
回答
Habitat loss, low crop diversity, soil degradation, heavy water use, pesticides, and nutrient runoff can weaken food webs and ecosystem processes.
カード 936
質問
Why can microplastic pollution harm aquatic ecosystems?
回答
Small persistent particles can be ingested, carry additives or other pollutants, damage feeding and tissues, and move through food webs.
カード 937
質問
How can rewilding improve ecosystem stability?
回答
Restoring native species, habitat connections, and natural disturbance or grazing processes can rebuild feedbacks and allow the ecosystem to maintain itself with less intervention.
カード 938
質問
What is the greenhouse effect?
回答
Warming caused when atmospheric gases absorb and re-emit outgoing infrared radiation.
カード 939
質問
What is a greenhouse gas?
回答
An atmospheric gas that absorbs infrared radiation at wavelengths emitted by Earth.
カード 940
質問
What is carbon dioxide (CO₂)?
回答
A long-lived greenhouse gas increased mainly by fossil-fuel combustion, cement production, and land-use change.
カード 941
質問
What is methane (CH₄)?
回答
A potent greenhouse gas emitted by sources including fossil-fuel systems, livestock, rice cultivation, wetlands, and waste.
カード 942
質問
Which term describes warming from absorption and re-emission of infrared radiation?
回答
the greenhouse effect
カード 943
質問
Which term describes an atmospheric infrared-absorbing gas?
回答
a greenhouse gas
カード 944
質問
Which term describes the long-lived greenhouse gas strongly increased by fossil fuels?
回答
carbon dioxide (CO₂)
カード 945
質問
Which term describes the potent short-lived greenhouse gas from biological and fossil sources?
回答
methane (CH₄)
カード 946
質問
What is albedo?
回答
The fraction of incoming radiation reflected by a surface.
カード 947
質問
What is a carbon sink?
回答
A reservoir that absorbs more carbon than it releases over a specified period.
カード 948
質問
What is ocean acidification?
回答
Decline in seawater pH caused mainly by absorption of human-emitted carbon dioxide.
カード 949
質問
What is climate change?
回答
A persistent change in the statistical patterns of climate over decades or longer.
カード 950
質問
Which term describes surface reflectivity?
回答
albedo
カード 951
質問
Which term describes a reservoir with net carbon uptake?
回答
a carbon sink
カード 952
質問
Which term describes seawater pH decline from absorbed carbon dioxide?
回答
ocean acidification
カード 953
質問
Which term describes long-term change in climate patterns?
回答
climate change
カード 954
質問
What is the enhanced greenhouse effect?
回答
Additional warming caused by human-driven increases in greenhouse-gas concentrations.
カード 955
質問
How do climate mitigation and climate adaptation differ?
回答
Mitigation limits the magnitude of climate change; adaptation reduces harm from changes that occur.
カード 956
質問
How does increasing greenhouse-gas concentration alter Earth's energy balance?
回答
Less outgoing infrared energy initially escapes to space, so the climate warms until energy balance is restored at a higher temperature.
カード 957
質問
How can melting ice amplify warming?
回答
Less bright ice lowers albedo, so darker land or water absorbs more solar energy and causes further warming.
カード 958
質問
How can climate change alter species distributions?
回答
Temperature, rainfall, seasons, sea level, and interactions shift, moving or shrinking areas with suitable conditions.
カード 959
質問
Why can ocean acidification harm calcifying organisms?
回答
Carbonate chemistry changes, reducing availability of carbonate ions used to build calcium-carbonate structures.
カード 960
質問
How can ecosystem protection contribute to climate mitigation?
回答
Protecting forests, wetlands, soils, and coastal habitats can avoid emissions and maintain or increase carbon storage.
