Coding Interview Patterns Flashcards: Signals, Invariants & Complexity
Practice coding interview patterns with 210 English flashcards on problem signals, invariants, complexity, edge cases, and choosing between approaches. Language-agnostic DSA review to pair with hands-on coding.
Sobre este mazo
Coding interview patterns become useful when you can explain why an approach fits. These 210 English flashcards practice recognizing problem signals, stating invariants, checking prerequisites, comparing approaches, and diagnosing a broken assumption.
The sequence starts with constraints and complexity, then moves through arrays, strings, hashing, two pointers, sliding windows, prefix sums, binary search, intervals, stacks, linked lists, trees, heaps, tries, graphs, union-find, topological sorting, backtracking, greedy choices, dynamic programming, and bit techniques. Each topic builds from its basic idea toward the conditions that make it work.
Cards map short scenarios to candidate patterns, named patterns to invariants and costs, and failed assumptions to explanations or alternatives. Selected contrast prompts distinguish neighboring ideas such as subarrays and subsequences, BFS and DFS, or greedy choice and dynamic programming. Mechanical reverse cards, problem-number recall, language-specific API memorization, and full solution listings are excluded because they add little to this reasoning-focused review. Answer each prompt before turning the card, then test the idea by coding a fresh example.
This is a language-agnostic companion to practical DSA exercises. It complements the Blind 75 Python solutions deck by teaching reusable reasoning across problems. It was authored independently in English, not translated or paraphrased from another catalog package.
The questions, answers, organization, metadata, and original generated cover are released under CC0 1.0 to the extent applicable rights exist. Algorithm facts are common knowledge; no commercial deck text or third-party media was copied. This is an independent study resource with no affiliation to an employer or interview platform.
Tarjetas de este mazo
Tarjeta 1
Pregunta
Which input constraints should you clarify before choosing an interview algorithm?
Respuesta
Input size, value range, ordering, duplicates, allowed mutations, and the exact output. These determine which operations are affordable and which assumptions are valid.
Tarjeta 2
Pregunta
What does a loop invariant describe?
Respuesta
A property that holds at a defined point in every iteration. Show it holds initially, survives an iteration, and implies the result when the loop ends.
Tarjeta 3
Pregunta
When analyzing nested loops, why can multiplying their written bounds overestimate runtime?
Respuesta
The loops may share progress. If an inner pointer only advances across the input once, its total work can be O(n), even inside an outer loop.
Tarjeta 4
Pregunta
What is the difference between auxiliary space and total space?
Respuesta
Auxiliary space counts extra working storage. Total space also includes the input and, depending on the stated convention, the output. State which measure you report.
Tarjeta 5
Pregunta
What does amortized O(1) mean for an operation sequence?
Respuesta
The total cost of m operations is O(m), even if some individual operations are expensive. It is a sequence-wide bound, not a probability claim.
Tarjeta 6
Pregunta
How does a counterexample help evaluate a proposed greedy rule?
Respuesta
One valid input where the rule fails disproves it. Try small cases that force a locally attractive choice to block a better later choice.
Tarjeta 7
Pregunta
Why should an algorithm's correctness argument address termination separately?
Respuesta
Preserving the right property is not enough if the loop never stops. Identify a bounded measure that moves strictly toward termination.
Tarjeta 8
Pregunta
What runtime lower bound follows from returning k separate results?
Respuesta
At least Ω(k) time to emit them, or more if each result has multiple elements. Include output size when analyzing enumeration algorithms.
Tarjeta 9
Pregunta
What should you say when quoting expected O(1) hash-table lookup?
Respuesta
It assumes a suitable hash distribution and controlled load factor. It is not a worst-case guarantee; hashing a long key can also cost time.
Tarjeta 10
Pregunta
Which edge cases best expose index and boundary errors?
Respuesta
Empty input, one element, all equal elements, and answers at either end. Also check the smallest input that enters each branch.
Tarjeta 11
Pregunta
Why can sorting be an invalid optimization even when it reduces later search work?
Respuesta
Sorting may destroy required order or original indices. Preserve the needed information or choose an approach that respects the input contract.
Tarjeta 12
Pregunta
What does an exchange argument establish in a greedy proof?
Respuesta
That an optimal solution can be changed to include the greedy choice without making its objective worse. The remaining problem must still fit the same reasoning.
Tarjeta 13
Pregunta
Why can recursion use O(n) space even without an explicit collection?
Respuesta
Each active call occupies a stack frame. A chain of n calls can therefore need O(n) auxiliary space.
Tarjeta 14
Pregunta
What evidence should accompany a faster solution after presenting brute force?
Respuesta
Name the repeated work or discarded search space, explain why the shortcut is safe, and give the resulting time and space bounds.
Tarjeta 15
Pregunta
What makes an array useful when a problem repeatedly accesses positions by index?
Respuesta
Constant-time indexed access in the usual RAM model. Inserting or removing near the front can still require shifting O(n) elements.
Tarjeta 16
Pregunta
What should 'one character' mean before solving a string problem?
Respuesta
Clarify whether the unit is a byte, code unit, Unicode code point, or user-perceived character. Indexing and length depend on that choice.
Tarjeta 17
Pregunta
An unsorted array needs a duplicate-existence check. Which structure fits?
Respuesta
A hash set of values seen so far. Stop when a value is already present; expected O(n) time and O(n) space.
Tarjeta 18
Pregunta
For two-sum on an unsorted array, what should a hash map store?
Respuesta
Previously seen values mapped to their indices. For each value x, look for target − x before inserting x, so the same position is not reused.
Tarjeta 19
Pregunta
When does a frequency array beat a hash map for counting?
Respuesta
When keys come from a small known integer or character range. Direct indexing gives predictable access with space proportional to that range.
Tarjeta 20
Pregunta
Why is repeated concatenation risky when constructing a long immutable string?
Respuesta
Each append may copy the existing prefix, producing quadratic total work. Collect pieces and join them, or use an appropriate mutable builder.
Tarjeta 21
Pregunta
How can you group anagrams without comparing every pair of words?
Respuesta
Map a canonical character signature to a group. Sorted characters work; a frequency tuple works when the alphabet and character rules are fixed.
Tarjeta 22
Pregunta
What information does a set lose compared with a frequency map?
Respuesta
Multiplicity. A set can answer whether a value exists but cannot distinguish one occurrence from several.
Tarjeta 23
Pregunta
How can a hash set support finding the longest consecutive integer run in expected O(n) time?
Respuesta
Start scanning a run only at values whose predecessor is absent. Each distinct value then belongs to one forward scan; iterate distinct values.
Tarjeta 24
Pregunta
Why can a mutable object be a dangerous hash-map key?
Respuesta
Changing fields used by its hash or equality can make the stored entry unreachable by ordinary lookup. Use immutable keys or stable key values.
Tarjeta 25
Pregunta
An array contains only integers from 0 through k. When is counting sort attractive?
Respuesta
When k is small enough: count each value and reconstruct the order in O(n + k) time with O(k) count storage. General arbitrary keys need another approach.
Tarjeta 26
Pregunta
How can a single scan find both the minimum value and its earliest index?
Respuesta
Keep the current minimum and index; update only on a strictly smaller value. Updating on equality would select a later occurrence.
Tarjeta 27
Pregunta
How do you compare two strings as multisets of characters?
Respuesta
Compare character counts under the same character interpretation. Order does not matter, but every character's multiplicity does.
Tarjeta 28
Pregunta
Why does a hash collision not imply that two keys are equal?
Respuesta
A hash compresses many possible keys into fewer codes. A correct table also checks key equality when resolving collisions.
Tarjeta 29
Pregunta
When is sorting a useful preprocessing step for detecting duplicate values?
Respuesta
When reordering is allowed and O(n log n) time is acceptable. Equal values become adjacent, so a scan finds duplicates without a separate hash set.
Tarjeta 30
Pregunta
What is the key distinction between a subarray and a subsequence?
Respuesta
A subarray is contiguous. A subsequence preserves relative order but may skip positions. Sliding-window methods usually depend on contiguity.
Tarjeta 31
Pregunta
For an unsorted two-sum query, how do hashing and sorting trade off?
Respuesta
Hashing gives expected O(n) time with O(n) extra storage. Sorting plus two pointers costs O(n log n) time and requires care with original indices and mutation.
Tarjeta 32
Pregunta
How can a frequency map detect whether any permutation of a string can be a palindrome?
Respuesta
Count odd frequencies. At most one character may have an odd count; all other occurrences must form mirrored pairs.
Tarjeta 33
Pregunta
Why must compound hash keys encode boundaries unambiguously?
Respuesta
Naive concatenation can merge different tuples into the same key, such as (1, 23) and (12, 3). Use tuples or a length-aware encoding.
Tarjeta 34
Pregunta
What does coordinate compression preserve about numeric values?
Respuesta
Their relative order and equality, by replacing distinct sorted values with ranks. It does not preserve numeric distances or sums.
Tarjeta 35
Pregunta
How can you compute products except self without division?
Respuesta
Combine the product strictly before each position with the product strictly after it. Prefix and suffix passes handle zeros; use a numeric type large enough for the products.
Tarjeta 36
Pregunta
Why can a count of matching pairs overflow even when every input value fits in an integer?
Respuesta
The number of matching pairs can grow quadratically with the input length. Size the result type for the count, not just the input values.
Tarjeta 37
Pregunta
A sorted array needs a pair with a target sum. Which search pattern fits?
Respuesta
Opposite-end two pointers. Compare the endpoint sum with the target and move the endpoint that can move the sum in the needed direction.
Tarjeta 38
Pregunta
What invariant supports in-place removal of unwanted array values with read and write pointers?
Respuesta
The prefix before write contains exactly the retained values from the processed input, in order. Read scans every input position once.
Tarjeta 39
Pregunta
How can two pointers check a palindrome without constructing a reversed string?
Respuesta
Compare matching elements from opposite ends and move inward. Any mismatch rejects it; the pointers meeting or crossing completes the check.
Tarjeta 40
Pregunta
When does a fixed-size sliding window apply?
Respuesta
When every candidate is a contiguous block of the same length and its summary can be updated as one element enters and one leaves.
Tarjeta 41
Pregunta
What invariant should a longest-window algorithm restore after adding a new rightmost element?
Respuesta
The current window satisfies the required constraint. Move the left boundary and update state until validity returns, then consider its length.
Tarjeta 42
Pregunta
Why is moving the left pointer safe when a sorted-array endpoint sum is too small?
Respuesta
With that left value, every candidate at or before the current right endpoint gives an equally small or smaller sum. The left position cannot form a valid pair.
Tarjeta 43
Pregunta
How does a three-way partition maintain separate regions?
Respuesta
Track a low region, a middle region, an unclassified region, and a high region. Each step shrinks the unclassified region by placing one element correctly.
Tarjeta 44
Pregunta
How do you update the sum when a fixed-size window moves one position?
Respuesta
Subtract the outgoing value and add the incoming value. After initializing the first window, all moves together take O(n) time.
Tarjeta 45
Pregunta
Why can a variable sliding window run in O(n) despite a nested shrink loop?
Respuesta
Each boundary advances at most n times. With constant-time state updates, the total number of additions and removals is linear.
Tarjeta 46
Pregunta
For the longest substring without repeated characters, what window state is useful?
Respuesta
Character counts or last-seen positions. Move the left boundary past the conflicting occurrence while ensuring it never moves backward.
Tarjeta 47
Pregunta
Why does opposite-end target-sum search fail on a generally unsorted array?
Respuesta
Moving an endpoint no longer changes the sum predictably. The algorithm can discard a valid pair because the order-based elimination proof is missing.
Tarjeta 48
Pregunta
A positive-number array needs the shortest nonempty subarray with sum at least a positive T. When should the left boundary move?
Respuesta
While the current sum is at least T, record the length and remove the leftmost value. Positive values make further shrinking reduce the sum predictably.
Tarjeta 49
Pregunta
For windows with at most k distinct values, what must happen when an outgoing count becomes zero?
Respuesta
Remove that value from the active distinct set or decrement the distinct counter. A zero count must not still count as present.
Tarjeta 50
Pregunta
What changes when a fixed-window length exceeds the input length?
Respuesta
There is no complete window. Return the contract's empty or missing-result value instead of treating a partial block as a valid candidate.
Tarjeta 51
Pregunta
How do you merge two sorted arrays with forward pointers?
Respuesta
Repeatedly take the smaller unconsumed element, then append the remaining suffix. Each element is consumed once, giving O(m + n) time.
Tarjeta 52
Pregunta
Why must a minimum-cover substring track multiplicities of required characters?
Respuesta
A target can require the same character more than once. A set of required characters would mark an undersupplied window as complete.
Tarjeta 53
Pregunta
How can counting subarrays with exactly k distinct values, for k ≥ 1, use an at-most helper?
Respuesta
Compute atMost(k) − atMost(k − 1). The helper counts all valid subarrays ending at each right boundary after restoring the distinct-value limit.
Tarjeta 54
Pregunta
Why can a negative value break the usual shortest-sum sliding-window argument?
Respuesta
Removing it increases the sum, and adding one can decrease the sum. The monotonic relation between window size and sum no longer holds.
Tarjeta 55
Pregunta
What does 'fast and slow pointers' mean when removing duplicates from a sorted array?
Respuesta
A read pointer scans candidates while a write pointer marks the next unique slot. Sorting makes equal values adjacent, so the retained prefix can stay compact.
Tarjeta 56
Pregunta
What invariant prevents overwriting unread data during a backward merge into spare array capacity?
Respuesta
The suffix after the write pointer already contains the largest merged elements. Filling from the end leaves the remaining source elements unread and intact.
Tarjeta 57
Pregunta
Why is 'find a contiguous range' alone insufficient to justify a variable sliding window?
Respuesta
You also need a safe boundary-movement rule. Check how adding and removing elements affect the condition; contiguity by itself gives no such guarantee.
Tarjeta 58
Pregunta
After restoring an at-most window's validity, why are there right − left + 1 valid subarrays ending at right?
Respuesta
Every suffix starting between left and right is valid when removing elements cannot violate the constraint. Count those starts, including the one-element suffix.
Tarjeta 59
Pregunta
How can you avoid duplicate value pairs in a sorted two-pointer enumeration?
Respuesta
After emitting a pair, skip equal values on both sides. First confirm the output wants unique value pairs, since index-pair counting needs different handling.
Tarjeta 60
Pregunta
When does a character-frequency sliding window detect an anagram of a pattern?
Respuesta
When the window has the pattern's length and identical character counts. Maintain count differences or a mismatch counter as the window moves.
Tarjeta 61
Pregunta
What does a prefix-sum array P mean when P[0] = 0?
Respuesta
P[i] is the sum of the first i input elements. The extra zero represents the empty prefix and makes ranges beginning at index 0 work uniformly.
Tarjeta 62
Pregunta
When is binary search valid on a Boolean predicate over ordered candidates?
Respuesta
When the predicate changes at most once, such as false then true. The search uses that monotonic boundary to discard a whole interval.
Tarjeta 63
Pregunta
Which workload favors a difference array?
Respuesta
Many range additions followed by final value reconstruction. Mark each range's start and end changes, then take one prefix sum.
Tarjeta 64
Pregunta
In a lower-bound search over [lo, hi), what does hi initially equal for an n-element array?
Respuesta
n, an exclusive boundary. The result can equal n when no element is at least the target, so do not index the array without checking.
Tarjeta 65
Pregunta
For a static array, how do prefix sums answer the half-open range [l, r)?
Respuesta
Return P[r] − P[l]. Building P takes O(n) time and space; each range-sum query then takes O(1).
Tarjeta 66
Pregunta
How can prefix sums count subarrays whose sum equals k when negative values are allowed?
Respuesta
For each current prefix p, add the number of earlier prefixes equal to p − k, then record p. A frequency map gives expected O(n) time.
Tarjeta 67
Pregunta
Why is binary-searching an answer different from binary-searching an input array?
Respuesta
The candidates are possible result values. A feasibility check tells which side contains the boundary, even if the original input is unsorted.
Tarjeta 68
Pregunta
How does a difference array encode an addition of v to [l, r)?
Respuesta
Add v at l and subtract v at r, using a boundary slot when needed. The reconstructed prefix totals apply v only within that range.
Tarjeta 69
Pregunta
For lower bound, how should equality with the target move the search boundary?
Respuesta
Move hi to mid. An equal element is a candidate, but an earlier equal or qualifying element may still exist.
Tarjeta 70
Pregunta
Why initialize the prefix-frequency map with zero appearing once?
Respuesta
It represents the empty prefix before the array. This lets a subarray starting at index 0 contribute to the count.
Tarjeta 71
Pregunta
Why are plain prefix sums inconvenient for many interleaved point updates and range-sum queries?
Respuesta
Changing one value can invalidate a long suffix of prefix sums. A Fenwick tree or segment tree can support both operations in O(log n).
Tarjeta 72
Pregunta
How can you binary-search the minimum capacity needed to finish ordered work within a deadline?
Respuesta
Define whether a capacity suffices, prove larger capacities remain feasible, bracket a feasible answer, and search for the first feasible capacity.
Tarjeta 73
Pregunta
What must every binary-search iteration do to guarantee termination?
Respuesta
Strictly shrink the candidate interval while preserving the boundary invariant. Mixing inclusive and exclusive update rules can leave the same interval unchanged.
Tarjeta 74
Pregunta
For the longest subarray with a specified sum, which occurrence of each prefix sum should you retain?
Respuesta
The earliest index. For a later endpoint, it gives the longest matching span; overwriting it with a later occurrence can shorten the answer.
Tarjeta 75
Pregunta
What runtime should you report for binary search with a nonconstant feasibility check?
Respuesta
O(C log R), where C is one check's cost and R is the number of discrete candidates. Include any preprocessing separately.
Tarjeta 76
Pregunta
How can prefix sums turn a longest balanced binary subarray into an equal-prefix problem?
Respuesta
Map one symbol to +1 and the other to −1. Equal prefix sums enclose a zero-sum range with equal counts of the two symbols.
Tarjeta 77
Pregunta
What is upper bound in a sorted array?
Respuesta
The first position whose value is strictly greater than the target, or n if none exists. Lower bound instead finds the first value at least the target.
Tarjeta 78
Pregunta
Why must a prefix-sum counting algorithm query before recording the current prefix?
Respuesta
Recording first can count the empty subarray ending at the current boundary, especially for target zero. Query only earlier prefixes for nonempty ranges.
Tarjeta 79
Pregunta
How do you safely compute a midpoint in a fixed-width integer search?
Respuesta
Use lo + (hi − lo) / 2 with integer division when the nonnegative difference fits the type. Choose bounds or a wider type that also keep the subtraction safe.
Tarjeta 80
Pregunta
Why can duplicate values degrade searching a rotated sorted array to O(n)?
Respuesta
Equal endpoints and midpoint can hide which side is sorted. Some cases permit discarding only one boundary element at a time.
Tarjeta 81
Pregunta
What preprocessing usually simplifies merging overlapping intervals?
Respuesta
Sort by start coordinate. Keep the current merged interval and either extend its end or emit it when the next interval starts beyond it.
Tarjeta 82
Pregunta
Which data structure matches nested bracket validation?
Respuesta
A stack of unmatched opening brackets. Each closing bracket must match the most recent unmatched opener, and the stack must be empty at the end.
Tarjeta 83
Pregunta
A problem asks for each element's next greater element. Which pattern is promising?
Respuesta
A monotonic stack of unresolved positions. A new larger value resolves the smaller pending values it overtakes.
Tarjeta 84
Pregunta
Why must interval endpoint conventions be explicit?
Respuesta
Touching endpoints overlap for closed intervals, but adjacent half-open intervals do not. The convention changes merge tests and event ordering.
Tarjeta 85
Pregunta
How can a sweep line find the maximum number of simultaneous intervals?
Respuesta
Turn starts and ends into signed events, sort by coordinate, and track the running active count. Handle same-coordinate ties according to the endpoint convention.
Tarjeta 86
Pregunta
Why is one pass after sorting enough to merge intervals?
Respuesta
No later interval starts earlier than the next one being inspected. Once that start is beyond the current end, future intervals cannot bridge the gap.
Tarjeta 87
Pregunta
What information should a stack store for next-greater distances?
Respuesta
Indices, so the distance is currentIndex − previousIndex. Values alone do not identify positions or distinguish repeated occurrences.
Tarjeta 88
Pregunta
Why is counting opening and closing brackets insufficient to validate their sequence?
Respuesta
Counts ignore order and nesting. A closing bracket may appear before its opener, or bracket types may cross despite balanced totals.
Tarjeta 89
Pregunta
For half-open intervals [start, end), how should equal-time starts and ends affect room counts?
Respuesta
Process ends before starts, or aggregate their net change before evaluating the active count for the next segment. A room freed at time t can be reused at t.
Tarjeta 90
Pregunta
Why is a monotonic-stack algorithm often O(n) even though one step can pop many items?
Respuesta
Each item is pushed once and popped at most once. Summed across the scan, stack operations are linear.
Tarjeta 91
Pregunta
How can a stack help simplify an absolute filesystem path lexically?
Respuesta
Process components: ignore empty components and '.', pop for '..' when possible, and push ordinary names. This lexical result does not resolve symbolic links.
Tarjeta 92
Pregunta
How can a monotonic deque find each sliding-window maximum?
Respuesta
Keep candidate indices in decreasing value order. Remove expired indices from the front and dominated values from the back; the front gives the maximum.
Tarjeta 93
Pregunta
What mistake can lose coverage when merging an interval contained inside the current one?
Respuesta
Replacing the current end with the new end. Use the larger end so a nested interval cannot shrink the merged coverage.
Tarjeta 94
Pregunta
For a strictly next-greater query, what should happen to an equal-valued stack entry?
Respuesta
Do not resolve it with the equal value. With a decreasing stack of unresolved indices, pop only when the new value is strictly greater.
Tarjeta 95
Pregunta
What event allows a monotonic stack to finalize a rectangle in a histogram?
Respuesta
A shorter bar supplies a right limit for taller bars being popped. A popped bar's candidate span starts after the new stack top, or at index 0 if the stack is empty. Handle equal heights consistently.
Tarjeta 96
Pregunta
What comparison detects overlap between two nonempty half-open intervals?
Respuesta
max(start1, start2) < min(end1, end2). A strict comparison excludes intervals that only touch.
Tarjeta 97
Pregunta
How does a stack support evaluating a postfix arithmetic expression?
Respuesta
Push operands; for an operator, pop its right operand and then its left operand, compute, and push the result. Preserve order for subtraction and division.
Tarjeta 98
Pregunta
Why can a newer value dominate an older value in a sliding-window maximum deque?
Respuesta
If the newer value is at least as large, it expires no earlier and is never worse as a future maximum. The older candidate can be removed.
Tarjeta 99
Pregunta
How can you merge two already sorted lists of disjoint intervals to find their intersections?
Respuesta
Compare one interval from each list, emit any overlap, then advance the one with the earlier end. Total time is O(m + n).
Tarjeta 100
Pregunta
Why must a histogram stack algorithm handle bars still pending after the scan?
Respuesta
Those bars may extend to the array's end and contain the largest rectangle. Flush them using the end boundary or a suitable sentinel.
Tarjeta 101
Pregunta
What must you save before reversing a singly linked list node's next pointer?
Respuesta
Its original next node. Otherwise rewiring can lose access to the remaining list.
Tarjeta 102
Pregunta
Why does a dummy head simplify linked-list insertion and deletion?
Respuesta
It supplies a predecessor even when the real head changes. The same pointer update can handle both the first node and interior nodes.
Tarjeta 103
Pregunta
How do fast and slow pointers detect a cycle in a singly linked list?
Respuesta
Advance one pointer one step and the other two. A meeting implies a cycle; reaching null with the fast pointer means the list terminates.
Tarjeta 104
Pregunta
What does a recursive binary-tree traversal use for auxiliary space?
Respuesta
O(h) call-stack space, where h is tree height. This is O(log n) for a balanced tree but O(n) for a chain.
Tarjeta 105
Pregunta
During iterative list reversal, what do prev and current represent?
Respuesta
prev heads the reversed processed prefix; current heads the unprocessed suffix. Rewire one node while preserving access to the suffix.
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Coding Interview Patterns Flashcards: Signals, Invariants & Complexity
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Tarjeta 106
Pregunta
How can you remove the nth node from the end of a list in one pass?
Respuesta
Start lead at the head and lag at a dummy head. Advance lead n nodes, then move both until lead is null; remove lag.next. Reject invalid n according to the input contract.
Tarjeta 107
Pregunta
Which tree traversal naturally computes a value that depends on both children's results?
Respuesta
Postorder. Process left and right subtrees before combining their results at the parent.
Tarjeta 108
Pregunta
How can you locate a cycle's entry after Floyd's two-speed pointers meet?
Respuesta
Reset one pointer to the head and move both one step at a time. Their next meeting is the entry; this follows from the distances modulo the cycle length.
Tarjeta 109
Pregunta
What is the difference between tree depth and tree height?
Respuesta
Depth measures distance from the root to a node; height measures the longest downward distance to a leaf. State whether distances count edges or nodes.
Tarjeta 110
Pregunta
How can you merge two sorted linked lists using O(1) auxiliary node storage?
Respuesta
Relink the smaller current node onto the result tail, advancing that list. Attach the remaining suffix when one list ends; existing nodes are reused.
Tarjeta 111
Pregunta
When is breadth-first traversal more natural than depth-first traversal on a tree?
Respuesta
When results are grouped by depth or you need the nearest qualifying node by edge count. A queue processes one distance layer before the next.
Tarjeta 112
Pregunta
Why must linked-list intersection compare node identity rather than node value?
Respuesta
Intersection means sharing the same node object and suffix. Separate nodes can hold equal values without the lists intersecting.
Tarjeta 113
Pregunta
Why is checking only immediate children insufficient to validate a binary search tree?
Respuesta
A descendant can satisfy its parent yet violate an ancestor's constraint. Carry inherited lower and upper bounds, with an explicit duplicate policy.
Tarjeta 114
Pregunta
What is the lowest common ancestor of two nodes in a rooted tree?
Respuesta
The deepest node that is an ancestor of both, allowing a node to be its own ancestor.
Tarjeta 115
Pregunta
What property makes inorder traversal useful in a binary search tree?
Respuesta
It visits keys in sorted order under the tree's duplicate policy. In a strict BST, each visited key must be greater than the previous one.
Tarjeta 116
Pregunta
Why must maximum tree-path sum separate its returned value from its global candidate?
Respuesta
The parent can extend only one downward branch. A complete path considered at the current node may join both children, but that fork cannot be extended upward.
Tarjeta 117
Pregunta
How can two pointers find the intersection of two acyclic singly linked lists without measuring lengths?
Respuesta
After reaching a list's end, switch that pointer to the other head. Each traverses both lengths, so they meet at the shared node or at null.
Tarjeta 118
Pregunta
What extra information makes preorder serialization unambiguous for an arbitrary binary tree?
Respuesta
Explicit null-child markers or another equivalent shape encoding. Values in preorder alone do not determine the structure.
Tarjeta 119
Pregunta
Why can repeated subtree-height calculations make a tree-balance check O(n²)?
Respuesta
The same descendants may be scanned from many ancestors. Return height and balance together in one postorder traversal to visit each node once.
Tarjeta 120
Pregunta
How does BST ordering guide a lowest-common-ancestor search for two existing distinct keys?
Respuesta
Move left if both keys are smaller and right if both are larger. The first split, or a node matching one key, is their lowest common ancestor.
Tarjeta 121
Pregunta
What runtime does a search in an ordinary unbalanced BST guarantee?
Respuesta
O(h), where h is its height, and O(n) in the worst case. Logarithmic search requires a balance guarantee or a stated expected-shape assumption.
Tarjeta 122
Pregunta
When computing a root-to-leaf path sum, why is reaching a null child insufficient for success?
Respuesta
A valid endpoint must be a leaf with no children. A missing child beside an existing child does not finish a root-to-leaf path.
Tarjeta 123
Pregunta
What does a min-heap guarantee about its root and children?
Respuesta
The root is a minimum element, and each parent is no larger than its children. The whole array representation is not sorted.
Tarjeta 124
Pregunta
A stream needs the k largest values seen so far. Which heap should you maintain?
Respuesta
A min-heap of at most k values. Its root is the smallest retained value, so a larger arrival can replace it.
Tarjeta 125
Pregunta
What shared structure does a trie store?
Respuesta
Prefixes of keys. Following one edge per symbol reaches a key's prefix node, while a terminal marker distinguishes a complete stored key.
Tarjeta 126
Pregunta
What are the usual binary-heap costs for peek, insertion, and root removal?
Respuesta
Peek is O(1); insertion and root removal are O(log n). Moving a changed element along one root-to-leaf path restores heap order.
Tarjeta 127
Pregunta
How can a heap merge k sorted input streams?
Respuesta
Keep each nonempty stream's next element in a min-heap. Emit the minimum and replace it with that stream's next item. With k streams and N total elements, O(k + N log k) time includes initialization for k ≥ 2.
Tarjeta 128
Pregunta
Why is bottom-up heap construction O(n), not O(n log n)?
Respuesta
Most nodes are near the leaves and can move only a short distance. Summing each node's possible sift-down work across all heights is linear.
Tarjeta 129
Pregunta
How do two heaps support a running median?
Respuesta
Keep the lower half in a max-heap and the upper half in a min-heap, with sizes differing by at most one and every lower value no greater than every upper value.
Tarjeta 130
Pregunta
What is a trie's lookup cost for a key of length L?
Respuesta
O(L) when each child transition is O(1). Child maps or ordered child containers can change that transition cost; space depends on stored prefixes and representation.
Tarjeta 131
Pregunta
Why does a trie node need a terminal marker even if it has children?
Respuesta
A stored key can be a prefix of another key. The marker distinguishes a complete word from a prefix that merely leads to longer words.
Tarjeta 132
Pregunta
When does sorting make more sense than a top-k heap?
Respuesta
When you need the entire sorted order or k is close to n and a full sort is acceptable. A heap's advantage is strongest when only a small retained subset is needed.
Tarjeta 133
Pregunta
Why does a priority queue not by itself support efficient arbitrary deletion?
Respuesta
The heap efficiently exposes only its root. Removing another item needs its position, an indexed-heap design, or a lazy-deletion scheme with cleanup.
Tarjeta 134
Pregunta
What output cost remains after a trie reaches a requested prefix?
Respuesta
Enumerating matching completions still costs time proportional to the visited subtree and emitted text. Prefix lookup does not make all autocomplete results free.
Tarjeta 135
Pregunta
How can a priority queue break tied priorities without comparing the payloads?
Respuesta
Attach a unique increasing sequence number and compare priority first, then sequence number. Equal-priority items can then leave in insertion order without requiring an order on their payloads.
Tarjeta 136
Pregunta
Why can a trie use more memory than a hash set of complete strings?
Respuesta
Nodes and child containers have overhead, especially for sparse branches. Shared prefixes save repeated symbols but do not guarantee a smaller representation.
Tarjeta 137
Pregunta
What should graph modeling identify before choosing a traversal?
Respuesta
The states as vertices and legal transitions as edges, including direction and cost. A grid cell, word, or puzzle configuration can be a vertex.
Tarjeta 138
Pregunta
When does ordinary BFS find a shortest path?
Respuesta
When every edge has the same nonnegative cost, including the unweighted case. Processing vertices by distance layer makes first discovery a shortest-edge-count path.
Tarjeta 139
Pregunta
What is the space cost of an adjacency list compared with an adjacency matrix?
Respuesta
A list uses O(V + E) space; a matrix uses O(V²). A matrix gives constant-time edge lookup, while lists efficiently enumerate actual neighbors.
Tarjeta 140
Pregunta
Which pattern finds all vertices reachable from a start vertex?
Respuesta
DFS or BFS with a visited set. Each reachable vertex and edge is processed a bounded number of times with adjacency lists.
Tarjeta 141
Pregunta
What role does a parent map play in shortest-path traversal?
Respuesta
It records the predecessor used to reach each state. After reaching the target, follow parents backward and reverse the sequence to recover a path.
Tarjeta 142
Pregunta
Why should BFS mark a vertex visited when enqueuing it?
Respuesta
To prevent several parents from adding it before its first removal. First enqueue already fixes its distance in an unweighted graph.
Tarjeta 143
Pregunta
When is Dijkstra's algorithm appropriate?
Respuesta
For shortest paths with nonnegative edge weights. Its greedy finalization relies on no later path reducing a settled distance through a negative edge.
Tarjeta 144
Pregunta
How can a grid traversal avoid confusing physical cells with full search states?
Respuesta
Include all information that changes future moves in the visited key, such as remaining obstacle removals or collected keys. Position alone may merge different states.
Tarjeta 145
Pregunta
How do you detect a directed cycle with DFS?
Respuesta
Track unvisited, active, and finished vertices. An edge to an active vertex closes a cycle on the current recursion path.
Tarjeta 146
Pregunta
Why can DFS with a visited set fail to find a shortest unweighted path?
Respuesta
Its first discovered route may follow a deep detour. DFS reachability order is not distance order; BFS provides that guarantee.
Tarjeta 147
Pregunta
What does a topological ordering guarantee?
Respuesta
For every directed edge u → v, u appears before v. Such an ordering exists exactly when the directed graph is acyclic.
Tarjeta 148
Pregunta
Why should stale priority-queue entries be skipped in a common Dijkstra implementation?
Respuesta
A vertex can receive a better distance after an older entry was pushed. Skip an entry whose stored distance differs from the current best distance.
Tarjeta 149
Pregunta
For an undirected simple graph, why does DFS ignore the edge back to its parent when detecting cycles?
Respuesta
That edge is the same tree edge traversed in reverse, not a new cycle. A different already-visited neighbor indicates a cycle.
Tarjeta 150
Pregunta
What does union-find answer efficiently?
Respuesta
Whether elements belong to the same connected component while components are merged. It does not store the actual connecting paths.
Tarjeta 151
Pregunta
How does Kahn's algorithm build a topological ordering?
Respuesta
Enqueue all zero-indegree vertices, repeatedly remove one, and decrement its outgoing neighbors' indegrees. Enqueue each neighbor when its indegree becomes zero.
Tarjeta 152
Pregunta
Which shortest-path algorithm handles edges weighted only 0 or 1 without a heap?
Respuesta
0–1 BFS with a deque. Push a relaxed zero-cost neighbor to the front and a one-cost neighbor to the back, preserving distance order.
Tarjeta 153
Pregunta
Why is a boolean visited flag usually wrong for Dijkstra at first enqueue?
Respuesta
The first tentative distance need not be the shortest. Allow improvements; a vertex becomes settled when its smallest current distance is removed from the queue.
Tarjeta 154
Pregunta
How do path compression and union by size or rank affect union-find complexity?
Respuesta
Together they give O(α(n)) amortized time per operation, where α is the inverse Ackermann function. The bound is effectively tiny for practical input sizes.
Tarjeta 155
Pregunta
What does processing fewer than V vertices in Kahn's algorithm reveal?
Respuesta
A directed cycle remains. No vertex in the cyclic remainder can reach indegree zero after all removable dependencies are processed.
Tarjeta 156
Pregunta
How can BFS compute distance from every grid cell to the nearest source?
Respuesta
Initialize the queue with all sources at distance zero. This multi-source BFS expands the nearest-source distance layers together.
Tarjeta 157
Pregunta
Why can a topological ordering be nonunique?
Respuesta
Several vertices may currently have no remaining prerequisites. Choosing them in different orders can produce different valid orderings.
Tarjeta 158
Pregunta
What happens when union-find receives an edge whose endpoints already share a representative?
Respuesta
The edge connects vertices already in one component. In incremental construction of an undirected forest, adding it creates a cycle.
Tarjeta 159
Pregunta
Which algorithm can handle negative edge weights and detect a reachable negative cycle?
Respuesta
Bellman–Ford. Repeatedly relax all edges; an improvement after V − 1 full rounds indicates a negative cycle reachable from the source.
Tarjeta 160
Pregunta
Why does traversal need an outer loop to count every connected component of an undirected graph?
Respuesta
One traversal reaches only one component. Start another traversal from each still-unvisited vertex and increment the component count.
Tarjeta 161
Pregunta
How can topological order simplify shortest paths in a weighted DAG?
Respuesta
Relax each vertex's outgoing edges in topological order. Every predecessor is processed first, so negative weights are allowed and total time is O(V + E).
Tarjeta 162
Pregunta
When should you use BFS or DFS instead of union-find for connectivity?
Respuesta
When the graph is static and you need traversal details such as paths or component members. Union-find is especially useful for repeated incremental edge additions and connectivity queries.
Tarjeta 163
Pregunta
What is the difference between a minimum spanning tree and a shortest-path tree?
Respuesta
A minimum spanning tree minimizes total connecting edge weight. A shortest-path tree preserves shortest routes from a chosen source; neither objective implies the other.
Tarjeta 164
Pregunta
Why can stopping at the first meeting be unsafe in bidirectional BFS with arbitrary node-by-node expansion?
Respuesta
A first meeting under an arbitrary expansion order may not minimize the combined distances. Use a layer-based stopping rule that accounts for both search depths.
Tarjeta 165
Pregunta
Which signal suggests backtracking rather than a single greedy choice?
Respuesta
The task asks for all valid arrangements, or choices must be tried and undone because no safe local choice is known. Build a partial candidate and explore legal extensions.
Tarjeta 166
Pregunta
What belongs in a backtracking state?
Respuesta
Enough information to determine legal next choices and recognize completion, such as the current position, chosen items, and remaining constraints.
Tarjeta 167
Pregunta
What makes a pruning condition safe?
Respuesta
It proves that no completion of the current partial state can satisfy the goal or improve the required objective. A guess about likely failure is insufficient.
Tarjeta 168
Pregunta
How do combinations differ from permutations during generation?
Respuesta
Combinations ignore order, so restrict future choices to later positions. Permutations care about order, so track which positions are already used.
Tarjeta 169
Pregunta
What should be true after a backtracking recursive call returns?
Respuesta
The caller's mutable search state is restored exactly to its pre-choice state. Undo additions and constraint updates before trying a sibling choice.
Tarjeta 170
Pregunta
When generating unique subsets from sorted values, how do you skip duplicates safely?
Respuesta
At one recursion depth, skip a value equal to the previous sibling candidate. Still allow equal values at deeper levels when the input provides multiple copies.
Tarjeta 171
Pregunta
Why can backtracking output alone require exponential time?
Respuesta
A set with n distinct elements has 2^n subsets. Explicitly listing all subsets cannot be polynomial in n; copying their contents adds further cost.
Tarjeta 172
Pregunta
Why should a completed mutable candidate usually be copied before saving it?
Respuesta
Later backtracking steps will modify the working candidate. Saving only a reference can make all recorded answers reflect subsequent changes.
Tarjeta 173
Pregunta
What is the main risk of memoizing backtracking solely by the current index?
Respuesta
Different histories can leave different remaining choices or constraints. The memo key must include every part of the state that affects future results.
Tarjeta 174
Pregunta
For selecting the most nonoverlapping intervals, which greedy choice is justified?
Respuesta
Choose the available interval with the earliest finishing time, then continue with compatible intervals. This leaves at least as much room for the remaining selections.
Tarjeta 175
Pregunta
What is the difference between greedy choice and dynamic programming?
Respuesta
Greedy commits to a choice proven safe without exploring all alternatives. DP evaluates and combines subproblem alternatives when that local commitment is not justified.
Tarjeta 176
Pregunta
Why does choosing the largest coin repeatedly fail for some coin systems?
Respuesta
The locally largest coin can leave an expensive remainder. With denominations 1, 3, 4 and amount 6, greedy uses 4 + 1 + 1, while 3 + 3 uses fewer coins.
Tarjeta 177
Pregunta
How does a farthest-reachable frontier solve reachability in a nonnegative jump-length array?
Respuesta
Scan positions no farther than the current frontier and extend it with each reachable index plus its jump length. If the next position lies beyond the frontier, progress is impossible.
Tarjeta 178
Pregunta
Why does choosing the shortest interval not always maximize the number of nonoverlapping intervals?
Respuesta
A short interval can cross the boundary between two compatible intervals and block both. Duration alone does not measure the future scheduling space it consumes.
Tarjeta 179
Pregunta
What must be proved before pruning a combination-sum branch because its sum exceeds the target?
Respuesta
Remaining choices cannot reduce the sum. The pruning is safe for nonnegative additions under the stated goal, but negative numbers can make it invalid.
Tarjeta 180
Pregunta
How does branch and bound differ from ordinary feasibility pruning?
Respuesta
It uses a bound on the best objective reachable from a partial state. Prune only when that bound cannot beat the best complete answer already found.
Tarjeta 181
Pregunta
What question distinguishes a greedy proof from evidence that a heuristic often works?
Respuesta
Can every discarded alternative be ruled out for all valid inputs? Examples and benchmarks support a heuristic, but do not establish the safe-choice property.
Tarjeta 182
Pregunta
Why is earliest-finish interval scheduling insufficient when intervals have different rewards?
Respuesta
Maximizing count and maximizing reward are different objectives. A single high-reward interval can beat several low-reward intervals, so weighted scheduling needs more information.
Tarjeta 183
Pregunta
Which combination of properties makes dynamic programming promising?
Respuesta
Repeated subproblems and a recurrence that combines their results. Define a state whose answer is independent of the path used to reach it.
Tarjeta 184
Pregunta
What should a DP state definition say before you write a recurrence?
Respuesta
Exactly what one table entry means, including its input boundary and any remaining resource or constraint. Ambiguous states lead to mismatched transitions.
Tarjeta 185
Pregunta
How do top-down memoization and bottom-up tabulation differ?
Respuesta
Memoization computes states on demand through calls and caches them. Tabulation processes states in an explicit dependency order, often avoiding recursion overhead.
Tarjeta 186
Pregunta
What determines the runtime of a DP with a finite state table?
Respuesta
The number of states actually evaluated times the work per state, plus preprocessing and output reconstruction. Count transitions rather than just table dimensions.
Tarjeta 187
Pregunta
Why are base cases part of a DP's meaning rather than convenient initial values?
Respuesta
They encode valid empty or smallest subproblems. A wrong base value can invent impossible solutions or remove legitimate ones from every later transition.
Tarjeta 188
Pregunta
For 0/1 knapsack compressed to one capacity array, why iterate capacities downward?
Respuesta
Each item must be used at most once. Descending order reads the previous item's state instead of reusing an update made for the current item.
Tarjeta 189
Pregunta
When can a DP table be compressed to a few rows or variables?
Respuesta
When future states depend only on a bounded slice of earlier states. Keep those dependencies until their last use; reconstruction may need additional storage.
Tarjeta 190
Pregunta
What recurrence models choosing nonadjacent values for maximum sum?
Respuesta
At each position, compare skipping it with taking it plus the best result before its neighbor. The base cases must specify whether choosing nothing is allowed.
Tarjeta 191
Pregunta
What DP state counts paths through a blocked grid when moves are only right or down?
Respuesta
The number of ways to reach each cell from above or from the left. Blocked cells contribute zero; initialize an unblocked starting cell to one.
Tarjeta 192
Pregunta
For unbounded knapsack, why can capacities run upward within an item's pass?
Respuesta
Reusing the current item's updated smaller-capacity result is allowed. Ascending order lets that item contribute more than once.
Tarjeta 193
Pregunta
How can loop order change coin-change counting from combinations to ordered sequences?
Respuesta
Processing coin types outside amounts builds combinations without ordering them. Processing amounts outside all coin choices counts different last-coin sequences separately.
Tarjeta 194
Pregunta
What is the key distinction between longest common subsequence and longest common substring?
Respuesta
A subsequence may skip characters; a substring must stay contiguous. Their DP transitions differ because a substring match cannot carry through a mismatch.
Tarjeta 195
Pregunta
Why is O(nW) knapsack called pseudopolynomial?
Respuesta
It is polynomial in the numeric capacity W, but W can be exponential in the number of bits used to encode it. It is not polynomial in input bit length.
Tarjeta 196
Pregunta
For longest increasing subsequence, what does tails[length − 1] represent in the O(n log n) method?
Respuesta
The smallest possible final value of an increasing subsequence of that length among processed values. The tails array itself need not be one actual subsequence.
Tarjeta 197
Pregunta
Why do counting and minimization DPs use different unreachable-state values?
Respuesta
A count uses zero ways. A minimization state needs an explicit unreachable marker or infinity so an impossible predecessor cannot look like a cheap solution.
Tarjeta 198
Pregunta
What state supports edit distance between two strings?
Respuesta
The minimum edits needed to transform one prefix into the other. Transitions account for insertion, deletion, and replacement or a matching final character.
Tarjeta 199
Pregunta
How can a DP recover one chosen solution instead of only its score?
Respuesta
Store predecessor or choice information, or recompute choices from the full table. Walk backward from the final state to reconstruct the selected decisions.
Tarjeta 200
Pregunta
Why must an LIS implementation choose its binary-search boundary according to strictness?
Respuesta
For a strictly increasing subsequence, replace the first tail at least equal to the value. A nondecreasing subsequence instead uses the first strictly greater tail.
Tarjeta 201
Pregunta
What operation tests whether bit i of a nonnegative integer mask is set?
Respuesta
Check whether mask AND (1 shifted left by i) is nonzero. Ensure i is inside the integer representation's supported bit range.
Tarjeta 202
Pregunta
Why does XOR recover a unique value when every other value occurs exactly twice?
Respuesta
Equal values cancel because x XOR x = 0, and XOR is associative and commutative. XORing all values leaves the single unpaired value.
Tarjeta 203
Pregunta
What does x AND (x − 1) do for a positive integer x?
Respuesta
It clears x's lowest set bit. Repeating it counts set bits in time proportional to the number of set bits.
Tarjeta 204
Pregunta
When does a bitmask make a useful DP state?
Respuesta
When a small set of items is either included or excluded and future choices depend on that subset. n items give 2^n possible masks, so n must be small.
Tarjeta 205
Pregunta
How do you set a bit and clear a bit without changing the others?
Respuesta
Set bit i with mask OR (1 shifted left by i). Clear it with mask AND the bitwise complement of that single-bit mask, respecting the chosen word width.
Tarjeta 206
Pregunta
What makes a memoized recurrence invalid when it depends on mutable global state omitted from the key?
Respuesta
The same key can have different answers under different global conditions. Include the relevant state in the key or remove that dependency.
Tarjeta 207
Pregunta
What condition recognizes a power of two among integers?
Respuesta
x > 0 and x AND (x − 1) = 0. The positivity check excludes zero, which also makes the bitwise expression zero.
Tarjeta 208
Pregunta
Why does bitwise complement need a width convention in language-agnostic reasoning?
Respuesta
Complement flips all bits in the representation. Fixed-width and arbitrary-precision signed integers can produce different-looking values; mask to the intended width when necessary.
Tarjeta 209
Pregunta
How can two unique values be recovered when every other value occurs twice?
Respuesta
XOR all values, choose a set bit in that nonzero result, and partition by that bit. XOR within each group; the two unique values fall into different groups.
Tarjeta 210
Pregunta
Why is memoization alone insufficient to handle cyclic state dependencies?
Respuesta
A call may revisit an unfinished state before any value is cached. Use cycle handling or a problem-specific iterative method; ordinary DAG-style DP assumes an acyclic dependency order.
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Coding Interview Patterns Flashcards: Signals, Invariants & Complexity
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